Steroid biosynthesis and prostate cancer

Steroids

Volumn 77, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 719-726

  Sharifi, Nima ^a   Auchus, Richard J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Abiraterone acetate; Androgen receptor; Dihydrotestosterone; Prostate cancer; Steroidogenesis; Testosterone

Indexed keywords

ABIRATERONE; ANDROGEN; DUTASTERIDE; EPOSTANE; ESTROGEN; FINASTERIDE; GESTAGEN; GLUCOCORTICOID; MINERALOCORTICOID; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; STEROID HORMONE; TRILOSTANE;

ADRENAL GLAND; ANDROGEN SYNTHESIS; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER HORMONE THERAPY; CASTRATION RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER; DRUG EFFICACY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GENETIC DISORDER; GONAD; HUMAN; LEYDIG CELL; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; STEROIDOGENESIS;

EID: 84861197052     PISSN: 0039128X     EISSN: 18785867     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.03.015     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. C. Huggins Prostatic cancer treated by orchiectomy; the five year results JAMA 15 1946 576 581
2. N. Bruchovsky, and J.D. Wilson The conversion of testosterone to 5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one by rat prostate in vivo and in vitro J Biol Chem 243 1968 2012 2021
3. J. Imperato-McGinley, L. Guerrero, T. Gautier, and R.E. Peterson Steroid 5α-reductase deficiency in man: an inherited form of male pseudohermaphroditism Science 186 1974 1213 1215
4. J.E. Griffin Androgen resistance - the clinical and molecular spectrum N Engl J Med 326 1992 611 618
5. R.S. Rittmaster 5α-reductase inhibitors J Androl 18 1997 582 587
6. P. Negri-Cesi, and M. Motta Androgen metabolism in the human prostatic cancer cell line LNCaP J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 51 1994 89 96 (Pubitemid 24340050)
7. J. Geller, J. Albert, D. Loza, S. Geller, W. Stoeltzing, and D. de la Vega DHT concentrations in human prostate cancer tissue J Clin Endocrinol Metab 46 1978 440 444 (Pubitemid 8305058)
8. L.P. Susan, R.B. Roth, and W.C. Adkins Regression of prostate cancer metastasis by high doses of diethylsilbestrol phosphate Urology 7 1976 598 601
9. T.L.S. Group Leuprolide versus diethylstilbestrol for metastatic prostate cancer. The Leuprolide Study Group N Engl J Med 311 1984 1281 1286
10. E.D. Crawford, B. Tombal, K. Miller, L. Boccon-Gibod, F. Schroder, and N. Shore A phase III extension trial with a 1-arm crossover from leuprolide to degarelix: comparison of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and antagonist effect on prostate cancer J Urol 186 2011 889 897
11. P.F. Schellhammer, R. Sharifi, N.L. Block, M.S. Soloway, P.M. Venner, and A.L. Patterson A controlled trial of bicalutamide versus flutamide, each in combination with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue therapy, in patients with advanced prostate carcinoma. Analysis of time to progression. CASODEX Combination Study Group Cancer 78 1996 2164 2169 (Pubitemid 26367610)
12. J.S. de Bono, C.J. Logothetis, A. Molina, K. Fizazi, S. North, and L. Chu Abiraterone and increased survival in metastatic prostate cancer N Engl J Med 364 2011 1995 2005
13. G. Attard, A.H.M. Reid, R.J. Auchus, B.A. Hughes, A.M. Cassidy, and E. Thompson Clinical and biochemical consequences of CYP17A1 inhibition with abiraterone given with and without exogenous glucocorticoids in castrate men with advanced prostate cancer J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97 2012 507 516
14. D. Mukherji, C.J. Pezaro, and J.S. de Bono MDV3100 for the treatment of prostate cancer Expert Opin Invest Drugs 21 2012 227 233
15. M.L. Auchus, and R.J. Auchus Human steroid biosynthesis for the oncologist J Invest Med 60 2012 495 503
16. N. Sharifi, J.L. Gulley, and W.L. Dahut Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer JAMA 294 2005 238 244 (Pubitemid 41043794)
17. W.L. Miller, and R.J. Auchus The molecular biology, biochemistry, and physiology of human steroidogenesis and its disorders Endocr Rev 32 2011 81 151
18. B.J. Clark, J. Wells, S.R. King, and D.M. Stocco The purification, cloning and expression of a novel luteinizing hormone-induced mitochondrial protein in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells. Characterization of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) J Biol Chem 269 1994 28314 28322
19. Y. Tsujishita, and J.H. Hurley Structure and lipid transport mechanism of a StAR-related domain Nat Struct Biol 7 2000 408 414 (Pubitemid 30250006)
