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1
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84860118671
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The odyssey bk. XII
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Robert Maynard Hutchins ed.
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Homer, The Odyssey bk. XII, in GREAT BOOKS OF THE WESTERN WORLD 250 (Robert Maynard Hutchins ed., 1952).
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(1952)
Great Books of the Western World
, pp. 250
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Homer1
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3
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84860175897
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Behavior therapy and the treatment of obesity
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218 William R. Miller ed.
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G. Terence Wilson, Behavior Therapy and the Treatment of Obesity, in THE ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS: TREATMENT OF ALCOHOLISM, DRUG ABUSE, SMOKING, AND OBESITY 207, 218 (William R. Miller ed., 1980). This approach and some similar commitment strategies are implemented on a website.
-
(1980)
The Addictive Behaviors: Treatment of Alcoholism, Drug Abuse, Smoking, and Obesity
, pp. 207
-
-
Terence Wilson, G.1
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4
-
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84860152249
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(last visited July 10, 2009)
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See FAQ - Commitment Contracts - Charities, STICKK, http://www.stickk. com/faq.php#charities (last visited July 10, 2009) (noting that one can arrange to forfeit money either to a charity or to an "anti-charity"). That site, however, does not use or discuss the commitment bonds approach described here or provide any similar means for participants to receive an upfront benefit for agreeing to pay a cost if they should fail to reach their goals. Jon Elster describes this approach and one in which one receives a benefit for reaching a goal, but the benefit is received from money that a committing individual pays in advance, so the only difference from the costs scenario is whether the payment is made up front. ELSTER, supra note 2, at 70.
-
Faq - Commitment Contracts - Charities
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5
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84860185905
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You bet! My commitment bond adventure
-
Nov. 13 3:15 PM
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We use the word "commitment" in place of what the literature often refers to as "precommitment." Jon Elster notes the terminological confusion: "In Ulysses and the Sirens, I referred to this phenomenon as 'precommitment' or 'self-binding.' Others have used the terms 'commitment' or 'self-commitment.'" ELSTER, supra note 2, at 4. We use the term "commitment" to be as inclusive as possible. The word "precommitment" seems redundant because all commitments by definition are promises concerning the future. At times, we will refer to "compensating commitment bonds" simply as "commitment bonds," in part because the concept of a bond already often denotes a financial instrument where the writer of the bond receives compensation. Distinguishing between compensating and noncompensating commitments is useful because some have used the "commitment bond" term to refer to noncompensating commitments. See, e.g., Tim Harford, You Bet! My Commitment Bond Adventure, FIN. TIMES (Nov. 13, 2007, 3:15 PM), http://blogs.ft.com/undercover/ 2007/11/you-bet-my-commhtml/#axzz1mIzTZX5r.
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(2007)
Fin. Times
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-
Harford, T.1
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6
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80052017714
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Willpower taxes
-
1416-20
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The government could require someone to sell commitment bonds to overcome their limited willpower. See Lee Anne Fennell, Willpower Taxes, 99 GEO. L.J. 1371, 1416-20 (2011) (noting the possible use of willpower taxes as governmentally mandated individual commitments). We are, however, using the examples of individuals facing willpower problems to help illustrate contexts in which governments might use them to achieve governmental, as opposed to personal, ends.
-
(2011)
Geo. L.J.
, vol.99
, pp. 1371
-
-
Fennell, L.A.1
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8
-
-
0001076162
-
Loss aversion in riskless choice: A reference-dependent model
-
See generally Amos Tversky & Daniel Kahneman, Loss Aversion in Riskless Choice: A Reference-Dependent Model, 106 Q. J. ECON. 1039 (1991) (exploring the evidence for and consequences of losses having greater impact than gains).
-
(1991)
Q. J. Econ.
, vol.106
, pp. 1039
-
-
Tversky, A.1
Kahneman, D.2
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9
-
-
60949480465
-
Sunk costs, rationality, and acting for the sake of the past
-
See generally Thomas Kelly, Sunk Costs, Rationality, and Acting for the Sake of the Past, 38 NOÛS 60 (2004) (exploring the sunk cost fallacy and arguing that honoring sunk costs is sometimes rational).
