Early Maladaptive Schema Factors, Chronic Pain and Depressiveness: A Study with 271 Chronic Pain Patients and 331 Control Participants

Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 214-223

  Saariaho, Tom ^a   Saariaho, Anita ^a   Karila, Irma ^b   Joukamaa, Matti ^c,d  

^a Raahe Hospital   (Finland)

^b Institute of Psychotherapy   (Finland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TAMPERE   (Finland)

^d TAMPERE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Finland)

Author keywords

Chronic pain; Depression; Early maladaptive schema; Early maltreatment; Schema therapy

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CHRONIC PAIN; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSION; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; FEMALE; FINLAND; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MULTICENTER STUDY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; QUESTIONNAIRE; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHRONIC PAIN; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; FEMALE; FINLAND; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; QUESTIONNAIRES; RISK FACTORS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84860432470     PISSN: 10633995     EISSN: 10990879     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/cpp.737     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Aguilera, M., Ariasa, B., Wichersa, M., Barrantes-Vidala, N., Moya, J., Villa, H., van Os, J., Ibáñez, M., Ruipérez, M, Ortet, G., & Fañanás, L. (2009). Early adversity and 5-HTT/BDNF genes: New evidence of gene-environment interactions on depressive symptoms in a general population. Psychological Medicine, 39, 1425-1432.
2. Banks, S., & Kerns, R. (1996). Explaining high rates of depression in chronic pain: A diathesis-stress framework. Psychological Bulletin, 119(1), 95-110.
3. Baranoff, J., Oei, T., Cho, S., & Kwon, S-M. (2006). Factor structure and internal consistency of the Young Schema Questionnaire (Short Form) in Korean and Australian samples. Journal of Affective Disorders, 93, 133-140.
4. Beck, A., Rush, A., Shaw, B., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press.
5. Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
6. Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (2004). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Finnish translation copyright. Helsinki: Psykologien kustannus Oy.
7. Breivik, H., Collett, B., Ventafridda, V., Cohen, R., & Gallacher, D. (2006). Survey of chronic pain in Europe: Prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment. European Journal of Pain, 10(4), 287-333.
8. Calvete, E., Estevez, A., Arroyabe, E., & Ruiz, P. (2005). The Schema Questionnaire-Short Form. Structure and relationship with automatic thoughts and symptoms of affective disorders. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 21, 90-99.
9. Cecero, J., Nelson, J., & Gillie, J. (2004). Tools and tenets of schema therapy: Toward the construct validity of the Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire-Research Version (EMSQ-R). Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 11, 344-357.
10. Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S., & Aiken, L. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
11. Costello, A., & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9.
12. Currie, S.R., & Wang, J. (2005). More data on major depression as an antecedent risk factor for first onset of chronic back pain. Psychological Medicine, 35, 1275-1282.
13. Dozois, D., Martin, R., & Bieling, P. (2009). Early maladaptive schemas and adaptive/maladaptive styles of humor. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33, 585-596.
14. Dutra, L., Callahan, K., Forman, E., Mendelsohn, M., & Herman, J. (2008). Core schemas and suicidality in a chronically traumatized population. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196, 71-74.
15. Fishbain, D., Cutler, R., Rosomoff, H., & Rosomoff, R. (1997). Chronic pain-associated depression: Antecedent or consequence of chronic pain? A review. Clinical Journal of Pain, 13, 116-137.
16. Gambassi, G. (2009). Pain and depression: The egg and the chicken story revisited. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Suppl. 1, 103-112.
17. Glaser, B., Campbell, L., Calhoun, G., Bates, J., & Petrocelli, J. (2002). The Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire-Short Form: A construct validity study. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 35, 2-13.
18. Grzesiak, R.C. (1994). The matrix of vulnerability. In R.C. Grzesiak and D.S. Ciccone (Eds), Psychological vulnerability to chronic pain. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
19. Guidano, V., & Liotti, G. (1983). Cognitive processes and emotional disorders. New York: Guilford.
20. Halvorsen, M., Wang, C., Richter, J., Myrland, I., Pedersen, S., Eisemann, M., & Waterloo, K. (2009). Early maladaptive schemas, temperament and character traits in clinically depressed and previously depressed subjects. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 16, 394-407.
21. Harris, A., & Curtin, L. (2002). Parental perceptions, early maladaptive schemas, and depressive symptoms in young adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 405-416.
22. Harris, C., & D'Eon, J. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II) in individuals with chronic pain. Pain, 137, 609-622.
23. Hatcher, L. (1994). A step-by-step approach to using SAS for factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
24. Hoffart, A., Sexton, H., Hedley, L., Wang, C., Holthe, H., Haugum, J., Nordahl, H., Hovland, O., & Holte, A. (2005). The structure of maladaptive schemas: A confirmatory factor analysis and a psychometric evaluation of factor-derived scales. Cognitive therapy and research, 29(6), 627-644.
25. Hu, J.C., Link, C.L., McNaughton-Collins, M., Barry, M.J., & McKinlay, J.B. (2007). The association of abuse and symptoms suggestive of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: Results from the Boston area community health survey. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22, 1532-1537.
