Recurrent venous thromboembolism while on anticoagulant therapy

Blood Reviews

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 175-181

  Thachil, Jecko ^a  

^a ROYAL LIVERPOOL UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anticoagulation; Heparin; Malignancy; Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria; Thrombosis; Vasculitis; Warfarin

Indexed keywords

HEPARIN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; WARFARIN;

ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; ARTICLE; HEPARIN INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HUMAN; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECURRENT DISEASE; THROMBOGENESIS; VASCULITIS; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

ANTICOAGULANTS; HEPARIN, LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; HUMANS; RECURRENCE; RISK FACTORS; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; WARFARIN;

EID: 84861484023     PISSN: 0268960X     EISSN: 15321681     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2012.04.002     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Prandoni P., Noventa F., Ghirarduzzi A., Pengo V., Bernardi E., Pesavento R., et al. The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism after discontinuing anticoagulation in patients with acute proximal deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. A prospective cohort study in 1,626 patients. Haematologica 2007, 92:199-205.
2. Zhu T., Martinez I., Emmerich J. Venous thromboembolism: risk factors for recurrence. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009, 29:298-310.
3. Eichinger S., Heinze G., Jandeck L.M., Kyrle P.A. Risk assessment of recurrence in patients with unprovoked deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism: the Vienna prediction model. Circulation 2010, 121:1630-1636.
4. Kahn S.R. The post-thrombotic syndrome. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2010, 2010:216-220.
5. Prandoni P., Kahn S.R. Post-thrombotic syndrome: prevalence, prognostication and need for progress. Br J Haematol 2009, 145:286-295.
6. Kahn S.R., Ginsberg J.S. The post-thrombotic syndrome: current knowledge, controversies, and directions for future research. Blood Rev 2002, 16:155-165.
7. Hull R.D., Carter C., Jay R. The diagnosis of acute recurrent DVT: a diagnostic challenge. Circulation 1983, 67:901-906.
8. Prandoni P., Bernardi E., Tormene D., Mosena L., Sartor D., Girolami A. Diagnosis of recurrent deep vein thrombosis. Semin Vasc Med 2001, 1:55-60.
9. Linkins L.A., Pasquale P., Paterson S., Kearon C. Change in thrombus length on venous ultrasound and recurrent deep vein thrombosis. Arch Intern Med 2004, 164:1793-1796.
10. Prandoni P., Cogo A., Bernardi E., Villata S., Polistena P., Simioni P., et al. A simple ultrasound approach for detection of recurrent proximal-vein thrombosis. Circulation 1993, 88:1730-1735.
11. Bates S.M., Jaeschke R., Stevens S.M., Goodacre S., Wells P.S., Stevenson M.D., et al. Diagnosis of DVT: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis. Chest 2012, 141:e351S-418S. 9th ed.
12. Huisman M.V. Recurrent venous thromboembolism: diagnosis and management. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2000, 6:330-334.
13. Palareti G., Cosmi B., Legnani C., Tosetto A., Brusi C., Iorio A., et al. D-dimer testing to determine the duration of anticoagulation therapy. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:1780-1789. PROLONG Investigators.
14. Verhovsek M., Douketis J.D., Yi Q., Shrivastava S., Tait R.C., Baglin T., et al. Systematic review: D-dimer to predict recurrent disease after stopping anticoagulant therapy for unprovoked venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med 2008, 149:481-490.
15. Prandoni P., Lensing A.W., Prins M.H., Bernardi E., Machiori A., Bagatella P., et al. Residual vein thrombosis as a predictive factor of recurrent venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med 2002, 137:955-960.
16. Carrier M., Rodger M.A., Wells P.S., Righini M., Le Gal G. Residual vein obstruction to predict the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with deep vein thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2011, 9:1119-1125.
17. Le Gal G., Carrier M., Kovacs M.J., Betancourt M.T., Kahn S.R., Wells P.S., et al. Residual vein obstruction as a predictor for recurrent thromboembolic events after a first unprovoked episode: data from the REVERSE cohort study. J Thromb Haemost 2011, 9:1126-1132.
18. Kearon C., Akl E.A., Comerota A.J., Prandoni P., Bounameaux H., Goldhaber S.Z., et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis. Chest 2012, 141. e419S-94S. 9th edition.
