The 3D numerical modeling of subduction dynamics: Plate stagnation and segmentation, and crustal advection in the wet mantle transition zone

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 117, Issue 4, 2012, Pages

  Yoshida, Masaki ^a   Tajima, Fumiko ^b   Honda, Satoru ^c   Morishige, Manabu ^c  

^a JAPAN AGENCY FOR MARINE EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Japan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADVECTION; FAULT ZONE; HYPOTHESIS TESTING; MANTLE STRUCTURE; MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS; NUMERICAL MODEL; OBSERVATIONAL METHOD; OCEANIC CRUST; OLIVINE; PLATE MOTION; RINGWOODITE; SEISMIC DATA; SUBDUCTION ZONE; THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; WADSLEYITE;

EID: 84859700955     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2011JB008989     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Adam, C., M. Yoshida, T. Isse, D. Suetsugu, Y. Fukao, and G. Barruol (2010), The South Pacific hotspot swells dynamically supported by mantle flows, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L08302, doi:10.1029/2010GL042534.
2. 3 perovskite and negative pressure-temperature slopes for perovskiteforming reactions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1839-1842, doi:10.1029/93GL01265. (Pubitemid 24419216)
3. 4: Calorimetric measurements, thermochemical calculations, and geophysical applications, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 15,671-15,685, doi:10.1029/JB094iB11p15671.
4. Becker, T., and L. Boschi (2002), A comparison of tomographic and geodynamic mantle models, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 3(1), 1003, doi:10.1029/2001GC000168.
5. Bercovici, D., and S.-I. Karato (2003), Whole-mantle convection and the transition-zone water filter, Nature, 425, 39-44, doi:10.1038/nature01918. (Pubitemid 37101710)
6. Bina, C., and G. Helffrich (1994), Phase transition Clapeyron slopes and transition zone seismic discontinuity topography, J. Geophys. Res., 99(B8), 15,853-15,860, doi:10.1029/94JB00462.
7. Brudzinski, M. R., W.-P. Chen, R. L. Nowack, and B.-S. Huang (1997), Variations of P wave speeds in the mantle transition zone beneath the northern Philippine Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 102(B6), 11,815-11,827, doi:10.1029/97JB00212.
8. Bunge, H.-P., and M. Richards (1996), The origin of large scale structure in mantle convection: Effects of plate motions and viscosity stratification, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23(21), 2987-2990, doi:10.1029/96GL02522.
9. Bunge, H.-P., M. A. Richards, C. Lithgow-Bertelloni, J. R. Baumgardner, S. P. Grand, and B. A. Romanowicz (1998), Time scales and heterogeneous structure in geodynamic Earth models, Science, 280(5360), 91-95, doi:10.1126/science.280.5360.91. (Pubitemid 28169087)
10. 4 Phase diagram, Phys. Chem. Miner., 21, 351-359, doi:10.1007/BF00203293.
11. Christensen, U. (1995), Effects of phase transitions on mantle convection, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 23, 65-87, doi:10.1146/annurev. ea.23.050195.000433.
12. Christensen, U. R. (1996), The influence of trench migration on slab penetration into the lower mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 140(1-4), 27-39, doi:doi:10.1016/0012-821X(96)00023-4. (Pubitemid 126402392)
13. Christensen, U. R., and D. A. Yuen (1985), Layered convection induced by phase transitions, J. Geophys. Res., 90(B12), 10,291-10,300, doi:10.1029/JB090iB12p10291.
14. Cižková, H., J. van Hunen, A. P. van den Berg, and N. J. Vlaar (2002) The influence of rheological weakening and yield stress on the interaction of slabs with the 670 km discontinuity, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 199(3-4), 447-457, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00586-1. (Pubitemid 34731638)
15. Cížková, H., J. van Hunen, and A. van den Berg (2007 Stress distribution within subducting slabs and their deformation in the transition zone, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 161(3-4), 202-214, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2007.02.002. (Pubitemid 46657036)
16. Collier, J., and G. Helffrich (1997), Topography of the 410 and 660 km seismic discontinuities in the Izu-Bonin subduction zone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24(12), 1535-1538, doi:10.1029/97GL01383.
17. Davies, G. F. (1995), Penetration of plates and plumes through the mantle transition zone, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 133(3-4), 507-516, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(95)00039-F. (Pubitemid 26456727)
18. Deschamps, F., and P. J. Tackley (2008), Searching for models of thermochemical convection that explain probabilistic tomography: I. Principles and influence of rheological parameters, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 171(1-4), 357-373, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2008.04.016.
19. 4 using MgO as an internal pressure standard and its geophysical implications, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B02305, doi:10.1029/2003JB002562.
20. Forte, A. M., S. Quéré, R. Moucha, N. A. Simmons, S. P. Grand, J. X. Mitrovica, and D. B. Rowley (2010), Joint seismic-geodynamic- mineral physical modelling of African geodynamics: A reconciliation of deepmantle convection with surface geophysical constraints, Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 295(3-4), 329-341, doi:1016/j.epsl.2010.03.017.
21. Fukao, Y., M. Obayashi, H. Inoue, and M. Nenbai (1992), Subducting slabs stagnate in the mantle transition zone, J. Geophys. Res., 97(B4), 4809-4822, doi:10.1029/91JB02749.
22. Fukao, Y., S. Widiyantoro, and M. Obayashi (2001), Stagnant slabs in the upper and lower mantle transition region, Rev. Geophys., 39(3), 291-323, doi:10.1029/1999RG000068. (Pubitemid 32901531)
23. Fukao, Y., M. Obayashi, and T. Nakakuki, and the Deep Slab Project Group (2009), Stagnant slab: A review, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 37, 19-46, doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124224.
24. Gaherty, J. B., and B. H. Hager (1994), Compositional vs. thermal buoyancy and the evolution of subducted lithosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21(2), 141-144, doi:10.1029/93GL03466. (Pubitemid 24426010)
25. Grand, S. P. (2002), Mantle shear-wave tomography and the fate of subducted slabs, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A, 360, 2475-2491, doi:10.1098/rsta. 2002.1077.
26. Hae, R., E. Ohtani, T. Kubo, T. Koyama, and H. Utada (2006), Hydrogen diffusivity in wadsleyite and water distribution in the mantle transition zone, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 243(1-2), 141-148, doi:10.1016/j. epsl.2005.12.035. (Pubitemid 43286472)
27. Hager, B. H. (1984), Subducted slabs and the geoid: Constraints on mantle rheology and flow, J. Geophys. Res., 89(B7), 6003-6015, doi:10.1029/ JB089iB07p06003.
28. Hager, B. H., and R. W. Clayton (1989), Constraints on the structure of mantle convection using seismic observations, flow models and the geoid, in Mantle Convection: Plate Tectonics and Global Dynamics, edited by W. R. Peltier, pp. 657-763, Gordon and Breach, New York.
29. Hager, B. H., and M. A. Richards (1989), Long-wavelength variations in Earth's geoid: Physical models and dynamical implications, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, A, 328, 309-327, doi:10.1098/rsta.1989.0038.
30. Hashimoto, T., S. Yoshioka, and T. Nakakuki (2008), Numerical simulations of the behavior of the oceanic crust and the slab in the mantle transition zone, paper presented at Japan Geoscience Union Meeting, Chiba.
31. Honda, S. (2008), A simple semi-dynamic model of the subduction zone: Effects of a moving plate boundary on the small-scale convection under the island arc, Geophys. J. Int., 173(3), 1095-1105, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008. 03766.x.
32. Honda, S. (2009), Numerical simulations of mantle flow around slab edges, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 277(1-2), 112-122, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.10.003.