26. Imbierowicz, K., & Egle, U. (2003). Childhood adversities in patients with fibromyalgia and somatoform pain disorder. European Journal of Pain, 7, 113-119.
27. International Association for the Study of Pain. (1986). Classification of chronic pain: Descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. Pain, Suppl. 3, 1-222.
28. Karevold, E., Roysamb, E., Ystrom, E., & Mathiesen, K. (2009). Predictors and pathways from infancy to symptoms of anxiety and depression in early adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1051-1060.
29. Kline, R.B. (2004). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
30. Lampe, A., Sölder, E., Ennemoser, A., Schubert, C., Rumpold, G., & Söllner, W. (2000). Chronic pelvic pain and previous sexual abuse. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 96, 929-933.
31. Lee, C., Taylor, G., & Dunn, J. (1999). Factor structure of the schema questionnaire in a large clinical sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23, 441-451.
32. McDowell, I., & Newell, C. (1996). Measuring health. A guide to rating scales and questionnaires. (2nd ed., pp. 341-345). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
33. Millon, T. (1981). Disorders of personality. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
34. Ogasawara, H. (2000). Some relationships between factors and components. Psychometrika, 65, 167-185.
35. Pirkola, S., Isometsä, E., Suvisaari, J., Aro, H., Joukamaa, M., Poikolainen, K., Koskinen, S., Aromaa, A., & Lönnqvist, J. (2005). DSM-IV mood-, anxiety- and alcohol use disorders and their comorbidity in Finnish general population. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40, 1-10.
36. Rijkeboer, M., & Bergh, H. (2006). Multiple group confirmatory factor analysis of the Young Schema-Questionnaire in a Dutch clinical versus non-clinical population. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30, 263-278.
37. Rijkeboer, M., Bergh, H., & Bout, J. (2005). Item bias analysis of the Young Schema-Questionnaire for psychopathology, gender, and educational level. In M. Rijkeboer (Ed.), On the Validity of the Dutch Young schema-questionnaire (pp. 69-92). Amsterdam: Printpartners Ipskamp, Enschede.
38. Rubino, I., Nanni, R., Pozzi, D., & Siracusano, A. (2009). Early adverse experiences in schizophrenia and unipolar depression. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197, 65-68.
39. Ryle, A., & Kerr, I. (2002). Introducing cognitive analytic therapy: Principles and practice. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
40. Saariaho, T., Saariaho, A., Karila, I., & Joukamaa, M. (2009). The psychometric properties of the Finnish Young Schema Questionnaire in chronic pain patients and a non-clinical sample. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 40, 158-168.
41. Saariaho, T., Saariaho, A., Karila, I., & Joukamaa, M. (2010). Early maladaptive schemas in Finnish adult chronic male and female pain patients. Scandinavian Journal of Pain, 1(4)196-202. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2010.09.003.
42. Sansone, R., Pole, M., Dakroub, H., & Butler, M. (2006). Childhood trauma, borderline personality symptomatology, and psychophysiological and pain disorders in adulthood. Psychosomatics, 47, 158-162.
43. Schilling, E., Aseltine, R., & Gore. (2007). Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in young adults: A longitudinal survey. BMC Public Health, 7, 30. Published online 2007 March 7. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-7-30.
44. Schmidt, N., Joiner, T., Young, J., & Telch, M. (1995). The schema questionnaire: Investigation of the psychometric properties and the hierarchical structure of a measure of maladaptive schemas. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 295-321.
45. Thomas, E., Moss-Morris, R., & Faquhar, C. (2006). Coping with emotions and abuse history in women with chronic pelvic pain. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60, 109-112.
46. Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
47. Unoka, Z., Tölgyes, T., & Czobor, P. (2007). Early maladaptive schemas and body mass index in subgroups of eating disorders: A differential association. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48, 199-204.
48. Van Houdenhove, B., Neerinckx, E., Onghena, P., Lysens, R., & Vertommen, H. (2001). Premorbid 'overactive' lifestyle in chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. An etiological factor or proof of good citizenship? Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 51, 571-576.
49. Welburn, K., Coristine, M., Dagg, P., Pontefract, A., & Jordan, S. (2002). The Schema Questionnaire-Short Form: Factor analysis and relationship between schemas and symptoms. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 519-530.
50. Wittchen, H., & Jakobi, F. (2005). Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe-a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 15, 357-376.
51. Young, J.E. (1990). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange Inc.
52. Young, J.E. (1998). Young Schema Questionnaire. Short form (1st ed.). New York: Cognitive Therapy Center.
53. Young, J.E. (2005). Young Schema Questionnaire. Short form (3rd ed.). New York: Schema Therapy Institute.
54. Young, J.E., & Brown, G. (1989). Young Schema Questionnaire. In J.E. Young (Ed.), Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach (1990, first edition, pp. 61-67). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange Inc.
55. Young, J.E., & Brown, G. (1994). Young Schema Questionnaire. In J.E. Young (Ed.), Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach (Rev. ed., pp. 63-76). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange Inc.
56. Young, J.E., & Brown, G. (2003a). Young Schema Questionnaire. Short form (2nd ed.). New York: Schema Therapy Institute.
57. Young, J.E., & Brown, G. (2003b). Young Schema Questionnaire. Long form (3rd ed.). New York: Schema Therapy Institute.
58. Young, J.E., Klosko, J., & Weishaar, M.E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. New York: Guilford Press.