Theorizing the role of the ‘war on drugs’ in US punishment

Theoretical Criminology

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 175-199

  Lynch, Mona ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

policing; punishment; race; sentencing; war on drugs

Indexed keywords

EID: 84861770589     PISSN: 13624806     EISSN: 14617439     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1362480612441700     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Alexander M (2010) The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: The New Press.
2. Arizona Criminal Code (2011) section 13–3407.
3. Bach A (2010) Ordinary Injustice: How America Holds Court. New York: MacMillan.
4. Balko R (2006) Overkill: The Rise of Para-Military Police Raids in America. Washington, DC: Cato Institute.
5. Barker V (2009) The Politics of Imprisonment: How the Democratic Process Shapes the Way America Punishes Offenders. New York: Oxford University Press.
6. Beckett K (1995) Fetal rights and ‘crack moms’: Pregnant women in the war on drugs. Contemporary Drug Problems 22:587–612.
7. Beckett K (2008) Race and Drug Law Enforcement in Seattle. Report commissioned by the Racial Disparity Project and the ACLU Drug Law Reform Project. Available at: http://www.defender.org/node/37.
8. Beckett K, Harris A (2011) On cash and conviction: Monetary sanctions as misguided policy. Criminology & Public Policy 10(3): 505–537.
9. Beckett K, Herbert S (2008) Dealing with disorder: Social control in the post-industrial city. Theoretical Criminology 12(1): 5–30.
10. Beckett K, Nyrop K, Pfingst L (2006) Race, drugs and policing: Understanding disparities in drug delivery arrests. Criminology 44:105–138.
11. Beckett K, Nyrop K, Pfingst L, Bowen M (2005) Drug use, drug possession arrests, and the question of race: Lessons from Seattle. Social Problems 52:419–441.
12. Benson BL, Rasmussen DW, Sollars DL (1995) Police bureaucracies, their incentives, and the war on drugs. Public Choice 83:21–45.
13. Bowers J (2008) Contraindicating drug courts. UCLA Law Review 55:783–835.
14. Brown v. Plata (2011) US Supreme Court no. 09-1233. Available at: http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/10pdf/09-1233.pdf.
15. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2012) Drugs and crime facts. Available at: http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/dcf/tables/salespos.cfm (accessed 2 February 2012).
16. Burns SL, Peyrot M (2008) Reclaiming discretion: Judicial sanctioning strategy in court-supervised drug treatment. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 37(6): 720–744.
17. CA Penal Code (2011) H&S 11590.
18. Capers B (2009) Policing, race, and place. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 44:43–78.
19. Center for Court Innovation (2008) Quality Improvement for Drug Courts: Evidence-Based Practices. Monograph Series 9. Alexandria, VA: National Drug Court Institute.
20. Cherry AL (2007) The detention, confinement, and incarceration of pregnant women for the benefit of fetal heath. Columbia Journal of Gender and Law 16:147–197.
21. City of Oakland (2009) FY 2009-11 Adopted Policy Budget.
22. Cohen PJ (2009) Medical marijuana: The conflict between scientific evidence and political ideology. Utah Law Review 2009(1): 35–104.
23. Cohen RL (1995) Probation and Parole Violators in State Prison, 1991. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.
24. Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics (2004) Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.
25. Connolly CE (2006) Grand Jury report, April 26, 2006. Available at: http://www.SafeFairCleveland.org/wp-content/files/ConnallyReport.pdf.
26. Contreras R (2011) The Stickup Kids: Race, Drugs, Violence, and the American Dream. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
27. Courtwright DT (2004) The Controlled Substances Act: How a ‘big tent’ reform became a punitive drug law. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 76:9–15.
28. Dannerbeck A, Harris G, Sundet P, Lloyd K (2006) Understanding and responding to racial differences in drug court outcomes. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 5(2): 1–22.
29. Durkin CM (1990) Civil forfeiture under federal narcotics law: The impact of the shifting burden of proof upon the Fifth Amendment privilege against self incrimination. Suffolk University Law Review 24:679–705.
30. Dvorak R (2000) Cracking the code: ‘Decoding’ colorblind slurs during the congressional crack cocaine debates. Michigan Journal of Race and Law 5:611–663.
31. Everett S (2004) Raich v. Ashcroft: Medical marijuana and the revival of federalism. San Diego Law Review 41:1873–1900.