33. Irifune, T., and A. E. Ringwood (1993), Phase transformations in subducted oceanic crust and buoyancy relationships at depths of 600-800 km in the mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 117(1-2), 101-110, doi:10.1016/0012- 821X(93)90120-X. (Pubitemid 23392613)
34. 4 determined by in situ X-ray diffraction, Science, 279(5357), 1698-1700, doi:10.1126/science.279.5357.1698. (Pubitemid 28164461)
35. 4 and some geophysical implications, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 10,637-10,646, doi:10.1029/JB094iB08p10637.
36. 3 perovskite from calorimetry, Science, 249, 1275-1278, doi:10.1126/science.249.4974.1275. (Pubitemid 120031717)
37. Kaneshima, S. (2009), Seismic scatterers at the shallowest lower mantle beneath subducted slabs, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 286(1-2), 304-315, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.044.
38. Kaneshima, S., and G. Helffrich (2003), Subparallel dipping heterogeneities in the mid-lower mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B5), 2272, doi:10.1029/2001JB001596.
39. Kaneshima, S., and G. Helffrich (2009), Lower mantle scattering profiles and fabric below Pacific subduction zones, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 282(1-4), 234-239, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.03.024.
40. Kaneshima, S., and G. Helffrich (2010), Small scale heterogeneity in the mid-lower mantle beneath the circum-Pacific area, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 183(1-2), 91-103, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2010.03.011.
41. Karato, S.-I. (1997), On the separation of crustal component from subducted oceanic lithosphere near the 660 km discontinuity, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 99(1-2), 103-111, doi:10.1016/S0031-9201(96)03198-6. (Pubitemid 127425008)
42. Karato, S.-I. (2011), Water distribution across the mantle transition zone and its implications for global material circulation, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 301(3-4), 413-423, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.11.038.
43. Karato, S., Z. Wang, B. Liu, and K. Fujino (1995), Plastic deformation of garnets: Systematics and implications for the rheology of the mantle transition zone, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 130(1-4), 13-30, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(94) 00255-W.
44. Karato, S.-I., M. R. Riedel, and D. A. Yuen (2001), Rheological structure and deformation of subducted slabs in the mantle transition zone: Implications for mantle circulation and deep earthquakes, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 127(1-4), 83-108, doi:10.1016/S0031-9201(01)00223-0. (Pubitemid 33146651)
45. Katayama, I., and S.-I. Karato (2008), Effects of water and iron content on the rheological contrast between garnet and olivine, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 166(1-2), 57-66, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2007.10.004.
46. 4 at high pressures and temperatures: Precise determination of stabilities of olivine, modified spinel, and spinel, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 15,663-15,670, doi:10.1029/JB094iB11p15663.
47. 4 determined by high P-T in situ X-ray diffractometry, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 136(1-2), 11-24, doi:10.1016/S0031-9201(03)00019-0. (Pubitemid 36755658)
48. 3 perovskite determined by in situ X-ray diffraction using a large-volume high-pressure apparatus, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L01305, doi:10.1029/ 2008GL035658.
49. Kennett, B. L. N., and H.-P. Bunge (2008), Geophysical Continua, 444 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.
50. Kennett, B. L. N., and E. R. Engdahl (1991), Travel-times for global earthquake location and phase identification, Geophys. J. Int., 105, 429-465, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1991.tb06724.x.
51. Lee, C.-T. A., and W.-P. Chen (2007), Possible density segregation of subducted oceanic lithosphere along a weak serpentinite layer and implications for compositional stratification of the Earth's mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 255(3-4), 357-366, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.12.022. (Pubitemid 46343086)
52. Li, C., R. D. van der Hilst, E. R. Engdahl, and S. Burdick (2008), A new global model for P wave speed variations in Earth's mantle, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9, Q05018, doi:10.1029/2007GC001806.
