Circulating biomarkers with preventive, diagnostic and prognostic implications in cardiovascular diseases

International Journal of Cardiology

Volumn 157, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 160-168

  Battistoni, Allegra ^a   Rubattu, Speranza ^a,b   Volpe, Massimo ^a,b  

^a SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^b IRCCS NEUROMED   (Italy)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular risk; Circulating biomarkers; CRP; Cystatin C; Interleukines; Natriuretic peptides

Indexed keywords

AMINO TERMINAL PRO BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CYSTATIN C; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN DERIVATIVE; TROPONIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FEASIBILITY STUDY; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN DETERMINATION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HUMANS; INTERLEUKINS; NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84861095172     PISSN: 01675273     EISSN: 18741754     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.06.066     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. T. Nakayama The genetic contribution of the natriuretic peptide system to cardiovascular diseases Endocr J 52 2005 11 21
2. C. Moro, and M. Berlan Cardiovascular and metabolic effects of natriuretic peptides Fundam Clin Pharmacol 20 2006 41 49
3. E.R. Levin, D.G. Gardner, and W.K. Samson Natriuretic peptides N Engl J Med 339 1998 321 328
4. H. Ruskoaho Cardiac hormones as diagnostic tools in heart failure Endocr Rev 24 2003 341 356
5. D. Chan, and L.L. Ng Biomarkers in acute myocardial infarction BMC Med 8 2010 34 45
6. L.B. Daniels, and A.S. Maisel Natriuretic peptides J Am Coll Cardiol 50 2007 2357 2368
7. S. Mantha, M.F. Roizen, L.A. Fleisher, R. Thisted, and J. Foss Comparing methods of clinical measurement: reporting standards for bland and altman analysis Anesth Analg 90 2000 593 602
8. B. Grenier, M. Dubreuil, and D. Journois Comparison of two measurement methods: the Bland and Altman assessment Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 19 2000 128 135
9. S. Kasama, M. Furuya, T. Toyama, S. Ichikawa, and M. Kurabayashi Effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on left ventricular remodelling in patients with acute myocardial infarction Eur Heart J 29 2008 1485 1494
10. T. Nishikimi, N. Maeda, and H. Matsuoka The role of natriuretic peptides in cardioprotection Cardiovasc Res 69 2006 318 328
11. S. Rubattu, S. Sciarretta, V. Valenti, R. Stanzione, and M. Volpe Natriuretic peptides: an update on bioactivity, potential therapeutic use, and implication in cardiovascular diseases Am J Hypertens 21 2008 733 741
12. E. Di Angelantonio, R. Chowdhury, and N. Sarwar B-type natriuretic peptides and cardiovascular risk: systematic review and meta-analysis of 40 prospective studies Circulation 120 2009 2177 2187
13. C.R. deFilippi, R.H. Christenson, J.S. Gottdiener, W.J. Kop, and S.L. Seliger Dynamic cardiovascular risk assessment in elderly people. The role of repeated N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide testing J Am Coll Cardiol 55 2010 441 450
14. T.J. Wang, M.G. Larson, and D. Levy Plasma natriuretic peptide levels and the risk of cardiovascular events and death N Engl J Med 350 2004 655 663
15. J.G. Smith, C. Newton-Cheh, and P. Almgren Assessment of conventional cardiovascular risk factors and multiple biomarkers for the prediction of incident heart failure and atrial fibrillation J Am Coll Cardiol 56 2010 1712 1719
16. O. Melander, C. Newton-Cheh, and P. Almgren Novel and conventional biomarkers for prediction of incident cardiovascular events in the community JAMA 302 2009 49 57
