Global trench migration velocities and slab migration induced upper mantle volume fluxes: Constraints to find an Earth reference frame based on minimizing viscous dissipation

Earth-Science Reviews

Volumn 88, Issue 1-2, 2008, Pages 118-144

  Schellart, W P ^a   Stegman, D R ^b   Freeman, J ^a  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

hotspot; mantle convection; plate tectonics; reference frame; subduction; viscous dissipation

Indexed keywords

ACTIVE MARGIN; DISSIPATION; GEODYNAMICS; HOT SPOT; LITHOSPHERIC STRUCTURE; MANTLE CONVECTION; PLATE BOUNDARY; PLATE MOTION; PLATE TECTONICS; SLAB; SUBDUCTION ZONE; TRENCH; UPPER MANTLE; VOLUME TRANSPORT;

EID: 42249094176     PISSN: 00128252     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.01.005     Document Type: Article

References (162)

1. Acton G.D., and Gordon R.G. Paleomagnetic tests of Pacific Plate reconstructions and implications for motion between hotspots. Science 263 (1994) 1246-1254
2. Argus D.F., and Gordon R.G. No-net-rotation model of current plate velocities incorporating plate motion model Nuvel-1. Geophysical Research Letters 18 (1991) 2039-2042
3. Artemieva I.M., and Mooney W.D. Thermal thickness and evolution of Precambrian lithosphere: a global study. Journal of Geophysical Research 106 (2001) 16387-16414
4. Bautista B.C., Bautista M.L.P., Oike K., Wu F.T., and Punongbayan R.S. A new insight on the geometry of subducting slabs in northern Luzon, Philippines. Tectonophysics 339 (2001) 279-310
5. Becker T.W., and O'Connell J. Predicting plate velocities with mantle circulation models. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2 (2001) (2001GC000171)
6. Ben-Avraham Z., Kempler D., and Ginzburg A. Plate convergence in the Cyprean arc. Tectonophysics 146 (1988) 231-240
7. Bercovici D. The generation of plate tectonics from mantle convection. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 205 (2003) 107-121
8. Bevis M., et al. On the strength of interplate coupling and the rate of back arc convergence in the Central Andes: an analysis of the interseismic velocity field. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2 (2001) (2001GC000198)
9. Bevis M., et al. Geodetic observations of very rapid convergence and back-arc extension at the Tonga Arc. Nature 374 (1995) 249-251
10. Bijwaard H., and Spakman W. Non-linear global P-wave tomography by iterated linearized inversion. Geophysical Journal International 141 (2000) 71-82
11. Bijwaard H., Spakman W., and Engdahl E.R. Closing the gap between regional and global travel time tomography. Journal of Geophysical Research 103 (1998) 30055-30078
12. Bird P. An updated digital model of plate boundaries. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 4 (2003) 1027 10.1029/2001GC000252
13. Bostock M.G., and VanDecar J.C. Upper mantle structure of the northern Cascadia subduction zone. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32 (1995) 1-12
14. Buiter S.J.H., Govers R., and Wortel M.J.R. A modelling study of vertical surface displacements at convergent plate margins. Geophysical Journal International 147 (2001) 415-427
15. Calmant S., et al. Interseismic and coseismic motions in GPS series related to the M (sub s) 7.3 July 13, 1994, Malekula earthquake, central New Hebrides subduction zone. Geophysical Research Letters 24 (1997) 3077-3080
16. Chase C.G. