The diagnosis and management of cerebrovascular disease in diabetes

Current Diabetes Reports

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 314-323

  Phipps, Michael S ^a,b   Jastreboff, Ania M ^b   Furie, Karen ^c   Kernan, Walter N ^b  

^a VA CONNECTICUT HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^b YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Cerebral hemorrhage; Cerebrovascular disease; Cerebrovascular disorders; Diabetes mellitus; Diagnosis; Ischemic attack; Stroke; Therapeutics; Transient

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID PLUS DIPYRIDAMOLE; CHLORPROPAMIDE; CLOPIDOGREL; GLIBENCLAMIDE; INDAPAMIDE PLUS PERINDOPRIL; INSULIN; METFORMIN; PIOGLITAZONE; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN; TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR;

ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CAUSE OF DEATH; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIET THERAPY; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PNEUMONIA; PRIMARY PREVENTION; REVASCULARIZATION; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SYMPTOM; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; URINARY TRACT INFECTION;

BLOOD GLUCOSE; CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHIES; FEMALE; HEMOGLOBIN A, GLYCOSYLATED; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; HYPERTENSION; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE, HYPERTENSIVE; ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; MALE; PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS; RISK FACTORS; STROKE;

EID: 84861093898     PISSN: 15344827     EISSN: 15390829     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11892-012-0271-x     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Heron M. Deaths: Leading causes for 2007. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2011;59:1-95.
2. de Marco R, Locatelli F, Zoppini G, et al. Cause-specific mortality in type 2 diabetes. The verona diabetes study. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:756-61. (Pubitemid 29220775)
3. Hankey GJ, Spiesser J, Hakimi Z, et al. Rate, degree, and predictors of recovery from disability following ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2007;68:1583-7. (Pubitemid 46717982)
4. Burchfiel CM, Curb JD, Rodriguez BL, et al. Glucose intolerance and 22-year stroke incidence. The honolulu heart program. Stroke. 1994;25:951-7. (Pubitemid 24130299)
5. Folsom AR, Rasmussen ML, Chambless LE, et al. Prospective associations of fasting insulin, body fat distribution, and diabetes with risk of ischemic stroke. The atherosclerosis risk in communities (aric) study investigators. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:1077-83. (Pubitemid 29293959)
6. Kissela BM, Khoury J, Kleindorfer D, et al. Epidemiology of ischemic stroke in patients with diabetes: The greater cincinnati/northern kentucky stroke study. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:355-9. (Pubitemid 40170939)
7. Manson JE, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, et al. A prospective study of maturity-onset diabetes mellitus and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in women. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151:1141-7.
8. Banerjee C, Moon YP, Paik MC, et al. Duration of diabetes and risk of ischemic stroke: The northern manhattan study. Stroke. 2012;43:00-0.
9. Thacker EL, Psaty BM, McKnight B, et al. Fasting and postglucose load measures of insulin resistance and risk of ischemic stroke in older adults. Stroke. 2011;42:3347-51.
10. Kernan WN, Inzucchi SE. Metabolic rehabilitation: Science gathers to support a new intervention to prevent stroke. Stroke. 2011;42:3333-5.
11. Janghorbani M, Hu FB, Willett WC, et al. Prospective study of type 1 and type 2 diabetes and risk of stroke subtypes: The nurses' health study. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1730-5. (Pubitemid 47036344)
12. Feldmann E, Broderick JP, Kernan WN, et al. Major risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in the young are modifiable. Stroke. 2005;36:1881-5. (Pubitemid 41266519)
13. O'Donnell MJ, Xavier D, Liu L, et al. Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the interstroke study): A case-control study. Lancet. 2010;376:112-23.
14. Johnston SC, Rothwell PM, Nguyen-Huynh MN, et al. Validation and refinement of scores to predict very early stroke risk after transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2007;369:283-92. (Pubitemid 46136488)
15. Hillen T, Coshall C, Tilling K, et al. Cause of stroke recurrence is multifactorial: Patterns, risk factors, and outcomes of stroke recurrence in the south london stroke register. Stroke. 2003;34:1457-63. (Pubitemid 36693517)
16. Petty GW, Brown Jr. RD, Whisnant JP, et al. Survival and recurrence after first cerebral infarction: A population-based study in rochester, minnesota, 1975 through 1989. Neurology. 1998;50:208-16.
17. Centers for disease control and prevention. National diabetes fact sheet: National estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the united states, 2011. Atlanta, ga: U.S. Department of health and human services, centers for disease control and prevention. 2011.