17. N. Sattar, P. Welsh, and N. Sarwar NT-proBNP is associated with coronary heart disease risk in healthy older women but fails to enhance prediction beyond established risk factors: results from the British Women's Heart and Health Study Atherosclerosis 209 2010 295 299
18. J. Scharhag, K. George, R. Shave, A. Urhausen, and W. Kindermann Exercise-associated increases in cardiac biomarkers Med Sci Sports Exerc 40 8 Aug 2008 1408 1415
19. E.D. Pagourelias, G. Giannoglou, and E. Kouidi Brain natriuretic peptide and the athlete's heart: a pilot study Int J Clin Pract 64 2010 511 517
20. A.S. McLean, S.J. Huang, and M. Salter Bench-to-bedside review: the value of cardiac biomarkers in the intensive care patient Crit Care 12 2008 215 224
21. T. Jernberg, M. Stridsberg, P. Venge, and B. Lindahl N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide on admission for early risk stratification of patients with chest pain and no ST-segment elevation J Am Coll Cardiol 40 2002 437 445
22. N. Ikeda, M. Nakamura, and Y. Yazaki A slightly elevated level of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide can predict coronary artery disease in a population with normal left ventricular function Heart Vessels 26 2011 473 479
23. J.A. de Lemos, D.A. Morrow, and J.H. Bentley The prognostic value of B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with acute coronary syndromes N Engl J Med 345 2001 1014 1021
24. T. Brügger-Andersen, H. Aarsetoy, H. Grundt, H. Staines, and D.W. Nilsen The long-term prognostic value of multiple biomarkers following a myocardial infarction Thromb Res 123 2008 60 66
25. C.J. McCann, B.M. Glover, and I.B. Menown Prognostic value of a multimarker approach for patients presenting to hospital with acute chest pain Am J Cardiol 103 2009 22 28
26. M. Fertin, B. Hennache, and M. Hamon Usefulness of serial assessment of B-type natriuretic peptide, troponin I, and C-reactive protein to predict left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction (from the REVE-2 study) Am J Cardiol 106 2010 1410 1416
27. L. Lorgis, M. Zeller, and G. Dentan Prognostic value of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in elderly people with acute myocardial infarction: prospective observational study BMJ 338 2009 1605 1611
28. T. Omland, A.M. Richards, R. Wergeland, and H. Vik-Mo B-type natriuretic peptide and long-term survival in patients with stable coronary artery disease Am J Cardiol 95 2005 24 28
29. D.A. Morrow, J.A. de Lemos, and M.A. Blazing Prognostic value of serial B-type natriuretic peptide testing during follow-up of patients with unstable coronary artery disease JAMA 294 2005 2866 2871
30. J.A. Doust, E. Pietrzak, A. Dobson, and P. Glasziou How well does B-type natriuretic peptide predict death and cardiac events in patients with heart failure: systematic review BMJ 330 2005 625 634
31. P. Bettencourt, A. Azevedo, and L. Fonseca Prognosis of decompensated heart failure patients with preserved systolic function is predicted by NT-proBNP variations during hospitalization Int J Cardiol 117 2007 75 79
32. P. Ray, S. Delerme, P. Jourdain, and C. Chenevier-Gobeaux Differential diagnosis of acute dyspnea: the value of B natriuretic peptides in the emergency department QJM 101 2008 831 843
33. S. Rubattu, A. Barbato, and S. Marchitti Determinants of N-terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide plasma levels in a survey of adult male population from Southern Italy J Hypertens 28 2010 1638 1645
34. M. Lainscak, S. von Haehling, and S.D. Anker Natriuretic peptides and other biomarkers in chronic heart failure: from BNP, NT-proBNP, and MR-proANP to routine biochemical markers Int J Cardiol 132 2009 303 311
35. M. Volpe, E. Pagannone, G. Tocci, and S. Rubattu Hypertension and heart failure: role of neurohormonal mechanisms Clin Exp Hypertens 26 2004 603 610