32. Fentiman LC (2009) In the name of fetal protection: Why American prosecutors pursue pregnant drug users (and other countries don't). Columbia Journal of Gender and Law 18:647–669.
33. Flavin J, Paltrow LM (2010) Punishing pregnant drug-using women: Defying law, medicine, and common sense. Journal of Addictive Diseases 29(2): 231–244.
34. Fleury-Steiner B, Smith L (2011) Race, multi-jurisdictional drug task forces, and mass incarceration: An organizational analysis. Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology meeting, Washington, DC, November.
35. Gardiner C (2011) ‘An absolute revolving door’: An evaluation of police perception and response to Proposition 36. Criminal Justice Policy Review. Epub ahead of print 25 August 2011. doi: 10.1177/088740341141655710.1177/0887403411416557.
36. Garland D (1996) The limits of the sovereign state. British Journal of Criminology 30:445–471.
37. Garland D (2001) The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
38. Geller A, Fagan J (2010) Pot as pretext: Marijuana, race, and the new disorder in New York City street policing. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 7:591–633.
39. General Accounting Office (1981) Asset Forfeiture: A Seldom Used Tool in Combatting Drug Trafficking. Washington, DC: US General Accounting Office.
40. Gieringer D, Lee R (2006) Revenue & taxes from Oakland's cannabis economy report to measure Z Oversight Committee (November 6). Available at: http://www.canorml.org/background/OakZFinancialReport.pdf.
41. Greene PS, Wice BW (1982) D.E.A. drug courier profile: History and analysis. Texas Law Review 22:261–285.
42. Gross J (2010) The effects of net-widening on minority and indigent drug offenders: A critique of drug courts. University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender, and Class 10:161–178.
43. Haney López I (2000) Institutional racism: Judicial conduct and a new theory of racial discrimination. Yale Law Review 109:1717–1884.
44. Harcourt BE, Ludwig J (2007) Reefer madness: Broken windows policing and misdemeanor marijuana arrests in New York City, 1989–2000. Criminology and Public Policy 6:165–181.
45. Harris A, Evans H, Beckett K (2011) Courtesy stigma and monetary sanctions: Toward a socio-cultural theory of punishment. American Sociological Review 76(2): 234–264.
46. Heller R (1997) Selective prosecution and the federalization of criminal law: The need for meaningful judicial review of prosecutorial discretion. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 145:1309–1358.
47. Hussein A (2000) Growing debate on medical marijuana: Federal power vs. states rights. California Western Law Review 37:369–394.
48. King RS (2008) Disparity by Geography: The War on Drugs in America's Cities. New York: The Sentencing Project.
49. King RS, Mauer M (2002) Distorted Priorities: Drug Offenders in State Prisons. New York: The Sentencing Project.
50. Krauth B, Stayton K (2005) Fees Paid by Jail Inmates: Fee Categories, Revenues, and Management Perspectives in a Sample of US Jails. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, National Institute of Corrections.
51. Lenox M (2011) Neutralizing the gendered collateral consequences of the war on drugs. New York University Law Review 86:280–315.
52. Levine HG, Small DP (2008) Marijuana Arrest Crusade: Racial Bias and Police Policy in New York City, 1997–2007. New York: New York Civil Liberties Union.
53. Lurigio AJ (2008) The first 20 years of drug treatment courts: A brief description of their history and impact. Federal Probation 72:13–17.
54. Lynch M (2009) Sunbelt Justice: Arizona and the Transformation of American Punishment. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
55. Lynch M (2011a) Mass incarceration, legal change, and locale: Understanding and remediating American penal overindulgence. Criminology and Public Policy 10(3): 673–698.
56. Lynch M (2011b) Crack pipes and policing: A case study of institutional racism and remedial action in Cleveland. Law & Policy 33:179–214.
57. Lynch M, Omori M (2011) Legal change and sentencing norms in federal court: An examination of the impact of the Booker, Gall, and Kimbrough decisions. Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology meeting, Washington, DC, November.
58. Lynch M, Omori M, Roussell A, Valasik M (2011) Policing the ‘progressive’ city: Race and drug arrests in San Francisco. Report and Proposal to the ACLU National Drug Law Reform Project.
59. Mackinem MB, Higgins P (2010) Losing hope: The production of failure in drug court. Research in Social Problems and Public Policy 17:179–204.