18. Tuomilehto J, Rastenyte D, Jousilahti P, et al. Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for death from stroke. Prospective study of the middle-aged finnish population. Stroke. 1996;27:210-5. (Pubitemid 26044488)
19. Furie K, Inzucchi SE. Diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and stroke. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2008;8:12-9. (Pubitemid 351166410)
20. Callahan A, Amarenco P, Goldstein LB, et al. Risk of stroke and cardiovascular events after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack in patients with type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome: Secondary analysis of the stroke prevention by aggressive reduction in cholesterol levels (sparcl) trial. Arch Neurol. 2011;68:1245-51.
21. Dhamoon MS, Tai W, Boden-Albala B, et al. Risk of myocardial infarction or vascular death after first ischemic stroke: The northern manhattan study. Stroke. 2007;38:1752-8. (Pubitemid 46847244)
22. Yusuf S, Diener HC, Sacco RL, et al. Telmisartan to prevent recurrent stroke and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1225-37.
23. Arboix A, Cendros V, Besa M, et al. Trends in risk factors, stroke subtypes and outcome. Nineteen-year data from the sagrat cor hospital of barcelona stroke registry. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;26:509-16.
24. Auriel E, Gur AY, Uralev O, et al. Characteristics of first ever ischemic stroke in the very elderly: Profile of vascular risk factors and clinical outcome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2011;113:654-7.
25. Grundy SM, Benjamin IJ, Burke GL, et al. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: A statement for healthcare professionals from the american heart association. Circulation. 1999;100:1134-46. (Pubitemid 29416243)
26. Huxley RR, Alonso A, Lopez FL, et al. Type 2 diabetes, glucose homeostasis and incident atrial fibrillation: The atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Heart. 2012;98:133-8.
27. Air EL, Kissela BM. Diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and ischemic stroke: Epidemiology and possible mechanisms. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:3131-40. (Pubitemid 350258454)
28. Ergul A, Kelly-Cobbs A, Abdalla M, Fagan SC. Cerebrovascular complications of diabetes: Focus on stroke. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2011.
29. Turan TN, Makki AA, Tsappidi S, et al. Risk factors associated with severity and location of intracranial arterial stenosis. Stroke. 2010;41:1636-40.
30. Almdal T, Scharling H, Jensen JS, Vestergaard H. The independent effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on ischemic heart disease, stroke, and death: A population-based study of 13,000 men and women with 20 years of follow-up. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:1422-6. (Pubitemid 38937853)
31. Megherbi SE, Milan C, Minier D, et al. Association between diabetes and stroke subtype on survival and functional outcome 3 months after stroke: Data from the european biomed stroke project. Stroke. 2003;34:688-94. (Pubitemid 36307394)
32. Koennecke HC, Belz W, Berfelde D, et al. Factors influencing inhospital mortality and morbidity in patients treated on a stroke unit. Neurology. 2011;77:965-72.
33. Protopsaltis J, Kokkoris S, Korantzopoulos P, et al. Prediction of long-term functional outcome in patients with acute ischemic non-embolic stroke. Atherosclerosis. 2009;203:228-35.
34. Reeves MJ, Vaidya RS, Fonarow GC, et al. Quality of care and outcomes in patients with diabetes hospitalized with ischemic stroke: Findings from get with the guidelines-stroke. Stroke. 2010;41:e409-417.
35. Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2012 update: A report from the american heart association. Circulation. 2012;125:e2-e220.
36. Tetri S, Juvela S, Saloheimo P, et al. Hypertension and diabetes as predictors of early death after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2009;110:411-7.
37. Arboix A, Massons J, Garcia-Eroles L, et al. Diabetes is an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality from acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:1527-32.
38. Mizrahi EH, Fleissig Y, Arad M, et al. Functional outcome of ischemic stroke: A comparative study of diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Disabil Rehabil. 2007;29:1091-5. (Pubitemid 47072973)
39. Furie KL, Kasner SE, Adams RJ, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack: A guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2011;42:227-76.
40. Bruno A, Levine SR, Frankel MR, et al. Admission glucose level and clinical outcomes in the ninds rt-pa stroke trial. Neurology. 2002;59:669-74.
41. Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, et al. Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic and diabetic patients: A systematic overview. Stroke. 2001;32:2426-32. (Pubitemid 32954818)
42. Hatzitolios AI, Didangelos TP, Zantidis AT, et al. Diabetes mellitus and cerebrovascular disease: Which are the actual data? J Diabetes Complications. 2009;23:283-96.