19. Rombouts E.K., Rosendaal F.R., van der Meer F.J. Subtherapeutic oral anticoagulant therapy: frequency and risk factors. Thromb Haemost 2009, 101:552-556.
20. Go A.S., Hylek E.M., Chang Y., et al. Anticoagulation therapy for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: how well do randomized trials translate into clinical practice?. JAMA 2003, 290:2685-2692.
21. Palareti G., Manotti C., D'Angelo A., et al. Thrombotic events during oral anticoagulant treatment: results of the inception-cohort, prospective, collaborative ISCOAT study: ISCOAT study group (Italian Study on Complications of Oral Anticoagulant Therapy). Thromb Haemost 1997, 78:1438-1443.
22. Hull R.D., Raskob G.E., Brant R.F., et al. Relation between the time to achieve the lower limit of the APTT therapeutic range and recurrent venous thromboembolism during heparin treatment for deep vein thrombosis. Arch Intern Med 1997, 157:2562-2568.
23. Prandoni P., Carnovali M., Marchiori A., Galilei Investigators Subcutaneous adjusted-dose unfractionated heparin vs fixed-dose low-molecular-weight heparin in the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism. Arch Intern Med 2004, 164:1077-1083.
24. Basu D., Gallus A., Hirsh J., Cade J. A prospective study of the value of monitoring heparin treatment with the activated partial thromboplastin time. N Engl J Med 1972, 287:324-327.
25. Spiess B.D. Treating heparin resistance with antithrombin or fresh frozen plasma. Ann Thorac Surg 2008, 85:2153-2160.
26. Greinacher A., Althaus K., Krauel K., Selleng S. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Hamostaseologie 2010, 30:17-28.
27. Linkins L.A., Dans A.L., Moores L.K., Bona R., Davidson B.L., Schulman S., et al. Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis. Chest 2012, 141:e495S-530S. 9th ed.
28. Arepally G.M., Ortel T.L. Clinical practice. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:809-817.
29. Walenga J.M., Jeske W.P., Prechel M.M., Bakhos M. Newer insights on the mechanism of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Semin Thromb Hemost 2004, 30:57-67.
30. Rauova L., Hirsch J.D., Greene T.K., et al. Monocyte-bound PF4 in the pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 2010, 116:5021-5031.
31. Lo G.K., Juhl D., Warkentin T.E., et al. Evaluation of pretest clinical score (4 T's) for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in two clinical settings. J Thromb Haemost 2006, 4:759-765.
32. Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Thromb Haemost 2009, 7(Suppl. 1):9-12.
33. Prandoni P., Lensing A.W., Piccioli A., et al. Recurrent venous thromboembolism and bleeding complications during anticoagulant treatment in patients with cancer and venous thrombosis. Blood 2002, 100:3484-3488.
34. Chew H.K., Wun T., Harvey D., Zhou H., White R.H. Incidence of venous thrombo-embolism and its effect on survival among patients with common cancers. Arch Intern Med 2006, 166:458-464.
35. Lee A.Y. Anticoagulation in the treatment of established venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:4895-4901.
36. Lee A.Y., Levine M.N., Baker R.I., et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med 2003, 349:146-153. Randomized Comparison of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin versus Oral Anticoagulant Therapy for the Prevention of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer (CLOT) Investigators.
37. Buller H.R., Van Doormaal F.F., Van Sluis G.L., Kamphuisen P.W. Cancer and thrombosis: from molecular mechanisms to clinical presentations. J Thromb Haemost 2007, 5:246-254.
38. Lyman G.H., Khorana A.A. Cancer, clots and consensus: new understanding of an old problem. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:4821-4826.
39. Streiff M.B. Anticoagulation in the management of venous thromboembolism in the cancer patient. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2011, 31:282-294.
40. Hull R.D., Pineo G.F., Brant R.F., et al. Long-term low-molecular-weight heparin versus usual care in proximal-vein thrombosis patients with cancer. Am J Med 2006, 119:1062-1072. LITE Trial Investigators.
41. Luk C., Wells P.S., Anderson D., et al. Extended outpatient therapy with low molecular weight heparin for the treatment of recurrent venous thromboembolism despite warfarin therapy. Am J Med 2001, 111:270-273.
42. Carrier M., Le Gal G., Cho R., et al. Dose escalation of low molecular weight heparin to manage recurrent venous thromboembolic events despite systemic anticoagulation in cancer patients. J Thromb Haemost 2009, 5:760-765.
43. Jarrett B.P., Dougherty M.J., Calligaro K.D. Inferior vena cava filters in malignant disease. J Vasc Surg 2002, 36:704-707.
44. Rosove M.H., Brewer P.M.C. Antiphospholipid thrombosis: clinical course after the first thrombotic event in 70 patients. Ann Intern Med 1992, 117:303-308.
45. Khamashta M.A., Cuadrado M.J., Mujic F., et al. The management of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995, 332:993-997.
46. Krnic-Barrie S., O'Connor C.R., Looney S.W., Pierangeli S.S., Harris E.N. A retrospective review of 61 patients with antiphospholipid syndrome: analysis of factors influencing recurrent thrombosis. Arch Intern Med 1997, 157:2101-2108.
47. Ortel T.L. Thrombosis and the antiphospholipid syndrome. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2005, 2005:462-468.
48. Crowther M.A., Ginsberg J.S., Julian J., et al. A comparison of two intensities of warfarin for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003, 349:1133-1138.
49. Finazzi G., Marchioli R., Brancaccio V., et al. A randomized clinical trial of high-intensity warfarin vs. conventional antithrombotic therapy for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (WAPS). J Thromb Haemost 2005, 3:848-853.
50. Lim W., Crowther M.A., Eikelboom J.W. Management of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: a systematic review. JAMA 2006, 295:1050-1057.
51. Ruiz-Irastorza G., Cuadrado M.J., Ruiz-Arruza I., et al. Evidence-based recommendations for the prevention and long-term management of thrombosis in antiphospholipid antibody-positive patients: report of a task force at the 13th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies. Lupus 2011, 20:206-218.
52. Pierangeli S.S., Erkan D. Antiphospholipid syndrome treatment beyond anticoagulation: are we there yet?. Lupus 2010, 19:475-485.
53. Giannakopoulos B., Passam F., Rahgozar S., Krilis S.A. Current concepts on the pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood 2007, 109:422-430.
54. Tripodi A., de Groot P.G., Pengo V. Antiphospholipid syndrome: laboratory detection, mechanisms of action and treatment. J Intern Med 2011, 270:110-122.
55. Rosborough T.K., Shepherd M.F. Unreliability of international normalized ratio for monitoring warfarin therapy in patients with lupus anticoagulant. Pharmacotherapy 2004, 24:838-842.
56. Giannakopoulos B., Krilis S.A. How I treat the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood 2009, 114:2020-2030.
57. Derksen R.H., de Groot P.G. Towards evidence-based treatment of thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2010, 19:470-474.
58. Ruiz-Irastorza G., Crowther M., Branch W., Khamashta M.A. Antiphospholipid syndrome. Lancet 2010, 376:1498-1509.
59. Li J.P., Vlodavsky I. Heparin, heparan sulfate and heparanase in inflammatory reactions. Thromb Haemost 2009, 102:823-828.
60. Rand J.H., Wu X.X., Quinn A.S., et al. Hydroxychloroquine directly reduces the binding of antiphospholipid antibody-beta2-glycoprotein I complexes to phospholipid bilayers. Blood 2008, 112:1687-1695.
61. Kumar S.S., Papalardo E., Jajoria P., et al. Effects of fluvastatin on prothrombotic/proinflammatory markers in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2008, 58:S172.
62. Erkan D., Cervera R., Asherson R.A. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: where do we stand?. Arthritis Rheum 2003, 48:3320-3327.
63. Marson P., Bagatella P., Bortolati M., et al. Plasma exchange for the management of the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: importance of the type of fluid replacement. J Intern Med 2008, 264:201-203.
64. Brodsky R.A. Narrative review: paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: the physiology of complement-related hemolytic anemia. Ann Intern Med 2008, 148:587-595.
65. Hillmen P., Lewis S.M., Bessler M., et al. Natural history of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. N Engl J Med 1995, 333:1253-1258.
66. Hill A., Richards S.J., Hillmen P. Recent developments in the understanding and management of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. Br J Haematol 2007, 137:181-192.
67. Hill A., Reid A., Rother R.P., Gladwin M.T., et al. High definition contrast-enhanced MR imaging in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) suggests a high frequency of subclinical thrombosis. Haematologica 2007, 92:24. Abstract 0066.
68. Rother R.P., Bell L., Hillmen P., Gladwin M.T. The clinical sequelae of intravascular hemolysis and extracellular plasma hemoglobin: a novel mechanism of human disease. JAMA 2005, 293:1653-1662.
69. Weitz I.C. Thrombosis in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Semin Thromb Hemost 2011, 37:315-321.
70. van Bijnen S.T., van Heerde W.L., Muus P. Mechanisms and clinical implications of thrombosis in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. J Thromb Haemost 2011 Nov 12, doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04562.x. [Epub ahead of print].