20. H. Bose, V.R. Lingappa, and W.L. Miller Rapid regulation of steroidogenesis by mitochondrial protein import Nature 417 2002 87 91 (Pubitemid 34498821)
21. F. Arakane, S.R. King, Y. Du, C.B. Kallen, L.P. Walsh, and H. Watari Phosphorylation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) modulates its steroidogenic activity J Biol Chem 272 1997 32656 32662 (Pubitemid 28011957)
22. D. Lin, T. Sugawara, J.F. Strauss III, B.J. Clark, D.M. Stocco, and P. Saenger Role of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis Science 267 1995 1828 1831
23. S. Lieberman, and G. Kaushik Other conceivable renditions of some of the oxidative processes used in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 101 2006 31 41 (Pubitemid 44301884)
24. 5 augments the 17,20 lyase activity of human P450c17 without direct electron transfer J Biol Chem 273 1998 3158 3165 (Pubitemid 28109723)
25. P. Swart, A.C. Swart, M.R. Waterman, R.W. Estabrook, and J.I. Mason Progesterone 16α-hydroxylase activity is catalyzed by human cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77 1993 98 102 (Pubitemid 23206784)
26. A.C. Swart, K.H. Storbeck, and P. Swart A single amino acid residue, Ala 105, confers 16α-hydroxylase activity to human cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 119 2010 112 120
27. G.A. Potter, S.E. Barrie, M. Jarman, and M.G. Rowlands Novel steroidal inhibitors of human cytochrome P45017α (17α-hydroxylase-C17,20- lyase): potential agents for the treatment of prostatic cancer J Med Chem 38 1995 2463 2471
28. Y. Nakamura, P.J. Hornsby, P. Casson, R. Morimoto, F. Satoh, and Y. Xing Type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C3) contributes to testosterone production in the adrenal reticularis J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94 2009 2192 2198
29. T.M. Penning Molecular endocrinology of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases Endocr Rev 18 1997 281 305 (Pubitemid 27246879)
30. D. Mizrachi, and R.J. Auchus Androgens, estrogens, and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases Mol Cell Endocrinol 301 2009 37 42
31. A.K. Agarwal, and R.J. Auchus Minireview: cellular redox state regulates hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and intracellular hormone potency Endocrinology 146 2005 2531 2538 (Pubitemid 40703963)
32. D.P. Sherbet, O.L. Guryev, M. Papari-Zareei, D. Mizrachi, S. Rambally, and S. Akbar Biochemical factors governing the steady-state estrone/estradiol ratios catalyzed by human 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases types 1 and 2 in HEK-293 cells Endocrinology 150 2009 4154 4162
33. M. Papari-Zareei, A. Brandmaier, and R.J. Auchus Arginine 276 controls the directional preference of AKR1C9 (rat liver 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) in human embryonic kidney 293 cells Endocrinology 147 2006 1591 1597
34. W.M. Geissler, D.L. Davis, L. Wu, K.D. Bradshaw, S. Patel, and B.B. Mendonça Male pseudohermaphroiditism caused by mutations of testicular 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 Nat Genet 7 1994 34 39
35. N. Moghrabi, I.A. Hughes, A. Dunaif, and S. Andersson Deleterious missense mutations and silent polymorphism in the human 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 gene (HSD17B3) J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 1998 2855 2860 (Pubitemid 28493788)
36. R.J. Auchus The backdoor pathway to dihydrotestosterone Trends Endocrinol Metab 15 2004 432 438 (Pubitemid 39440726)
37. J.D. Wilson, R.J. Auchus, M.W. Leihy, O.L. Guryev, R.W. Estabrook, and S.M. Osborn 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol is formed in tammar wallaby pouch young testes by a pathway involving 5α-pregnane-3α, 17α-diol-20-one as a key intermediate Endocrinology 144 2003 575 580 (Pubitemid 36205230)
38. J.D. Wilson, G. Shaw, M.L. Leihy, and M.B. Renfree The marsupial model for male phenotypic development Trends Endocrinol Metab 13 2002 78 83 (Pubitemid 36740451)
39. F. Labrie Intracrinology Mol Cell Endocrinol 78 1991 113 118
40. N. Khan, K.K. Sharma, S. Andersson, and R.J. Auchus Human 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases types 1, 2, and 3 catalyze bi-directional equilibrium reactions, rather than unidirectional metabolism, in HEK-293 cells Arch Biochem Biophys 429 2004 50 59 (Pubitemid 39022591)
41. L. Wu, M. Einstein, W.M. Geissler, H.K. Chan, K.O. Ellison, and S. Andersson Expression cloning and characterization of human 17β-hydrosteroid dehydrogenase Type 2, a microsomal enzyme possessing 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity J Biol Chem 268 1993 12964 12969 (Pubitemid 23182471)
42. N. Sharifi, M.J. McPhaul, and R.J. Auchus "Getting from here to there" - mechanisms and limitations to the activation of the androgen receptor in castration-resistant prostate cancer J Invest Med 58 2010 938 944
43. A. Riva, F. Loffredo, A. Uccheddu, F.T. Riva, and B. Tandler Mitochondria of human adrenal cortex have tubular cristae with bulbous tips J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 2003 1903 1906 (Pubitemid 36623421)
44. L. Schloms, K.H. Storbeck, P. Swart, W.C. Gelderblom, and A.C. Swart The influence of Aspalathus linearis (Rooibos) and dihydrochalcones on adrenal steroidogenesis: quantification of steroid intermediates and end products in H295R cells J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 128 2012 128 138
45. R.J. Krueger, A. Nagahisa, M. Gut, S.R. Wilson, and W.H. Orme-Johnson Effect of P-450scc inhibitors on corticosterone production by rat adrenal cells J Biol Chem 260 1985 852 859 (Pubitemid 15126824)
46. K. Evaul, R. Li, M. Papari-Zareei, R.J. Auchus, and N. Sharifi 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is a possible pharmacological target in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer Endocrinology 151 2010 3514 3520
47. J.D. Wilson The role of 5α-reduction in steroid hormone physiology Reprod Fertil Dev 13 2001 673 678 (Pubitemid 34240215)
48. S.A. Tomlins, D.R. Rhodes, S. Perner, S.M. Dhanasekaran, R. Mehra, and X.W. Sun Recurrent fusion of TMPRSS2 and ETS transcription factor genes in prostate cancer Science 310 2005 644 648 (Pubitemid 41528150)
49. T.W. Friedlander, R. Roy, S.A. Tomlins, V.T. Ngo, Y. Kobayashi, and A. Azameera Common structural and epigenetic changes in the genome of castration-resistant prostate cancer Cancer Res 72 2012 616 625
50. G. Attard, J.F. Swennenhuis, D. Olmos, A.H. Reid, E. Vickers, and R. A'Hern Characterization of ERG, AR and PTEN gene status in circulating tumor cells from patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer Cancer Res 69 2009 2912 2918
51. S. Andersson, W.M. Geissler, L. Wu, D.L. Davis, M.M. Grumbach, and M.I. New Molecular genetics and pathophysiology of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 deficiency J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81 1996 130 136 (Pubitemid 26035013)
52. S. Andersson, D.M. Berman, E.P. Jenkins, and D.W. Russell Deletion of a steroid 5α-reductase 2 gene in male pseudohermaphroditism Nature 354 1991 159 161 (Pubitemid 21896802)
53. M.J. McPhaul Molecular defects of the androgen receptor J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 69 1999 315 322 (Pubitemid 29305552)
54. W.G. Nelson, A.M. De Marzo, and W.B. Isaacs Prostate cancer N Engl J Med 349 2003 366 381 (Pubitemid 36886244)
55. C. Huggins, and C.V. Hodges Studies on prostate cancer, I: The effect of estrogen and androgen injection on serum phosphatase in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate Cancer Res 1 1941 293 297
56. T. Nishiyama, Y. Hashimoto, and K. Takahashi The influence of androgen deprivation therapy on dihydrotestosterone levels in the prostatic tissue of patients with prostate cancer Clin Cancer Res 10 2004 7121 7126 (Pubitemid 39487695)
57. S.T. Page, D.W. Lin, E.A. Mostaghel, D.L. Hess, L.D. True, and J.K. Amory Persistent intraprostatic androgen concentrations after medical castration in healthy men J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91 2006 3850 3856 (Pubitemid 44536854)
58. E.A. Mostaghel, S.T. Page, D.W. Lin, L. Fazli, I.M. Coleman, and L.D. True Intraprostatic androgens and androgen-regulated gene expression persist after testosterone suppression: therapeutic implications for castration-resistant prostate cancer Cancer Res 67 2007 5033 5041 (Pubitemid 46910214)
59. H.I. Scher, S. Halabi, I. Tannock, M. Morris, C.N. Sternberg, and M.A. Carducci Design and end points of clinical trials for patients with progressive prostate cancer and castrate levels of testosterone: recommendations of the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group J Clin Oncol 26 2008 1148 1159
60. C.J. Ryan, S. Shah, E. Efstathiou, M.R. Smith, M.E. Taplin, and G.J. Bubley Phase II study of abiraterone acetate in chemotherapy-naive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer displaying bone flare discordant with serologic response Clin Cancer Res 17 2011 4854 4861