43. Weir CJ, Murray GD, Dyker AG, Lees KR. Is hyperglycaemia an independent predictor of poor outcome after acute stroke? Results of a long-term follow up study. BMJ. 1997;314:1303-6. (Pubitemid 27183316)
44. Williams LS, Rotich J, Qi R, et al. Effects of admission hyperglycemia on mortality and costs in acute ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2002;59:67-71. (Pubitemid 34742796)
45. Ahmed N, Davalos A, Eriksson N, et al. Association of admission blood glucose and outcome in patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis: Results from the safe implementation of treatments in stroke international stroke thrombolysis register (sits-istr). Arch Neurol. 2010;67:1123-30.
46. Baird TA, Parsons MW, Phanh T, et al. Persistent poststroke hyperglycemia is independently associated with infarct expansion and worse clinical outcome. Stroke. 2003;34:2208-14. (Pubitemid 37099838)
47. Jorgensen HS, Reith J, Nakayama H, et al. Potentially reversible factors during the very acute phase of stroke and their impact on the prognosis: Is there a large therapeutic potential to be explored? Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;11:207-11. (Pubitemid 32304633)
48. Parsons MW, Barber PA, Desmond PM, et al. Acute hyperglycemia adversely affects stroke outcome: A magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy study. Ann Neurol. 2002;52:20-8. (Pubitemid 34693739)
49. Yong M, Kaste M. Dynamic of hyperglycemia as a predictor of stroke outcome in the ecass-ii trial. Stroke. 2008;39:2749-55.
50. Hyvarinen M, Tuomilehto J, MahonenM, et al. Hyperglycemia and incidence of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke-comparison between fasting and 2-hour glucose criteria. Stroke. 2009;40:1633-7.
51. Labovitz DL, Boden-Albala B, Hauser WA, Sacco RL. Lacunar infarct or deep intracerebral hemorrhage: Who gets which? The northern manhattan study. Neurology. 2007;68:606-8.
52. Arauz A, Murillo L, Cantu C, et al. Prospective study of single and multiple lacunar infarcts using magnetic resonance imaging: Risk factors, recurrence, and outcome in 175 consecutive cases. Stroke. 2003;34:2453-8. (Pubitemid 37221962)
53. Jackson CA, Hutchison A, Dennis MS, et al. Differing risk factor profiles of ischemic stroke subtypes: Evidence for a distinct lacunar arteriopathy? Stroke. 2010;41:624-9.
54. Mast H, Thompson JL, Lee SH, et al. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus as determinants of multiple lacunar infarcts. Stroke. 1995;26:30-3.
55. Adams Jr. HP, del Zoppo G, Alberts MJ, et al. Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke: A guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association stroke council, clinical cardiology council, cardiovascular radiology and intervention council, and the atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease and quality of care outcomes in research interdisciplinary working groups: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Circulation. 2007;115:e478-534.
56. Seet RC, Friedman PA, Rabinstein AA. Prolonged rhythm monitoring for the detection of occult paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in ischemic stroke of unknown cause. Circulation. 2011;124:477-86.
57. Morgenstern LB, Hemphill 3rd JC, Anderson C, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: A guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2010;41:2108-29.
58. Stöllberger C, Exner I, Finsterer J, et al. Stroke in diabetic and non-diabetic patients: Course and prognostic value of admission serum glucose. Ann Med. 2005;37:357-64. (Pubitemid 41379842)
59. Mishra NK, Ahmed N, Davalos A, et al. Thrombolysis outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients with prior stroke and diabetes mellitus. Neurology. 2011;77:1866-72.
60. Mishra NK, Davis SM, Kaste M, Lees KR. Comparison of outcomes following thrombolytic therapy among patients with prior stroke and diabetes in the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive (Vista). Diabetes Care. 2010;33:2531-7.
61. Wahlgren N, Ahmed N, Eriksson N, et al. Multivariable analysis of outcome predictors and adjustment of main outcome results to baseline data profile in randomized controlled trials: Safe implementation of thrombolysis in stroke-monitoring study (sits-most). Stroke. 2008;39:3316-22.
62. Demchuk AM, Morgenstern LB, Krieger DW, et al. Serum glucose level and diabetes predict tissue plasminogen activatorrelated intracerebral hemorrhage in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1999;30:34-9. (Pubitemid 29029438)
63. Jaillard A, Cornu C, Durieux A, et al. Hemorrhagic transformation in acute ischemic stroke. The mast-e study. Mast-e group. Stroke. 1999;30:1326-32. (Pubitemid 29296057)
64. Celik Y, Utku U, Asil T, Balci K. Factors affecting haemorrhagic transformation in middle cerebral artery infarctions. J Clin Neurosci. 2004;11:656-8. (Pubitemid 38916983)
65. Bruno A, Biller J, Adams Jr. HP. et al.: Acute blood glucose level and outcome from ischemic stroke. Trial of org 10172 in acute stroke treatment (toast) investigators. Neurology. 1999;52:280-4.
66. Fuentes B, Martinez-Sanchez P, Alonso de Lecinana M, et al. Diabetes and previous stroke: Hazards for intravenous thrombolysis? Eur J Neurol 2011