53. Litasov, K., E. Ohtani, A. Suzuki, and T. Kawazoe (2004), Absence of density crossover between basalt and peridotite in the cold slabs passing through 660 km discontinuity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L24607, doi:10.1029/2004GL021306. (Pubitemid 40301218)
54. Litasov, K. D., E. Ohtani, A. Sano, A. Suzuki, and K. Funakoshi (2005a), In situ X-ray diffraction study of post-spinel transformation in a peridotite mantle: Implication for the 660-km discontinuity, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 238(3-4), 311-328, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.08.001. (Pubitemid 41511622)
55. Litasov, K. D., E. Ohtani, A. Sano, A. Suzuki, and K. Funakoshi (2005b), Wet subduction versus cold subduction, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L13312, doi:10.1029/2005GL022921. (Pubitemid 41319956)
56. Litasov, K. D., E. Ohtani, and A. Sano (2006), Influence of water on major phase transitions in the Earth's mantle, in Earth's Deep Water Cycle, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 168, edited by S. D. Jacobsen and S. van der Lee, pp. 95-111, AGU, Washington, D. C., doi:10.1029/168GM08.
57. Mitrovica, J. X., and A. M. Forte (2004), A new inference of mantle viscosity based upon a joint inversion of convection and glacial isostatic adjustment data, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 225, 177-189, doi:10.1016/j. epsl.2004.06.005. (Pubitemid 39122633)
58. Mochizuki, K., T. Yamada, M. Shinobara, Y. Yamanaka, and T. Kanazawa (2008), Weak interplate coupling by seamounts and repeating M 7 earthquakes, Science, 321, 1194-1197, doi:10.1126/science.1160250.
59. Morishige, M., S. Honda, and P. J. Tackley (2010), Construction of semidynamic model of subduction zone with given plate kinematics in 3D sphere, Earth Planets Space, 62(9), 665-673, doi:10.5047/eps.2010.09.002.
60. Nakagawa, T., P. J. Tackley, F. Deschamps, and J. A. D. Connolly (2009), Incorporating self-consistently calculated mineral physics into thermochemical mantle convection simulations in a 3-D spherical shell and its influence on seismic anomalies in Earth's mantle, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 10, Q03004, doi:10.1029/2008GC002280.
61. Nakagawa, T., P. J. Tackley, F. Deschamps, and J. A. D. Connolly (2010), The influence of MORB and harzburgite composition on thermochemical mantle convection in a 3-D spherical shell with self-consistently calculated mineral physics, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 296(3-4), 403-412, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010. 05.026.
62. Nakakuki, T., M. Tagawa, and Y. Iwase (2010), Dynamical mechanisms controlling formation and avalanche of a stagnant slab, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 183(1-2), 309-320, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2010.02.003.
63. Niu, F., and H. Kawakatsu (1996), Complex structure of mantle discontinuities at the tip of the subducting slab beneath northeast China, J. Phys. Earth, 44, 701-711, doi:10.4294/jpe1952.44.701.
64. Niu, F., H. Kawakatsu, and Y. Fukao (2003), Seismic evidence for a chemical heterogeneity in the midmantle: A strong and slightly dipping seismic reflector beneath the Mariana subduction zone, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B9), 2419, doi:10.1029/2002JB002384.
65. Ohtani, E., and K. Litasov (2006), The effect of water on mantle phase transitions, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 62(1), 397-420, doi:10.2138/rmg.2006. 62.17. (Pubitemid 44541145)
66. Ohtani, E., and D. Zhao (2009), The role of water in the deep upper mantle and transition zone: Dehydration of stagnant slabs and its effects on the big mantle wedge, Russ. J. Geol. Geophys., 50(12), 1073-1078, doi:10.1016/j.rgg.2009.11.006.
67. Ohtani, E., K. Litasov, T. Hosoya, T. Kubo, and T. Kondo (2004), Water transport into the deep mantle and formation of a hydrous transition zone, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 143-144, 255-269, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2003. 09.015. (Pubitemid 38653435)
68. 3 in the Earth's lower mantle: Perovskite and garnet at 1200 km depth, J. Geophys. Res., 99(B10), 19,901-19,915, doi:10.1029/94JB01752.
