Autism spectrum disorders: Toward a gendered embodiment model

Social Science and Medicine

Volumn 74, Issue 11, 2012, Pages 1667-1674

  Cheslack Postava, Keely ^a   Jordan Young, Rebecca M ^b  

^a Columbia University ^*  (United States)

^b Program on US Russia Relations at Columbia s Harriman Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

Autism spectrum disorders; Biosocial; Developmental context; Diagnostic bias; Gender; Gender socialization; Sex

Indexed keywords

EPIDEMIOLOGY; FEMALE; GENDER RELATIONS; MALE; MODELING; NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDER; SEX-RELATED DIFFERENCE;

ARTICLE; ATTITUDE TO MENTAL ILLNESS; AUTISM; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BIOLOGY; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; GENDER; GENDER BIAS; GENDERED EMBODIMENT MODEL; HUMAN; PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL ENVIRONMENT; SEX BIOLOGY; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEX RATIO; SOCIAL ASPECT; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SOCIAL INTERACTION; SOCIALIZATION; THEORY;

CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; HUMANS; MALE; MODELS, THEORETICAL; PREJUDICE; SEX FACTORS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84860228185     PISSN: 02779536     EISSN: 18735347     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.013     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Abrahams B.S., Geschwind D.H. Advances in autism genetics: on the threshold of a new neurobiology. Nature Reviews Genetics 2008, 9(5):341-355.
2. Amiet C., Gourfinkel-An I., Bouzamondo A., Tordjman S., Baulac M., Lechat P., et al. Epilepsy in autism is associated with intellectual disability and gender: evidence from a meta-analysis. Biological Psychiatry 2008, 64(7):577-582.
3. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders - autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, United States, 2006. MMWR Surveillance Summaries 2009, 58(10):1-20. Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, CDC.
4. Balaban E. Cognitive developmental biology: history, process and fortune's wheel. Cognition 2006, 101(2):298-332.
5. Baron-Cohen S. Autism: The empathizing-systemizing (e-s) theory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2009, 1156:68-80.
6. Baron-Cohen S., Knickmeyer R.C., Belmonte M.K. Sex differences in the brain: implications for explaining autism. Science 2005, 310(5749):819-823.
7. Bhasin T.K., Schendel D. Sociodemographic risk factors for autism in a US metropolitan area. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2007, 37(4):667-677.
8. Bilder D., Pinborough-Zimmerman J., Miller J., McMahon W. Prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 2009, 123(5):1293-1300.
9. Burnham D.K., Harris M.B. Effects of real gender and labeled gender on adults' perceptions of infants. Journal of Genetic Psychology 1992, 153(2):165-183.
10. Carter C.S. Sex differences in oxytocin and vasopressin: implications for autism spectrum disorders?. Behavioural Brain Research 2007, 176(1):170-186.
11. Clearfield M.W., Nelson N.M. Sex differences in mothers' speech and play behavior with 6-, 9-, and 14-month-old infants. Sex Roles 2006, 54:127-137.
12. Condry J., Condry S. Sex-differences - study of eye of beholder. Child Development 1976, 47:812-819.
13. Constantino J.N., Zhang Y., Frazier T., Abbacchi A.M., Law P. Sibling recurrence and the genetic epidemiology of autism. American Journal of Psychiatry 2010, 167(11):1349-1356.
14. Cuccaro M.L., Wright H.H., Rownd C.V., Abramson R.K., Waller J., Fender D. Professional perceptions of children with developmental difficulties: the influence of race and socioeconomic status. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1996, 26(4):461-469.
15. Culp R.E., Cook A.S., Housley P.C. A comparison of observed and reported adult-infant interactions: effects of perceived sex. Sex Roles 1983, 9(4):475-479.
16. Dawson G. Early behavioral intervention, brain plasticity, and the prevention of autism spectrum disorder. Development and Psychopathology 2008, 20(3):775-803.
17. Dean S.L., McCarthy M.M. Steroids, sex and the cerebellar cortex: implications for human disease. Cerebellum 2008, 7(1):38-47.
18. Delk J.L., Madden R.B., Livingston M., Ryan T.T. Adult perceptions of the infant as a function of gender labeling and observer gender. Sex Roles 1986, 15:527-534.
19. Donovan W., Taylor N., Leavitt L. Maternal sensory sensitivity and response bias in detecting change in infant facial expressions: maternal self-efficacy and infant gender labeling. Infant Behavior & Development 2007, 30:436-452.