-
(2004)
Noûs
, vol.38
, pp. 60
-
-
Kelly, T.1
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10
-
-
38549147517
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Smoking cessation: A model of planned vs. Actual behavior for time-inconsistent consumers
-
See, e.g., Fernando S. Machado & Rajiv K. Sinha, Smoking Cessation: A Model of Planned vs. Actual Behavior for Time-Inconsistent Consumers, 26 MARKETING SCI. 834 (2007) (exploring the implications of hyperbolic discounting and time inconsistency among smokers).
-
(2007)
Marketing Sci.
, vol.26
, pp. 834
-
-
Machado, F.S.1
Sinha, R.K.2
-
11
-
-
0038957677
-
Doing it now or later
-
109
-
See Ted O'Donoghue & Matthew Rabin, Doing It Now or Later, 89 AM. ECON. REV. 103, 109 (1999).
-
(1999)
Am. Econ. Rev.
, vol.89
, pp. 103
-
-
O'Donoghue, T.1
Rabin, M.2
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12
-
-
0035621462
-
Is addiction "rational"? Theory and evidence
-
1279
-
See, e.g., Jonathan Gruber & Botond Köszegi, Is Addiction "Rational"? Theory and Evidence, 116 Q. J. ECON. 1261, 1279 (2001) (labeling a subset of hyperbolic discounters as "naïve" because "they do not understand that they cannot make consistent plans through time").
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(2001)
Q. J. Econ.
, vol.116
, pp. 1261
-
-
Gruber, J.1
Köszegi, B.2
-
14
-
-
0001609162
-
Property rules, liability rules, and inalienability: One view of the cathedral
-
1092
-
See Guido Calabresi & A. Douglas Melamed, Property Rules, Liability Rules, and Inalienability: One View of the Cathedral, 85 HARV. L. REV. 1089, 1092 (1972);
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Harv. L. Rev.
, vol.85
, pp. 1089
-
-
Calabresi, G.1
Douglas Melamed, A.2
-
16
-
-
0031017119
-
What is a reasonable weight loss? Patients' expectations and evaluations of obesity treatment outcomes
-
81
-
Most obese people want to lose a lot more than a realistic 10% of their body weight. A 1997 study of obese dieters found that the participants' mean weight loss goal was to lose more than 30% of their initial weight. See Gary D. Foster et al., What Is a Reasonable Weight Loss? Patients' Expectations and Evaluations of Obesity Treatment Outcomes, 65 J. CONSULTING & CLINICAL PSYCHOL. 79, 81 (1997).
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(1997)
J. Consulting & Clinical Psychol.
, vol.65
, pp. 79
-
-
Foster, G.D.1
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17
-
-
84860185904
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-
(last visited Jan. 2, 2011)
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The National Institutes of Health recommend an initial goal of about 10%. Weight Loss, NAT'L HEART LUNG & BLOOD INST., http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ guidelines/obesity/e-txtbk/txgd/4311.htm (last visited Jan. 2, 2011).
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Weight Loss
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-
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18
-
-
84980096808
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Counterspeculation, auctions, and competitive sealed tenders
-
20-23
-
The auction equally could be conducted as a silent auction, with the bidder offering the lowest X announced as the winner when the bids are revealed. The contract would then be for that value of X, or alternatively for the second-lowest value of X. This would make the auction akin to a Vickrey second-price auction, which induces bidders to make the most favorable bids that they would be willing to accept. See William Vickrey, Counterspeculation, Auctions, and Competitive Sealed Tenders, 16 J. FIN. 8, 20-23 (1961).
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(1961)
J. Fin.
, vol.16
, pp. 8
-
-
Vickrey, W.1
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19
-
-
84937313379
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A market test for race discrimination in bail setting
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An analogous commitment auction was proposed to privatize the setting of bail bonds to assure that defendants had a sufficient probability of showing up for their trial. See Ian Ayres & Joel Waldfogel, A Market Test for Race Discrimination in Bail Setting, 46 STAN. L. REV. 987, 1037-38 (1994). (Pubitemid 24803277)
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(1994)
Stanford Law Review
, vol.46
, Issue.5
, pp. 987
-
-
Ayres, I.1
Waldfogel, J.2
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20
-
-
85005305538
-
The market for "lemons": Quality uncertainty and the market mechanism
-
If individuals have information about how good they are at losing weight, then individuals who are relatively good at losing weight will be more apt to sell weight loss commitment bonds, and the prices of all such bonds will be significantly discounted. Cf. George A. Akerlof, The Market for "Lemons": Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism, 84 Q. J. ECON. 488 (1970) (discussing an analogous problem in the used car market).