69. Peltier, W. R. (1998), Postglacial variations in the level of the sea: Implications for climate dynamics and solid-Earth geophysics, Rev. Geophys., 36(4), 603-689, doi:10.1029/98RG02638. (Pubitemid 29083901)
70. Richards, M. A., and G. F. Davies (1989), On the separation of relatively buoyant components from subducted lithosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16(8), 831-834, doi:10.1029/GL016i008p00831.
71. Richter, F. M. (1973), Finite amplitude convection through a phase boundary, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 35, 265-276, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X. 1973. tb02427.x.
72. Riedel, M. R., and S.-I. Karato (1997), Grain-size evolution in subducted oceanic lithosphere associated with the olivine-spinel transformation and its effects on rheology, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 148(1-2), 27-43, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00016-2.
73. Ringwood, A. E., and T. Irifune (1988), Nature of the 650-km seismic discontinuity: Implications for mantle dynamics and differentiation, Nature, 331, 131-136, doi:10.1038/331131a0.
74. Ritsema, J., A. K. McNamara, and A. L. Bull (2007), Tomographic filtering of geodynamic models: Implications for model interpretation and largescale mantle structure, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B01303, doi:10.1029/2006JB004566. (Pubitemid 47248895)
75. Rubie, D. C. (1984), The olivine - spinel transformation and the rheology of subducting lithosphere, Nature, 308, 505-508, doi:10.1038/308505a0.
76. Ruff, L., and H. Kanamori (1980), Seismicity and the subduction process, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 23(3), 240-252, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(80)90117-X.
77. Sano, A., E. Ohtani, K. Litasov, T. Kubo, T. Hosoya, K. Funakoshi, and T. Kikegawa (2006), In situ X-ray diffraction study of the effect of water on the garnet-perovskite transformation in MORB and implications for penetrations of oceanic crust into the lower mantle, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 159(1-2), 118-126, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2006.07.004. (Pubitemid 44382368)
78. Schellart, W. P., D. R. Stegman, and J. Freeman (2008), Global trench migration velocities and slab migration induced upper mantle volume fluxes: Constraints to find an Earth reference frame based on minimizing viscous dissipation, Earth Sci. Rev., 88(1-2), 118-144, doi:10.1016/j. earscirev.2008.01.005.
79. Schellart, W. P., D. Stegman, R. Farrington, and L. Moresi (2011), Influence of lateral slab edge distance on plate velocity, trench velocity and subduction partitioning, J. Geophys. Res., 116, B10408, doi:10.1029/ 2011JB008535.
80. Schubert, G., D. L. Turcotte, and P. Olson (2001), Mantle Convection in the Earth and Planets, 956 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511612879.
81. Schuberth, B. S. A., H.-P. Bunge, and J. Ritsema (2009a), Tomographic filtering of high-resolution mantle circulation models: Can seismic heterogeneity be explained by temperature alone?, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 10, Q05W03, doi:10.1029/2009GC002401.
82. Schuberth, B. S. A., H.-P. Bunge, G. Steinle-Neumann, C. Moder, and J. Oeser (2009b), Thermal versus elastic heterogeneity in high-resolution mantle circulation models with pyrolite composition: High plume excess temperatures in the lowermost mantle, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 10, Q01W01, doi:10.1029/2008GC002235.
83. Senshu, H., S. Maruyama, and S. Rino (2010), Innovation of thermal evolution model of mantle (in Japanese with English abstract), J. Geog., 119(6), 1215-1227, doi:10.5026/jgeography.119.1215.
84. Shen, Y., and J. Blum (2003), Seismic evidence for accumulated oceanic crust above the 660-km discontinuity beneath southern Africa, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(18), 1925, doi:10.1029/2003GL017991.
85. Sigloch, K. (2011), Mantle provinces under North America from multifrequency P wave tomography, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 12, Q02W08, doi:10.1029/2010GC003421.