67. Poppe AY, Majumdar SR, Jeerakathil T, et al. Admission hyperglycemia predicts a worse outcome in stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:617-22.
68. Tandberg Askevold E, Naess H, Thomassen L. Predictors for recanalization after intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007;16:21-4. (Pubitemid 46073787)
69. Zangerle A, Kiechl S, Spiegel M, et al. Recanalization after thrombolysis in stroke patients: Predictors and prognostic implications. Neurology. 2007;68:39-44. (Pubitemid 46058549)
70. Kimura K, Sakamoto Y, Iguchi Y, et al. Admission hyperglycemia and serial infarct volume after t-pa therapy in patients with and without early recanalization. J Neurol Sci. 2011;307:55-9.
71. McCormick M, Hadley D, McLean JR, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of insulin for acute poststroke hyperglycemia. Ann Neurol. 2010;67:570-8.
72. Bruno A, Kent TA, Coull BM, et al. Treatment of hyperglycemia in ischemic stroke (this) a randomized pilot trial. Stroke. 2008;39:384-9. (Pubitemid 351619460)
73. Johnston KC, Hall CE, Kissela BM, et al. Glucose regulation in acute stroke patients (grasp) trial: A randomized pilot trial. Stroke. 2009;40:3804-9.
74. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2008, 358:2545-59.
75. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2008;358:2560-72.
76. Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2009;360:129-39.
77. Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes.N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2545-59. (Pubitemid 351831356)
78. Bellolio MF, Gilmore RM, Stead LG. Insulin for glycaemic control in acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;9:CD005346.
79. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2012. Diabetes Care 2012;35:S11-63.
80. Moghissi ES, Korytkowski MT, DiNardo M, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Diabetes Association consensus statement on inpatient glycemic control. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1119-31.
81. Guidelines for improving the care of the older person with diabetes mellitus. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51:S265-80.
82. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (ukpds 34). The Lancet 1998;352:854-65.
83. Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ, et al. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the proactive study (prospective pioglitazone clinical trial in macrovascular events): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1279-89. (Pubitemid 41416583)
84. Colwell JA, Association AD. Aspirin therapy in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27 Suppl 1:S72-73.
85. Collaboration AT. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002;324:71-86.
86. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (caprie). The Lancet 1996;348:1329-39.
87. Diener HC, Bogousslavsky J, Brass LM, et al. Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (match): Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:331-7.
88. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206-52. (Pubitemid 37553153)
89. Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1575-85.
90. Anushka P. Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial): A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2007;370:829-40.
91. MRC/BHF heart protection study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: A randomised placebocontrolled trial. The Lancet 2003;361:2005-16.
92. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the national cholesterol education program adult treatment panel iii guidelines. Circulation. 2004;110:227-39. (Pubitemid 38924592)
93. Dorigo W, Pulli R, Pratesi G, et al. Early and long-term results of carotid endarterectomy in diabetic patients. J Vasc Surg. 2011;53:44-52.
94. Salenius JP, Harju E, Riekkinen H. Early cerebral complications in carotid endarterectomy: Risk factors. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1990;31:162-7. (Pubitemid 20167462)
95. Tu JV, Wang H, Bowyer B, et al. Risk factors for death or stroke after carotid endarterectomy: Observations from the Ontario carotid endarterectomy registry. Stroke. 2003;34:2568-73. (Pubitemid 37392741)
96. Debing E, Aerden D, Van den Brande P. Diabetes mellitus is a predictor for early adverse outcome after carotid endarterectomy. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2011;45:28-32.
97. Ballotta E, Da Giau G, Renon L. Is diabetes mellitus a risk factor for carotid endarterectomy? A prospective study. Surgery. 2001;129:146-52.
98. Pistolese GR, Appolloni A, Ronchey S, Martelli E. Carotid endarterectomy in diabetic patients. J Vasc Surg. 2001;33:148-54. (Pubitemid 32109618)
99. Rockman CB, Saltzberg SS, Maldonado TS, et al. The safety of carotid endarterectomy in diabetic patients: Clinical predictors of adverse outcome. J Vasc Surg. 2005;42:878-83. (Pubitemid 41571952)
100. Wing RR. Long-term effects of a lifestyle intervention on weight and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Four-year results of the look ahead trial. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:1566-75.