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(1970)
Q. J. Econ.
, vol.84
, pp. 488
-
-
Akerlof, G.A.1
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21
-
-
0038739353
-
Symmetric entrenchment: A constitutional and normative theory
-
Essay 391-416
-
See John O. McGinnis & Michael B. Rappaport, Essay, Symmetric Entrenchment: A Constitutional and Normative Theory, 89 VA. L. REV. 385, 391-416 (2003).
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Va. L. Rev.
, vol.89
, pp. 385
-
-
Mcginnis, J.O.1
Rappaport, M.B.2
-
22
-
-
0041805374
-
Legislative entrenchment: A reappraisal
-
Essay 1668-70
-
Eric A. Posner & Adrian Vermeule, Essay, Legislative Entrenchment: A Reappraisal, 111 YALE L.J. 1665, 1668-70 (2002).
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Yale L.J.
, vol.111
, pp. 1665
-
-
Posner, E.A.1
Vermeule, A.2
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23
-
-
0042656579
-
Retrenchment on entrenchment
-
240-44
-
Stewart E. Sterk, Retrenchment on Entrenchment, 71 GEO. WASH. L. REV. 231, 240-44 (2003).
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Geo. Wash. L. Rev.
, vol.71
, pp. 231
-
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Sterk, S.E.1
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24
-
-
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-
Too hard: Unconstitutional conditions and the chimera of constitutional consistency
-
994
-
See Frederick Schauer, Too Hard: Unconstitutional Conditions and the Chimera of Constitutional Consistency, 72 DENV. U. L. REV. 989, 994 (1995) (stating that the "rhetoric of 'the government cannot do indirectly what it cannot do directly' was poppycock if taken seriously").
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Denv. U. L. Rev.
, vol.72
, pp. 989
-
-
Schauer, F.1
-
25
-
-
84935171144
-
Foreword: Unconstitutional conditions, state power, and the limits of consent
-
103
-
See, e.g., Richard A. Epstein, Foreword: Unconstitutional Conditions, State Power, and the Limits of Consent, 102 HARV. L. REV. 4, 103 (1988);
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Harv. L. Rev.
, vol.102
, pp. 4
-
-
Epstein, R.A.1
-
26
-
-
0347903668
-
Why the unconstitutional conditions doctrine is an anachronism (with particular reference to religion, speech, and abortion)
-
595
-
Cass R. Sunstein, Why the Unconstitutional Conditions Doctrine Is an Anachronism (with Particular Reference to Religion, Speech, and Abortion), 70 B.U. L. REV. 593, 595 (1990).
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(1990)
B.U. L. Rev.
, vol.70
, pp. 593
-
-
Sunstein, C.R.1
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28
-
-
0346247641
-
An approach to the problem of unconstitutional legislative motive
-
See, e.g., Paul Brest, Palmer V. Thompson: An Approach to the Problem of Unconstitutional Legislative Motive, 1971 SUP. CT. REV. 95;
-
Sup. Ct. Rev.
, vol.1971
, pp. 95
-
-
Brest, P.1
Thompson, P.V.2
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29
-
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0041161567
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John Hart Ely, Legislative and Administrative Motivation in Constitutional Law, 79 YALE L.J. 1205 (1970).
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(1970)
Yale L.J.
, vol.79
, pp. 1205
-
-
Ely, J.H.1
-
30
-
-
84859076105
-
Statutes' domains
-
547
-
See, e.g., Frank H. Easterbrook, Statutes' Domains, 50 U. CHI. L. REV. 533, 547 (1983) (arguing that Arrow's Impossibility Theorem suggests that the concept of a single discernible legislative intent may be a fiction).
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U. Chi. L. Rev.
, vol.50
, pp. 533
-
-
Easterbrook, F.H.1
-
31
-
-
46749089821
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The real world of arbitrariness review
-
767
-
An analogous doctrine is hard look review, and evidence suggests that judges' political affiliations affect decision making in this context. See, e.g., Thomas J. Miles & Cass R. Sunstein, The Real World of Arbitrariness Review, 75 U. CHI. L. REV. 761, 767 (2008) (summarizing empirical evidence in the EPA and the NLRB context).