86. Sigloch, K., N. McQuarrie, and G. Nolet (2008), Two-stage subduction history under North America inferred from multiple-frequency tomography, Nat. Geosci., 1, 458-462, doi:10.1038/ngeo231.
87. Steinberger, B. (2007), Effects of latent heat release at phase boundaries on flow in the Earth's mantle, phase boundary topography and dynamic topography at the Earth's surface, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 164(1-2), 2-20, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2007.04.021. (Pubitemid 47317230)
88. Steinberger, B., and R. Holme (2008), Mantle flow models with coremantle boundary constraints and chemical heterogeneities in the lowermost mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B05403, doi:10.1029/2007JB005080.
89. Tagawa, M., T. Nakakuki, and F. Tajima (2007), Dynamical modeling of trench retreat driven by the slab interaction with the mantle transition zone, Earth Planets Space, 59(2), 65-74. (Pubitemid 46614184)
90. Tajima, F., and S. P. Grand (1995), Evidence of high velocity anomalies in the transition zone associated with southern Kurile subduction zone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22(23), 3139-3142, doi:10.1029/95GL03314. (Pubitemid 26462275)
91. Tajima, F., and S. P. Grand (1998), Variation of transition zone high velocity anomalies and depression of the 660 km discontinuity associated with subduction zones from the southern Kuriles to Izu-Bonin, J. Geophys. Res., 103(B7), 15,015-15,036, doi:10.1029/98JB00752.
92. Tajima, F., and T. Nakagawa (2006), Implications of seismic waveforms: Complex physical properties associated with stagnant slab, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L03311, doi:10.1029/2005GL024314.
93. Tajima, F., I. Katayama, and T. Nakagawa (2009), Variable seismic structure near the 660 km discontinuity associated with stagnant slabs and geochemical implications, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 172(3-4), 183-198, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2008.09.013.
94. Tono, Y., T. Kunugi, Y. Fukao, S. Tsuboi, K. Kanjo, and K. Kasahara (2005), Mapping of the 410-and 660-km discontinuities beneath the Japanese islands, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B03307, doi:10.1029/2004JB003266. (Pubitemid 40959094)
95. Torii, Y., and S. Yoshioka (2007), Physical conditions producing slab stagnation: Constraints of the Clapeyron slope, trench retreat, and dip angles, Tectonophysics, 445(3-4), 200-209, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2007.08.003. (Pubitemid 350177281)
96. Tosi, N., O. Cadek, and Z. Martinec (2009), Subducted slabs and lateral viscosity variations: Effects on the long-wavelength geoid, Geophys. J. Int., 179(2), 813-826, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04335.x.
97. van der Hilst, R. D., R. Engdahl, W. Sparkman, and G. Nolet (1991), Tomographic imaging of subducted lithosphere below northwest Pacific island arc, Nature, 353, 37-43, doi:10.1038/353037a0. (Pubitemid 21912447)
98. van der Hilst, R. D., S. Widiyantoro, and E. R. Engdahl (1997), Evidence of deep mantle circulation from global tomography, Nature, 386, 578-584, doi:10.1038/386578a0. (Pubitemid 27175418)
99. van Hunen, J., and A. P. van den Berg (2008), Plate tectonics on the early Earth: Limitations imposed by strength and buoyancy of subducted lithosphere, Lithos, 103(1-2), 217-235, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2007.09.016.
100. van Keken, P. E., S. Karato, and D. A. Yuen (1996), Rheological control of oceanic crust separation in the transition zone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23(14), 1821-1824, doi:10.1029/96GL01594.
101. Walter, M. J., S. C. Kohn, D. Araujo, G. P. Bulanova, C. B. Smith, E. Gaillou, J. Wang, A. Steele, and S. B. Shirey (2011), Deep mantle cycling of oceanic crust: Evidence from diamonds and their mineral inclusions, Science, 334(6052), 54-57, doi:10.1126/science.1209300.