61. S. Mousses, U. Wagner, Y. Chen, J.W. Kim, L. Bubendorf, and M. Bittner Failure of hormone therapy in prostate cancer involves systematic restoration of androgen responsive genes and activation of rapamycin sensitive signaling Oncogene 20 2001 6718 6723 (Pubitemid 33020600)
62. J. Holzbeierlein, P. Lal, E. LaTulippe, A. Smith, J. Satagopan, and L. Zhang Gene expression analysis of human prostate carcinoma during hormonal therapy identifies androgen-responsive genes and mechanisms of therapy resistance Am J Pathol 164 2004 217 227 (Pubitemid 38364606)
63. E.P. Gelmann Molecular biology of the androgen receptor J Clin Oncol 20 2002 3001 3015 (Pubitemid 34728896)
64. H.I. Scher, and C.L. Sawyers Biology of progressive, castration-resistant prostate cancer: directed therapies targeting the androgen-receptor signaling axis J Clin Oncol 23 2005 8253 8261 (Pubitemid 46211563)
65. C.D. Chen, D.S. Welsbie, C. Tran, S.H. Baek, R. Chen, and R. Vessella Molecular determinants of resistance to antiandrogen therapy Nat Med 10 2004 33 39 (Pubitemid 38524696)
66. S.M. Dehm, L.J. Schmidt, H.V. Heemers, R.L. Vessella, and D.J. Tindall Splicing of a novel androgen receptor exon generates a constitutively active androgen receptor that mediates prostate cancer therapy resistance Cancer Res 68 2008 5469 5477
67. J. Veldscholte, C. Ris-Stalpers, G.G. Kuiper, G. Jenster, C. Berrevoets, and E. Claassen A mutation in the ligand binding domain of the androgen receptor of human LNCaP cells affects steroid binding characteristics and response to anti-androgens Biochem Biophys Res Commun 173 1990 534 540
68. F. Labrie Blockade of testicular and adrenal androgens in prostate cancer treatment Nat Rev Urol 8 2011 73 85
69. M.A. Titus, M.J. Schell, F.B. Lih, K.B. Tomer, and J.L. Mohler Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone tissue levels in recurrent prostate cancer Clin Cancer Res 11 2005 4653 4657 (Pubitemid 41557182)
70. R.B. Montgomery, E.A. Mostaghel, R. Vessella, D.L. Hess, T.F. Kalhorn, and C.S. Higano Maintenance of intratumoral androgens in metastatic prostate cancer: a mechanism for castration-resistant tumor growth Cancer Res 68 2008 4447 4454
71. J.P. Deslypere, M. Young, J.D. Wilson, and M.J. McPhaul Testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone interact differently with the androgen receptor to enhance transcription of the MMTV-CAT reporter gene Mol Cell Endocrinol 88 1992 15 22
72. S.K. Shah, D.L. Trump, O. Sartor, W. Tan, G.E. Wilding, and J.L. Mohler Phase II study of dutasteride for recurrent prostate cancer during androgen deprivation therapy J Urol 181 2009 621 626
73. J.D. McConnell, J.D. Wilson, F.W. George, J. Geller, F. Pappas, and E. Stoner Finasteride, an inhibitor of 5α-reductase, suppresses prostatic dihydrotestosterone in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74 1992 505 508
74. M. Stanbrough, G.J. Bubley, K. Ross, T.R. Golub, M.A. Rubin, and T.M. Penning Increased expression of genes converting adrenal androgens to testosterone in androgen-independent prostate cancer Cancer Res 66 2006 2815 2825
75. D.W. Russell, and J.D. Wilson Steroid 5α-reductase: two genes/two enzymes Annu Rev Biochem 63 1994 25 61
76. K.H. Chang, R. Li, M. Papari-Zareei, L. Watumull, Y.D. Zhao, and R.J. Auchus Dihydrotestosterone synthesis bypasses testosterone to drive castration-resistant prostate cancer Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 108 2011 13728 13733
77. R.J. Moore, J.M. Gazak, J.F. Quebbeman, and J.D. Wilson Concentration of dihydrotestosterone and 3α-androstanediol in naturally occurring and androgen-induced prostatic hyperplasia in the dog J Clin Invest 64 1979 1003 1010 (Pubitemid 10232577)
78. J.L. Mohler, M.A. Titus, S. Bai, B.J. Kennerley, F.B. Lih, and K.B. Tomer Activation of the androgen receptor by intratumoral bioconversion of androstanediol to dihydrotestosterone in prostate cancer Cancer Res 71 2011 1486 1496
79. G. Attard, A.H. Reid, R. A'Hern, C. Parker, N.B. Oommen, and E. Folkerd Selective inhibition of CYP17 with abiraterone acetate is highly active in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer J Clin Oncol 27 2009 3742 3748
80. C.J. Ryan, M.R. Smith, L. Fong, J.E. Rosenberg, P. Kantoff, and F. Raynaud Phase I clinical trial of the CYP17 inhibitor abiraterone acetate demonstrating clinical activity in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer who received prior ketoconazole therapy J Clin Oncol 28 2010 1481 1488
81. N. Sharifi The 5α-androstanedione pathway to dihydrotestosterone in castration-resistant prostate cancer J Invest Med 60 2012 504 507