60. Mauer M (2006) Race to Incarcerate. New York: The Sentencing Project.
61. Mauer M, Potler C, Wolf R (1999) Gender and Justice: Women, Drugs, and Sentencing Policy. Washington, DC: The Sentencing Project.
62. McLaughlin GT (1973) Cocaine: The history and regulation of a dangerous drug. Cornell Law Review 58:538–573.
63. Miller JM, Selva LH (1994) Drug enforcement's double edged sword: An assessment of asset forfeiture programs. Justice Quarterly 11:313–335.
64. Mohamed AR, Fritzvold ED (2010) Dorm Room Dealers: Drugs and the Privileges of Race and Class. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
65. Moore D, Haggerty KD (2001) Bring it on home: Home drug testing and the relocation of the war on drugs. Social and Legal Studies 10(3): 377–395.
66. Murakawa N (2006) Racial antecedents to federal sentencing guidelines: How Congress judged the judges from Brown to Booker. Roger Williams University Law Review 11:473–494.
67. Musto DF, Korsmeyer P (2002) The Quest for Drug Control: Politics and Federal Policy in a Period of Increasing Substance Abuse, 1963–1981. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
68. Nardulli P, Eisenstein J, Flemming B (1988) The Tenor of Justice: Criminal Courts and the Guilty Plea Process. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
69. Natapoff A (2009) Snitching: Criminal Informants and the Erosion of American Justice. New York: New York University Press.
70. Natapoff N (2012, forthcoming) Misdemeanors. Southern California Law Review 85.
71. Nicholson-Crotty S (2004) Goal conflict and fund diversion in federal grants to the states. American Journal of Political Science 48:110–122.
72. O’Malley P (2009) The Currency of Justice: Fines and Damages in Consumer Societies. London: Routledge-Cavendish.
73. Patton M (2011) The legalization of marijuana: A dead-end or the high road to fiscal solvency? Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law 15:163–204.
74. Prendergast ML, Messina NP, Hall EA, Warda US (2011) The relative effectiveness of women-only and mixed-gender treatment for substance-abusing women. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 40(4): 336–348.
75. Prendergast ML, Wellisch J, Falkin GP (1995) Assessment of and services for substance-abusing women offenders in community and correctional settings. The Prison Journal 75:240–256.
76. Provine DM (2007) Unequal under Law: Race in the War on Drugs. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
77. Provine DM (2011) Race and inequality in the war on drugs. Annual Review of Law and Social Science 7:41–60.
78. Quinn TM, McLaughlin GT (1972) The evolution and present status of New York drug control legislation. Buffalo Law Review 22:705–736.
79. Reinarman C, Levine H (1997) The crack attack: Politics and media in the crack scare. In: Reinarman C, Levine H (eds) Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
80. Rempel M, Fox-Kralstein D, Cissner A et al. (2003) The New York State Adult Drug Court Evaluation: Policies, Participants and Impacts. New York: Center for Court Innovation.
81. Reynolds M (2008) The war on drugs, prison building, and globalization: Catalysts for the global incarceration of women. Feminist Formations 20(2): 72–95.
82. Roberts DE (1991) Punishing drug addicts who have babies: Women of color, equality, and the right of privacy. Harvard Law Review 104(7): 1419–1482.
83. Rosenmerkel S, Durose M, Farole D (2009) Felony Sentences in State Courts, 2006: Statistical Tables. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.
84. Rubinstein S, Mukama D (2003) Welfare and housing-denial of benefits to drug offenders. In: Mauer M, Chesney-Lind M (eds) Invisible Punishment: The Collateral Consequences of Mass Imprisonment. New York: The New Press, pp. 37–49.
85. Schoofs M (2006) Novel police tactic puts drug markets out of business. Wall Street Journal 26 September: A1.
86. Shafer J (2006) How to find a meth dealer: The states establish search engines for your shopping convenience. Slate 31 July. Available at: http://www.slate.com/id/2146879/.
87. Simon J (1993) Poor Discipline: Parole and the Social Underclass, 1890–1990. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
88. Simon J (2007) Governing through Crime: How the War on Crime Transformed American Democracy and Created a Culture of Fear. New York: Oxford University Press.