36. P.L. Selvais, J.E. Donckier, and A. Robert Cardiac natriuretic peptides for diagnosis and risk stratification in heart failure: influences of left ventricular dysfunction and coronary artery disease on cardiac hormonal activation Eur J Clin Invest 28 1998 636 642
37. A. Maisel, C. Mueller, and R. Nowak Mid-region pro-hormone markers for diagnosis and prognosis in acute dyspnea: results from the BACH (Biomarkers in Acute Heart Failure) trial J Am Coll Cardiol 55 2010 2062 2076
38. M.H. Olsen, K. Wachtell, and C. Tuxen N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide predicts cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: a LIFE study J Hypertens 22 2004 1597 1604
39. B. Andersson, and C. Hall N-terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide and prognosis in patients with heart failure and preserved systolic function J Card Fail 6 2000 208 213
40. S. Masson, R. Latini, and E. Carbonieri The predictive value of stable precursor fragments of vasoactive peptides in patients with chronic heart failure: data from the GISSI-heart failure (GISSI-HF) trial Eur J Heart Fail 12 2010 338 347
41. A.M. Mäkikallio, T.H. Mäkikallio, and J.T. Korpelainen Natriuretic peptides and mortality after stroke Stroke 36 2005 1016 1020
42. S.Q. Khan, O. Dhillon, and D. Kelly Plasma N-terminal B-Type natriuretic peptide as an indicator of long-term survival after acute myocardial infarction: comparison with plasma midregional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide: the LAMP (Leicester Acute Myocardial Infarction Peptide) study J Am Coll Cardiol 51 2008 1857 1864
43. N. Taglieri, D.J. Fernandez-Berges, and W. Koenig Plasma cystatin C for prediction of 1-year cardiac events in Mediterranean patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome Atherosclerosis 209 2010 300 305
44. T. Keller, C.M. Messow, and E. Lubos Cystatin C and cardiovascular mortality in patients with coronary artery disease and normal or mildly reduced kidney function: results from the AtheroGene study Eur Heart J 30 2009 314 320
45. H. Sekizuka, Y.J. Akashi, K. Kawasaki, M. Yamauchi, and H. Musha Cystatin C: a better marker to detect coronary artery sclerosis J Cardiol 54 2009 359 367
46. M. Koc, M.K. Batur, O. Karaarslan, and G. Abali Clinical utility of serum cystatin C in predicting coronary artery disease Cardiol J 17 2010 374 380
47. M. Madero, and M.J. Sarnak Association of cystatin C with adverse outcomes Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 18 2009 258 263
48. V.R. Dharnidharka, C. Kwon, and G. Stevens Serum cystatin C is superior to serum creatinine as a marker of kidney function: a meta-analysis Am J Kidney Dis 40 2002 221 226
49. N. Taglieri, W. Koenig, and J.C. Kaski Cystatin C and cardiovascular risk Clin Chem 55 2009 1932 1943
50. G. Luc, J.M. Bard, and C. Lesueur Plasma cystatin-C and development of coronary heart disease: the PRIME study Atherosclerosis 185 2006 375 380
51. J.R. Emberson, R. Haynes, and T. Dasgupta Cystatin C and risk of vascular and nonvascular mortality: a prospective cohort study of older men J Intern Med 268 2010 145 154
52. D.E. Rifkin, R. Katz, and M. Chonchol Albuminuria, impaired kidney function and cardiovascular outcomes or mortality in the elderly Nephrol Dial Transplant 25 2010 1560 1567
53. L. Djoussé, T. Kurth, and J.M. Gaziano Cystatin C and risk of heart failure in the Physicians' Health Study (PHS) Am Heart J 155 2008 82 86
54. J.H. Ix, I.H. de Boer, C.L. Wassel, M.H. Criqui, M.G. Shlipak, and M.A. Whooley Urinary creatinine excretion rate and mortality in persons with coronary artery disease: the Heart and Soul Study Circulation 121 2010 1295 1303
55. Q.L. Zhang, H. Brenner, W. Koenig, and D. Rothenbacher Prognostic value of chronic kidney disease in patients with coronary heart disease: role of estimating equations Atherosclerosis 211 2010 342 347