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U. Chi. L. Rev.
, vol.75
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Miles, T.J.1
Sunstein, C.R.2
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32
-
-
21144479871
-
Reconceptualizing sovereign immunity
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1561
-
See Harold J. Krent, Reconceptualizing Sovereign Immunity, 45 VAND. L. REV. 1529, 1561 (1992).
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Vand. L. Rev.
, vol.45
, pp. 1529
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Krent, H.J.1
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33
-
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84928508389
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Contract rights and property rights: A case study in the relationship between individual liberties and constitutional structure
-
276-83
-
See Pension Benefit Guar. Corp. v. R.A. Gray & Co., 467 U.S. 717, 732-33 (1984) (rejecting reverse incorporation of the Contracts Clause). For a discussion of the historical background explaining why the Contracts Clause applies only to the states, see Michael W. McConnell, Contract Rights and Property Rights: A Case Study in the Relationship Between Individual Liberties and Constitutional Structure, 76 CALIF. L. REV. 267, 276-83 (1988).
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Calif. L. Rev.
, vol.76
, pp. 267
-
-
Mcconnell, M.W.1
-
34
-
-
17544364779
-
Beyond balanced budgets, fourteenth amendment style
-
582
-
Though specifically targeted at Civil War debt, the Clause is written in general terms. See Michael Abramowicz, Beyond Balanced Budgets, Fourteenth Amendment Style, 33 TULSA L.J. 561, 582 (1997);
-
(1997)
Tulsa L.J.
, vol.33
, pp. 561
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-
Abramowicz, M.1
-
35
-
-
84860185911
-
A forgotten section of the fourteenth amendment
-
15
-
see also Phanor J. Eder, A Forgotten Section of the Fourteenth Amendment, 19 CORNELL L.Q. 1, 15 (1933) (concluding that "the intention was to lay down a constitutional canon for all time in order to protect and maintain the national honor and to strengthen the national credit").
-
(1933)
Cornell L.Q.
, vol.19
, pp. 1
-
-
Eder, P.J.1
-
37
-
-
84903105408
-
-
199-204
-
The mechanism described here is not the only market mechanism that could be used to make this assessment. An alternative approach would be to use conditional prediction markets. See MICHAEL ABRAMOWICZ, PREDICTOCRACY: MARKET MECHANISMS FOR PUBLIC AND PRIVATE DECISION MAKING 141-44, 199-204 (2008). An advantage of this approach is that it is difficult to manipulate prediction markets. See id. at 28-32.
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(2008)
Predictocracy: Market Mechanisms for Public and Private Decision Making
, pp. 141-144
-
-
Abramowicz, M.1
-
38
-
-
2142694294
-
Liability rules for constitutional rights: The case of mass detentions
-
758-62
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Eugene Kontorovich, Liability Rules for Constitutional Rights: The Case of Mass Detentions, 56 STAN. L. REV. 755, 758-62 (2004).
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Stan. L. Rev.
, vol.56
, pp. 755
-
-
Kontorovich, E.1
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39
-
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84860118669
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41% fine with budget deficit if taxes are cut
-
Feb. 3
-
See 41% Fine with Budget Deficit if Taxes Are Cut, RASMUSSEN REPORTS, Feb. 3, 2010.
-
(2010)
Rasmussen Reports
-
-
-
40
-
-
0042589190
-
Drafting a federal balanced budget amendment that does what it is supposed to do (and no more)
-
See generally Theodore P. Seto, Drafting a Federal Balanced Budget Amendment That Does What It Is Supposed To Do (and No More), 106 YALE L.J. 1449 (1997) (discussing goals behind a balanced budget amendment and potential challenges to drafting and enforcing such a proposal).
-
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Yale L.J.
, vol.106
, pp. 1449
-
-
Seto, T.P.1
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41
-
-
0347264097
-
The futility of gramm-rudman-hollings
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See generally Thomas J. Downey, The Futility of Gramm-Rudman-Hollings, 25 HARV. J. ON LEGIS. 545 (1988).