89. Skowronek S (1996) The risks of ‘third-way’ politics. Society September/October: 32–36.
90. Smith SD (1988) The scope of real property forfeiture for drug-related crimes under the Comprehensive Forfeiture Act. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 137(1): 303–334.
91. Snyder HN (2011) Arrest in the United States, 1980–2009. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice. Available at: http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=2203.
92. Sullivan KM (2006) From states’ rights blues to blue states’ rights: Federalism after the Rehnquist Court. Fordham Law Review 75(2): 799–813.
93. Tonry M (1996) Malign Neglect: Race, Crime, and Punishment in America. New York: Oxford University Press.
94. Tonry M (2011) Punishing Race: A Continuing American Dilemma. New York: Oxford University Press.
95. Tonry M, Melewski M (2008) The malign effects of drug and crime control policies on Black Americans. Crime and Justice 37(1): 1–44.
96. Travis J (2004) Reentry and reintegration: New perspectives on the challenges of mass incarceration. In: Pattillo M, Weiman D, Western B (eds) Imprisoning America: The Social Effects of Mass Incarceration. New York: SAGE.
97. Turner S, Greene J (1999) The FARE probation experiment: Implementation and outcomes of day fines for felony offenders in Maricopa County. Justice Systems Research 21(1): 1–22.
98. US Department of Justice (2001) Audit Report: Assets Forfeiture Fund and Seized Asset Deposit Fund Annual Financial Statement, Fiscal Year 2000. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Inspector General, Audit Division.
99. US Department of Justice (2004) Crime in the United States 2004. Available at: http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_04/persons_arrested/index.html.
100. US Department of Justice (2008a) Drug enforcement administration: A tradition of excellence 1973–2003. Available at: http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/history/history_part1.pdf.
101. US Department of Justice (2008b) National Asset Forfeiture Strategic Plan 2008–2012: Taking the profit out of crime. Available at: http://www.justice.gov/criminal/afmls/pubs/pdf/strategicplan.pdf.
102. US Department of Justice (2011) Assets Forfeiture Fund and Seized Asset Deposit Fund annual financial statements fiscal year 2010. Available at: http://www.justice.gov/oig/reports/plus/a1112.pdf.
103. US Sentencing Commission (USSC) (1995) Special report to Congress: Cocaine and federal sentencing policy. February. Available at: http://www.ussc.gov/Legislative_and_Public_Affairs/Congressional_Testimony_and_Reports/Drug_Topics/199502_RtC_Cocaine_Sentencing_Policy/index.htm.
104. US Sentencing Commission (USSC) (1996) 1995 annual report. Available at: http://www.ussc.gov/Data_and_Statistics/Annual_Reports_and_Sourcebooks/1995/ANNUAL95.htm.
105. US Sentencing Commission (USSC) (1997) Special Report to the Congress: Cocaine and Federal Sentencing Policy (as Directed by Section Two of Public Law 104-38). April. Washington, DC: US Sentencing Commission.
106. US Sentencing Commission (USSC) (2002) Report to the Congress: Cocaine and Federal Sentencing Policy. May. Washington, DC: US Sentencing Commission.
107. US Sentencing Commission (USSC) (2004) Fifteen Years of Guidelines Sentencing. November. Washington, DC: US Sentencing Commission.
108. US Sentencing Commission (USSC) (2010) 2010 Sourcebook of Federal Sentencing Statistics. Washington, DC: United States Sentencing Commission.
109. Wacquant L (2000) The new ‘peculiar institution’: On the prison as surrogate ghetto. Theoretical Criminology 4(3): 377–389.
110. Wacquant L (2009) Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
111. Walter S (2011) SF public defender: Surveillance video shows police officers lied. The Bay Citizen 11 May. Available at: http://www.baycitizen.org/courts/story/sf-public-defender-releases-more-video/.
112. Warren RK (2009) Evidence-based sentencing: The application of principles of evidence-based practice to state sentencing practice and policy. University of San Francisco Law Review 43:585–634.
113. Welch S, Thompson K (1980) The impact of federal incentives on state policy innovation. American Journal of Political Science 24:715–729.
114. Wodahl EJ, Ogle R, Heck C (2011) Revocation trends: A threat to the legitimacy of community-based corrections. The Prison Journal 91(2): 207–226.
115. Worrall JL, Kovandzic TV (2008) Is policing for profit? Answers from asset forfeiture. Criminology and Public Policy 7(2): 219–244.