56. J. Lassus, V.P. Harjola, and R. Sund Prognostic value of cystatin C in acute heart failure in relation to other markers of renal function and NT-proBNP Eur Heart J 28 2007 1841 1847
57. C.Y. Campbell, W. Clarke, H. Park, N. Haq, B.B. Barone, and D.J. Brotman Usefulness of cystatin C and prognosis following admission for acute heart failure Am J Cardiol 104 2009 389 392
58. U. Alehagen, U. Dahlström, and T.L. Lindahl Cystatin C and NT-proBNP, a powerful combination of biomarkers for predicting cardiovascular mortality in elderly patients with heart failure: results from a 10-year study in primary care Eur J Heart Fail 11 2009 354 360
59. J.M. García Acuña, E. González-Babarro, and L. Grigorian Shamagian Cystatin C provides more information than other renal function parameters for stratifying risk in patients with acute coronary syndrome Rev Esp Cardiol 62 2009 510 519
60. E. Ichimoto, K. Jo, and Y. Kobayashi Prognostic significance of cystatin C in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction Circ J 73 2009 1669 1673
61. F. Windhausen, A. Hirsch, and J. Fischer Invasive versus Conservative Treatment in Unstable Coronary Syndromes (ICTUS) Investigators Cystatin C for enhancement of risk stratification in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome patients with an increased troponin T Clin Chem 55 2009 1118 1125
62. T. Jernberg, B. Lindahl, S. James, A. Larsson, L.O. Hansson, and L. Wallentin Cystatin C: a novel predictor of outcome in suspected or confirmed non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome Circulation 110 2004 2342 2348
63. M.G. Shlipak, R. Katz, and B. Kestenbaum Rapid decline of kidney function increases cardiovascular risk in the elderly J Am Soc Nephrol 20 2009 2625 2630
64. A.H. Sprague, and R.A. Khalil Inflammatory cytokines in vascular dysfunction and vascular disease Biochem Pharmacol 78 2009 539 552
65. A. Tedgui, and Z. Mallat Cytokines in atherosclerosis: pathogenic and regulatory pathways Physiol Rev 86 2006 515 518
66. H. Schuett, M. Luchtefeld, C. Grothusen, K. Grote, and B. Schieffer How much is too much? Interleukin-6 and its signalling in atherosclerosis Thromb Haemost 102 2009 215 222
67. Y. Gao, G.X. Tong, and X.W. Zhang Interleukin-18 levels on admission are associated with mid-term adverse clinical events in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention Int Heart J 51 2010 75 81
68. P.M. Ridker, N. Rifai, M.J. Stampfer, and C.H. Hennekens Plasma concentration of interleukin-6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men Circulation 101 2000 1767 1772
69. G. Biasillo, M. Leo, R. Della Bona, and L.M. Biasucci Inflammatory biomarkers and coronary heart disease: from bench to bedside and back Intern Emerg Med 5 2010 225 233
70. R.S. Vasan, L.M. Sullivan, and R. Roubenoff Inflammatory markers and risk of heart failure in elderly subjects without prior myocardial infarction: the Framingham Heart Study Circulation 107 2003 1486 1491
71. S. Blankenberg, G. Luc, and P. Ducimetière Interleukin-18 and the risk of coronary heart disease in European men: the Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction (PRIME) Circulation 108 2003 2453 2459
72. L.T. Kuo, N.I. Yang, and W.J. Cherng Serum interleukin-6 levels, not genotype, correlate with coronary plaque complexity Int Heart J 49 2008 391 402
73. M. Testa, M. Yeh, and P. Lee Circulating levels of citokines and their endogenous modulators in patients with mild to severe congestive heart failure due to coronary artery disease or hypertension J Am Coll Cardiol 28 1996 964 971
74. E. Lindmark, E. Diderholm, L. Wallentin, and A.J. Siegbahn Relationship between interleukin 6 and mortality in patients with unstable coronary artery disease: effects of an early invasive or noninvasive strategy JAMA 286 2001 2107 2113