20. Durkin M.S., Maenner M.J., Meaney F.J., Levy S.E., DiGuiseppi C., Nicholas J.S., et al. Socioeconomic inequality in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder: evidence from a U.S. cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2010, 5(7):e11551.
21. Fausto-Sterling A. Bare bones of sex: part I, sex & gender. Signs 2005, 30(2):1491-1528.
22. Fine C. Delusions of gender: How our minds, society, and neurosexism create difference 2010, Norton, New York, NY.
23. Fombonne E. The epidemiology of autism: a review. Psychological Medicine 1999, 29(4):769-786.
24. Fombonne E. Epidemiological surveys of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders: an update. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2003, 33(4):365-382.
25. Fombonne E. Epidemiology of pervasive developmental disorders. Pediatric Research 2009, 65(6):591-598.
26. Goldberg N. Women are not small men: Life-saving strategies for preventing and healing heart disease in women 2002, Ballantine Books, New York.
27. Goldstein N., Manlowe J.L. The gender politics of HIV/AIDS in women: Perspectives on the pandemic in the United States 1997, New York University Press, New York.
28. Grossi, G., & Fine, C. (in press). The role of fetal testosterone in the development of "The essential difference" between the sexes: Some essential issues. In R. Bluhm, A. J. Jacobson, & H. Maibom (Eds.), Neurofeminism: Issues at the intersection of feminist theory and cognitive neuroscience. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
29. Harris A. Gender as soft assembly 2009, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, New York.
30. Jordan-Young R.M. Brain storm: The flaws in the science of sex differences 2010, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
31. Kaminsky Z., Wang S.C., Petronis A. Complex disease, gender and epigenetics. Annals of Medicine 2006, 38(8):530-544.
32. Kanner L. Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child 1943, 2:217-250.
33. Karmiloff-Smith A. Atypical epigenesis. Developmental Science 2007, 10(1):84-88.
34. Keen D.V., Reid F.D., Arnone D. Autism, ethnicity and maternal immigration. British Journal of Psychiatry 2010, 196:274-281.
35. Knickmeyer R., Baron-Cohen S., Fane B.A., Wheelwright S., Mathews G.A., Conway G.S., et al. Androgens and autistic traits: a study of individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Hormones and Behavior 2006, 50(1):148-153.
36. Knickmeyer R., Baron-Cohen S., Raggatt P., Taylor K. Foetal testosterone, social relationships, and restricted interests in children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2005, 46(2):198-210.
37. Knickmeyer R., Baron-Cohen S., Raggatt P., Taylor K., Hackett G. Fetal testosterone and empathy. Hormones and Behavior 2006, 49(3):282-292.
38. Kolevzon A., Gross R., Reichenberg A. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for autism: a review and integration of findings. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2007, 161(4):326-333.
39. Kopp S., Gillberg C. Girls with social deficits and learning problems: autism, atypical asperger syndrome or a variant of these condidtions. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1992, 1(2):89-99.
40. Leeb R.T., Rejskind F.G. Here's looking at you, kid! A longitudinal study of perceived gender differences in mutual gaze behavior in young infants. Sex Roles 2004, 50:1-14.
41. Levy S.E., Mandell D.S., Schultz R.T. Autism. Lancet 2009, 374(9701):1627-1638.
42. Lyons J.A., Serbin L.A. Observer bias in scoring boys and girls agression. Sex Roles 1986, 14:301-313.
43. Lytton H., Romney D.M. Parents differential socialization of boys and girls - a metaanalysis. Psychological Bulletin 1991, 109:267-296.
44. Majdan M., Shatz C.J. Effects of visual experience on activity-dependent gene regulation in cortex. Nature Neuroscience 2006, 9(5):650-659.
45. Mandell D.S., Listerud J., Levy S.E., Pinto-Martin J.A. Race differences in the age at diagnosis among medicaid-eligible children with autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2002, 41(12):1447-1453.
46. Mandell D.S., Novak M.M., Zubritsky C.D. Factors associated with age of diagnosis among children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 2005, 116(6):1480-1486.
47. Mandell D.S., Wiggins L.D., Carpenter L.A., Daniels J., DiGuiseppi C., Durkin M.S., et al. Racial/ethnic disparities in the identification of children with autism spectrum disorders. American Journal of Public Health 2009, 99(3):493-498.