102. Wang, B., and F. Niu (2010), A broad 660 km discontinuity beneath northeast China revealed by dense regional sesimic networks in China, J. Geophys. Res., 115, B06308, doi:10.1029/2009JB006608.
103. Wang, T., and L. Chen (2009), Distinct velocity variations around the base of the upper mantle beneath northeast Asia, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 172(3-4), 241-256, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2008.09.021.
104. Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith (1998), New, improved version of the Generic Mapping Tools released, Eos Trans. AGU, 79(47), 579, doi:10.1029/98EO00426.
105. Widiyantoro, S., B. L. N. Kennett, and R. D. d. Hilst (1999), Seismic tomography with P and S data reveals lateral variations in the rigidity of deep slabs, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 173(1-2), 91-100, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(99) 00216-2. (Pubitemid 30057628)
106. Yamazaki, D., T. Inoue, M. Okamoto, and T. Irifune (2005), Grain growth kinetics of ringwoodite and its implication for rheology of the subducting slab, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 236(3-4), 871-881, doi:10.1016/j. epsl.2005.06.005. (Pubitemid 41258209)
107. Yoshida, M. (2008a), Core-mantle boundary topography estimated from numerical simulations of instantaneous mantle flow, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9, Q07002, doi:10.1029/2008GC002008.
108. Yoshida, M. (2008b), Mantle convection with longest-wavelength thermal heterogeneity in a 3-D spherical model: Degree one or two?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L23302, doi:10.1029/2008GL036059.
109. Yoshida, M. (2010a), Temporal evolution of stress state in a supercontinent during mantle reorganization, Geophys. J. Int., 180(1), 1-22, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04399.x.
110. Yoshida, M. (2010b), Preliminary three-dimensional model of mantle convection with deformable, mobile continental lithosphere, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 295(1-2), 205-218, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.04.001.
111. Yoshida, M. (2012), Dynamic role of the rheological contrast between cratonic and oceanic lithospheres in the longevity of cratonic lithosphere: A three-dimensional numerical study, Tectonophysics, doi:10.1016/j. tecto.2012.01.029, in press.
112. Yoshida, M., and T. Nakakuki (2009), Effects on the long-wavelength geoid anomaly of lateral viscosity variations caused by stiff subducting slabs, weak plate margins and lower mantle rheology, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 172(3-4), 278-288, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2008.10.018.
113. Yoshida, M., and M. Santosh (2011a), Supercontinents, mantle dynamics and plate tectonics: A perspective based on conceptual vs. numerical models, Earth Sci. Rev., 105(1-2), 1-24, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.12.002.
114. Yoshida, M., and M. Santosh (2011b), Future supercontinent assembled in the northern hemisphere, Terra Nova, 23(5), 333-338, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121. 2011.01018.x.
115. Yoshioka, S. (2009), A present state and perspective on numerical simulation studies on stagnant slabs (in Japanese), Zisin, 61, 265-271.
116. Yoshioka, S., and A. Naganoda (2010), Effects of trench migration on fall of stagnant slabs into the lower mantle, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 183(1-2), 321-329, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2010.09.002.
117. Yuen, D. A., M. Monnereau, U. Hansen, M. Kameyama, and C. Matyska (2007), Dynamics of superplumes in the lower mantle, in Superplumes: Beyond Plate Tectonics, edited by D. A. Yuen et al., pp. 239-268, Springer, Berlin, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5750-2-9.
118. Zhao, D. (2004), Global tomographic images of mantle plumes and subducting slabs: Insight into deep earth dynamics, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 146, 3-34, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2003.07.032. (Pubitemid 38889326)
119. Zhong, S., and M. Gurnis (1995), Mantle convection with plates and mobile, faulted plate margins, Science, 267(5199), 838-843, doi:10.1126/science. 267.5199.838.
120. Zhu, G., Y. Shi, and P. Tackley (2010), Subduction of the Western Pacific Plate underneath Northeast China: Implications of numerical studies, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 178(1-2), 92-99, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2009. 10.008.