75. B. Jug, B.G. Salobir, N. Vene, M. Sebestjen, M. Sabovic, and I. Keber Interleukin-6 is a stronger prognostic predictor than high-sensitive C-reactive protein in patients with chronic stable heart failure Heart Vessels 24 2009 271 276
76. S. Blankenberg, L. Tiret, and C. Bickel Interleukin-18 is a strong predictor of cardiovascular death in stable and unstable angina Circulation 106 2002 24 30
77. A.A. Youssef, L.T. Chang, and C.L. Hang Level and value of interleukin-18 in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary coronary angioplasty Circ J 71 2007 703 708
78. Z. Mallat, C. Heymes, and A. Corbaz Evidence for altered interleukin 18 (IL)-18 pathway in human heart failure FASEB J 18 2004 1752 1754
79. M. White, A. Ducharme, and R. Ibrahim Increased systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with worsening congestive heart failure: improvement after short-term inotropic support Clin Sci 110 2006 483 489
80. M. Drakopoulou, K. Toutouzas, E. Stefanadi, E. Tsiamis, D. Tousoulis, and C. Stefanadis Association of inflammatory markers with angiographic severity and extent of coronary artery disease Atherosclerosis 206 2009 335 339
81. L.M. Biasucci, G. Liuzzo, and R.L. Grillo Elevated levels of C-reactive protein at discharge in patients with unstable angina predict recurrent instability Circulation 99 1999 855 860
82. S.D. de Ferranti, and N. Rifai C-reactive protein: a non traditional serum marker of cardiovascular risk Cardiovasc Pathol 16 2007 14 21
83. S. Mora, K. Musunuru, and R.S. Blumenthal The clinical utility of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in cardiovascular disease and the potential implication of JUPITER on current practice guidelines Clin Chem 55 2009 219 228
84. P.R. Moreno, and V. Fuster The year in atherothrombosis J Am Coll Cardiol 44 2004 2099 2110
85. G.J. Blake Ridker PM inflammatory bio-markers and cardiovascular risk prediction J Intern Med 252 2002 283 294
86. A.M. Kampoli, D. Tousoulis, C. Antoniades, G. Siasos, and C. Stefanadis Biomarkers of premature atherosclerosis Trends Mol Med 15 2009 323 332
87. P.M. Ridker, E. Danielson, and F.A. Fonseca Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein N Engl J Med 359 2008 2195 2207
88. J. Danesh, J.G. Wheeler, and G.M. Hirschfield C-reactive protein and other circulating markers of inflammation in the prediction of coronary heart disease N Engl J Med 350 2004 1387 1397
89. T. Shah, J.P. Casas, and J.A. Cooper Critical appraisal of CRP measurement for the prediction of coronary heart disease events: new data and systematic review of 31 prospective cohorts Int J Epidemiol 38 2009 217 231
90. J. Zacho, A. Tybjaerg-Hansen, J.S. Jensen, P. Grande, H. Sillesen, and B.G. Nordestgaard Genetically elevated C-reactive protein and ischemic vascular disease N Engl J Med 359 18 Oct 30 2008 1897 1908
91. S.K. James, B. Lindahl, and A. Siegbahn N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and other risk markers for the separate prediction of mortality and subsequent myocardial infarction in patients with unstable coronary artery disease: a Global Utilization of Strategies To Open occluded arteries (GUSTO)-IV substudy Circulation 108 2003 275 281
92. S.K. James, P. Armstrong, and E. Barnathan Troponin and C-reactive protein have different relations to subsequent mortality and myocardial infarction after acute coronary syndrome: a GUSTO-IV substudy J Am Coll Cardiol 41 2003 916 924
93. D.A. Morrow, N. Rifai, and E.M. Antman C-reactive protein is a potent predictor of mortality independently of and in combination with troponin T in acute coronary syndromes: a TIMI 11A substudy. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction J Am Coll Cardiol 31 1998 1460 1465