48. Marco E.J., Skuse D.H. Autism-lessons from the X chromosome. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2006, 1(3):183-193.
49. Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare 2003, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Press, Washington DC.
50. Mello C.V. Mapping vocal communication pathways in birds with inducible gene expression. Journal of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural and Behavioural Physiology 2002, 188(11-12):943-959.
51. Miles J.H., Takahashi T.N., Bagby S., Sahota P.K., Vaslow D.F., Wang C.H., et al. Essential versus complex autism: definition of fundamental prognostic subtypes. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 2005, 135(2):171-180.
52. Mondschein E.R., Adolph K.E., Tamis-LeMonda C.S. Gender bias in mothers' expectations about infant crawling. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 2000, 77(4):304-316.
53. Nash, A., & Krawczyk, R. (1994). Boys' and girls' rooms revisited: The contents of boys' and girls' rooms in the 1990s. Conference on Human Development. Pittsburgh, PA.
54. Newschaffer C.J., Croen L.A., Daniels J., Giarelli E., Grether J.K., Levy S.E., et al. The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders. Annual Review of Public Health 2007, 28:235-258.
55. Nicholas J.S., Charles J.M., Carpenter L.A., King L.B., Jenner W., Spratt E.G. Prevalence and characteristics of children with autism-spectrum disorders. Annals of Epidemiology 2008, 18(2):130-136.
56. Ouellette-Kuntz H.M., Coo H., Lam M., Yu C.T., Breitenbach M.M., Hennessey P.E., et al. Age at diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in four regions of Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2009, 100(4):268-273.
57. Page M., Wilhelm M.S., Gamble W.C., Card N.A. A comparison of maternal sensitivity and verbal stimulation as unique predictors of infant social-emotional and cognitive development. Infant Behavior and Development 2010, 33(1):101-110.
58. Pomerleau A., Bolduc D., Malcuit G., Cossette L. Pink or blue - environmental gender stereotypes in the 1st 2 years of life. Sex Roles 1990, 22:359-367.
59. Rubin J.Z., Provenzano F.J., Luria Z. The eye of the beholder: parents' views on sex of newborns. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1974, 44(4):512-519.
60. Russell, G., Steer, C., & Golding, J. (in press). Social and demographic factors that influence the diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.
61. Schendel D., Bhasin T.K. Birth weight and gestational age characteristics of children with autism, including a comparison with other developmental disabilities. Pediatrics 2008, 121(6):1155-1164.
62. Schendel D.E., Autry A., Wines R., Moore C. The co-occurrence of autism and birth defects: Prevalence and risk in a population-based cohort. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 2009, 51(10):779-786.
63. Seavey C.A., Katz P.A., Zalk S.R. Baby X. Sex Roles 1975, 1(2):103-109.
64. Shattuck P.T., Durkin M., Maenner M., Newschaffer C., Mandell D.S., Wiggins L., et al. Timing of identification among children with an autism spectrum disorder: findings from a population-based surveillance study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2009, 48(5):474-483.
65. Sidorowicz L.S., Lunney G.S. Baby X revisited. Sex Roles 1980, 6:67-73.
66. Siller M., Sigman M. The behaviors of parents of children with autism predict the subsequent development of their children's communication. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2002, 32(2):77-89.
67. Sng J., Meaney M.J. Environmental regulation of the neural epigenome. Epigenomics 2009, 1(1):131-151.
68. Springer K.W., Stellman J.M., Jordan-Young R.M. Beyond a catalogue of differences: a theoretical frame and good practice guidelines for researching sex/gender in human health. Social Science & Medicine 2011, in this special issue. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.033.
69. Stern M., Karraker K.H. Sex stereotyping of infants: a review of gender labeling studies. Sex Roles 1989, 20:501-522.
70. Thompson T., Caruso M., Ellerbeck K. Sex matters in autism and other developmental disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities 2003, 7(4):345-362.
71. Volkmar F.R., Szatmari P., Sparrow S.S. Sex differences in pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1993, 23(4):579-591.
72. Yeargin-Allsopp M., Rice C., Karapurkar T., Doernberg N., Boyle C., Murphy C. Prevalence of autism in a US metropolitan area. Journal of the American Medical Association 2003, 289(1):49-55.