71. Hall C., Richards S., Hillmen P. Primary prophylaxis with warfarin prevents thrombosis in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Blood 2003, 102:3587-3591.
72. Hillmen P., Muus P., Dur̈hrsen U., et al. Effect of the complement inhibitor eculizumab on thromboembolism in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Blood 2007, 110:4123-4128.
73. Tomasson G., Monach P.A., Merkel P.A. Thromboembolic disease in vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2009, 21:41-46.
74. Merkel P.A., Lo G.H., Holbrook J.T., et al. Brief communication: high incidence of venous thrombotic events among patients with Wegener granulomatosis: the Wegener's Clinical Occurrence of Thrombosis (WeCLOT) Study. Ann Intern Med 2005, 142:620-626.
75. Stassen P.M., Derks R.P., Kallenberg C.G., Stegeman C.A. Venous thromboembolism in ANCA-associated vasculitis: incidence and risk factors. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008, 47:530-534.
76. van Aken B.E., den Heijer M., Bos G.M., et al. Recurrent venous thrombosis and markers of inflammation. Thromb Haemost 2000, 83:536-539.
77. Fuchs T.A., Brill A., Duerschmied D., et al. Extracellular DNA traps promote thrombosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010, 107:15880-15885.
78. Woywodt A., Streiber F., de Groot K., et al. Circulating endothelial cells as markers for ANCA-associated small-vessel vasculitis. Lancet 2003, 361:206-210.
79. Li C.G., Reynolds I., Ponting J.M., et al. Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are markedly elevated in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. Br J Rheumatol 1998, 37:1303-1306.
80. Di Fabio F., Lykoudis P., Gordon P.H. Thromboembolism in inflammatory bowel disease: an insidious association requiring a high degree of vigilance. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2011, 37:220-225.
81. Matta F., Singala R., Yaekoub A.Y., Najjar R., Stein P.D. Risk of venous thrombo-embolism with rheumatoid arthritis. Thromb Haemost 2009, 101:134-138.
82. Seyahi E., Yurdakul S. Behçet's syndrome and thrombosis. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2011, 3:e2011026.
83. Khalid U., Saleem T. Hughes-Stovin syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2011, 6:15.
84. Yazici H., Pazarli H., Barnes C.G., et al. A controlled trial of azathioprine in Behcet's syndrome. N Engl J Med 1990, 322:281-285.
85. Kahraman O., Celebi-Onder S., Kamali S., Inanc M., Ocal L., Aral O., et al. Long-term course of deep venous thrombosis in patients with Behçet's disease 2003, S385. Wiley, New Jersey, USA.
86. Ahn J.K., Lee Y.S., Jeon C.H., et al. Treatment of venous thrombosis associated with Behcet's disease: immunosuppressive therapy alone versus immunosuppressive therapy plus anticoagulation. Clin Rheumatol. 2008, 27:201-205.
87. Mehta P., Laffan M., Haskard D.O. Thrombosis and Behçet's syndrome in non-endemic regions. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010, 49:2003-2004.
88. Streiff M.B. Vena caval filters: a comprehensive review. Blood 2000, 95:3669-3677.
89. Ingber S., Geerts W.H. Vena caval filters: current knowledge, uncertainties and practical approaches. Curr Opin Hematol 2009, 16:402-406.
90. Finazzi G., Rambaldi A., Guerini V., Carobbo A., Barbui T. Risk of thrombosis in patients with essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera according to JAK2 V617F mutation status. Haematologica 2007, 92:135-136.
91. Patel R.K., Lea N.C., Heneghan M.A., et al. Prevalence of the activating JAK2 tyrosine kinase mutation V617F in the Budd-Chiari syndrome. Gastroenterology 2006, 130:2031-2038.
92. McMahon C., Abu-Elmagd K., Bontempo F.A., et al. JAK2 V617F mutation in patients with catastrophic intraabdominal thromboses. Am J Clin Pathol 2007, 127:736-743.
93. Marchetti M., Falanga A. Leukocytosis, JAK2V617F mutation, and hemostasis in myeloproliferative disorders. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 2008, 36:148-159.
94. Gatt A., Makris M. Hyperhomocysteinemia and venous thrombosis. Semin Hematol 2007, 44:70-76.
95. Den Heijer M., Lewington S., Clarke R. Homocysteine, MTHFR and risk of venous thrombosis: a meta-analysis of published epidemiological studies. J Thromb Haemost 2005, 3:292-299.
96. Eldibany M.M., Caprini J.A. Hyperhomocysteinemia and thrombosis: an overview. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007, 131:872-884.
97. Influence of thrombophilia on risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism while on warfarin: results from a randomized trial. Blood 2008, 112:4432-4436.