94. C. Heeschen, C.W. Hamm, J. Bruemmer, and M.L. Simoons Predictive value of C-reactive protein and troponin T in patients with unstable angina: a comparative analysis. CAPTURE Investigators. Chimeric c7E3 AntiPlatelet Therapy in Unstable angina REfractory to standard treatment trial J Am Coll Cardiol 35 2000 1535 1542
95. M. Cesari, B.W. Penninx, and A.B. Newman Inflammatory markers and onset of cardiovascular events: results from the Health ABC study Circulation 108 2003 2317 2322
96. C.B. Arant, T.R. Wessel, and P.M. Ridker Multimarker approach predicts adverse cardiovascular events in women evaluated for suspected ischemia: results from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation Clin Cardiol 32 2009 244 250
97. K. Dracup, S. McKinley, and B. Riegel A randomized clinical trial to reduce patient prehospital delay to treatment in acute coronary syndrome Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2 2009 524 532
98. B. Zethelius, L. Berglund, and J. Sundström Use of multiple biomarkers to improve the prediction of death from cardiovascular causes N Engl J Med 358 2008 2107 2116
99. T. Nozaki, S. Sugiyama, and H. Koga Significance of a multiple biomarkers strategy including endothelial dysfunction to improve risk stratification for cardiovascular events in patients at high risk for coronary heart disease J Am Coll Cardiol 54 2009 601 608
100. F.S. Apple, L.A. Pearce, A. Chung, R. Ler, and M.M. Murakami Multiple biomarker use for detection of adverse events in patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome Clin Chem 53 2007 874 878
101. V. Bodí, J. Sanchis, and A. Llàcer Multimarker risk strategy for predicting 1-month and 1-year major events in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes Am Heart J 149 2005 268 274
102. E.R. Manenti, L.C. Bodanese, S.A. Camey, and C.A. Polanczyk Prognostic value of serum biomarkers in association with TIMI risk score for acute coronary syndromes Clin Cardiol 29 2006 405 410
103. F. Roubille, A. Samri, and L. Cornillet Routinely-feasible multiple biomarkers score to predict prognosis after revascularized STEMI Eur J Intern Med 21 2010 131 136
104. M.S. Sabatine, D.A. Morrow, and J.A. de Lemos Multimarker approach to risk stratification in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes: simultaneous assessment of troponin I, C-reactive protein, and B-type natriuretic peptide Circulation 105 2002 1760 1763
105. W. Koenig, D. Twardella, H. Brenner, and D. Rothenbacher Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 predicts future cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease independently of traditional risk factors, markers of inflammation, renal function, and hemodynamic stress Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26 2006 1586 1593
106. D.A. Morrow, M.S. Sabatine, and M.L. Brennan Concurrent evaluation of novel cardiac biomarkers in acute coronary syndrome: myeloperoxidase and soluble CD40 ligand and the risk of recurrent ischemic events in TACTICS-TIMI 18 Eur Heart J 28 2008 1096 1112
107. G.C. Fonarow, and T.B. Horwich Combining natriuretic peptides and necrosis markers in determining prognosis in heart failure Rev Cardiovasc Med 4 Suppl. 4 2003 S20 S28
108. G.C. Fonarow, W.F. Peacock, and T.B. Horwich Usefulness of B-type natriuretic peptide and cardiac troponin levels to predict in-hospital mortality from ADHERE Am J Cardiol 101 2008 231 237
109. S.M. Dunlay, Y. Gerber, S.A. Weston, J.M. Killian, M.M. Redfield, and V.L. Roger Prognostic value of biomarkers in heart failure: application of novel methods in the community Circ Heart Fail 2 2009 393 400
110. W.H. Yin, J.W. Chen, A.N. Feng, S.J. Lin, and S. Young Multimarker approach to risk stratification among patients with advanced chronic heart failure Clin Cardiol 30 2007 397 402
111. L.G. Shewan, and A.J. Coats Ethics in the authorship and publishing of scientific articles Int J Cardiol 144 2010 1 2