-
(1988)
Harv. J. on Legis
, vol.25
, pp. 545
-
-
Downey, T.J.1
-
42
-
-
84900300770
-
A capture theory of antitrust federalism
-
742
-
Cf. John Shepard Wiley Jr., A Capture Theory of Antitrust Federalism, 99 HARV. L. REV. 713, 742 (1986) (noting that agencies aware of the possibility of capture have sometimes been able to undertake reforms to prevent it).
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(1986)
Harv. L. Rev.
, vol.99
, pp. 713
-
-
Wiley Jr., J.S.1
-
43
-
-
79958063000
-
What's free about free enterprise?
-
Sept. 28 at BU1
-
For discussions of the moral hazard created by economic bailouts, see, for example, Peter L. Bernstein, What's Free About Free Enterprise?, N.Y. TIMES, Sept. 28, 2008, at BU1,
-
(2008)
N.Y. Times
-
-
Bernstein, P.L.1
-
44
-
-
84860151441
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U.S. News: Fed's kohn concedes risk in AIG rescue
-
Mar. 6 at A3
-
and Sudeep Reddy & Michael R. Crittenden, U.S. News: Fed's Kohn Concedes Risk in AIG Rescue, WALL ST. J., Mar. 6, 2009, at A3.
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(2009)
Wall St. J.
-
-
Reddy, S.1
Crittenden, M.R.2
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46
-
-
84860141360
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Proposals to reduce systemic risk compared, developments in banking and financial law: 2009
-
459-60
-
See Christopher Thorson, Proposals to Reduce Systemic Risk Compared, Developments in Banking and Financial Law: 2009, 28 REV. BANKING & FIN. L. 458, 459-60 (2009) (noting that the possibility of contagion can increase systemic risk).
-
(2009)
Rev. Banking & Fin. L.
, vol.28
, pp. 458
-
-
Thorson, C.1
-
47
-
-
0000185258
-
Phillips curves, expectations of inflation and optimal unemployment over time
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See, e.g., Edmund S. Phelps, Phillips Curves, Expectations of Inflation and Optimal Unemployment Over Time, 34 ECONOMICA 254 (1967);
-
(1967)
Economica
, vol.34
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-
-
Phelps, E.S.1
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48
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0033970329
-
Open-economy inflation targeting
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Lars E.O. Svensson, Open-Economy Inflation Targeting, 50 J. INT'L ECON. 155 (2000).
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J. Int'l Econ.
, vol.50
, pp. 155
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-
Svensson, L.E.O.1
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49
-
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84947586303
-
The optimal degree of commitment to an intermediate monetary target
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-
See Kenneth Rogoff, The Optimal Degree of Commitment to an Intermediate Monetary Target, 100 Q.J. ECON. 1169, 1177-88 (1985);
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, pp. 1169
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Rogoff, K.1
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50
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0001587259
-
Central-bank credibility: Why do we care? How do we build it?
-
1423-24
-
see also Alan S. Blinder, Central-Bank Credibility: Why Do We Care? How Do We Build It?, 90 AM. ECON. REV. 1421, 1423-24 (2000) (arguing that central bankers may appear more credible if they have a strong aversion to inflation).
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Am. Econ. Rev.
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Blinder, A.S.1
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52
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Alberto Alesina & Lawrence H. Summers, Central Bank Independence and Macroeconomic Performance: Some Comparative Evidence, 25 J. MONEY, CREDIT & BANKING 151 (1993);
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J. Money, Credit & Banking
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Alesina, A.1
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53
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0004181716
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-
See generally MILTON FRIEDMAN, A PROGRAM FOR MONETARY STABILITY (1960) (proposing that the money supply should be increased at a fixed constant rate equivalent to the growth in GDP).
-
(1960)
A Program for Monetary Stability
-
-
Friedman, M.1
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54
-
-
0013648337
-
Incentives and government relief for risk
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See, e.g., Louis Kaplow, Incentives and Government Relief for Risk, 4 J. RISK & UNCERTAINTY 167 (1991).
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(1991)
J. Risk & Uncertainty
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, pp. 167
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Kaplow, L.1
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55
-
-
84922067922
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Dear ben: It's time for a volcker moment
-
Oct. 30 at BU6
-
For a proposal that monetary policy target a fixed level of nominal GDP growth, see Christina D. Romer, Dear Ben: It's Time for a Volcker Moment, N.Y. TIMES, Oct. 30, 2011, at BU6,
-
(2011)
N.Y. Times
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-
Romer, C.D.1
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56
-
-
84860185908
-
A volcker moment indeed (Slightly wonkish)
-
Oct. 30 10:33 AM
-
and Paul Krugman, A Volcker Moment Indeed (Slightly Wonkish), N.Y. TIMES (Oct. 30, 2011, 10:33 AM), http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/30/a- volcker-moment-indeed-slightly-wonkish.
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(2011)
N.Y. Times
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-
Krugman, P.1
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57
-
-
0037327839
-
The mechanisms of the slippery slope
-
1028, 1033-34
-
This example is borrowed from Eugene Volokh, The Mechanisms of the Slippery Slope, 116 HARV. L. REV. 1026, 1028, 1033-34 (2003).
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Harv. L. Rev.
, vol.116
, pp. 1026
-
-
Volokh, E.1
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58
-
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77954961058
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Overcoming the fear of guns, the fear of gun control, and the fear of cultural politics: Constructing a better gun debate
-
577
-
Gun rights supporters often argue that their cause is about conserving freedom. See, e.g., Donald Braman & Dan M. Kahan, Overcoming the Fear of Guns, the Fear of Gun Control, and the Fear of Cultural Politics: Constructing a Better Gun Debate, 55 EMORY L.J. 569, 577 (2006);
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(2006)
Emory L.J.
, vol.55
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Braman, D.1
Kahan, D.M.2
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59
-
-
84860145184
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The second amendment: America's first freedom
-
203 Jan E. Dizard et al. eds.
-
Charlton Heston, The Second Amendment: America's First Freedom, in GUNS IN AMERICA: A READER 199, 203 (Jan E. Dizard et al. eds., 1999).
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(1999)
Guns in America: A Reader
, pp. 199
-
-
Heston, C.1
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61
-
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4444281575
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The conception that the corporation is a nexus of contracts, and the dual nature of the firm
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See, e.g., Melvin A. Eisenberg, The Conception that the Corporation is a Nexus of Contracts, and the Dual Nature of the Firm, 24 J. CORP. L. 819 (1999).
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J. Corp. L.
, vol.24
, pp. 819
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-
Eisenberg, M.A.1
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62
-
-
57149125504
-
-
Oct. 30 6:00 PM
-
Companies that join the Chicago Climate Exchange commit to an annual 1% reduction in their greenhouse emissions, with the added incentive of gaining credits if they reduce their emissions by more than 1%. They can then sell those credits to other participants. And those who do not meet that reduction goal must buy permits. Companies voluntarily enter into this commitment with the additional reward of good publicity. See Ian Ayres & Barry Nalebuff, Your Personal Climate Exchange, FORBES (Oct. 30, 2008, 6:00 PM), http://www.forbes. com/forbes/2008/1124/148.html.
-
(2008)
Your Personal Climate Exchange
-
-
Ayres, I.1
Nalebuff, B.2
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63
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34047275280
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Total liability for excessive harm
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For instance, Worldwide Governance Indicators has measured rule of law worldwide. See Daniel Kaufmann, Aart Kraay & Massimo Mastruzzi, Rule of Law, WORLDWIDE GOVERNANCE INDICATORS PROJECT, http://info.worldbank.org/governance/ wgi/worldmap.asp (last visited Dec. 30, 2011).
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James Hurman, Smoking Habit for Sale, YOUTUBE (Feb. 22, 2008), http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UBf1OShZvJ0.
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Smoking Habit for Sale
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84860151444
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Mar. 12 1:40 PM
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see also Stephen J. Dubner, Smoking Habit for Sale, FREAKONOMICS (Mar. 12, 2008, 1:40 PM), http://www.freakonomics.com/2008/03/12/smoking-habit-for- sale/;
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Smoking Habit for Sale
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Dubner, S.J.1
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84860185909
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(last visited Nov. 6, 2011)
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Smoking Habit Contract, TRADEME http://www.trademe.co.nz/Browse/Listing. aspx?id=146646769 (last visited Nov. 6, 2011). Hurman promised to donate the proceeds from the auction to the Cancer Society of New Zealand. Hurman, supra.
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Smoking Habit Contract
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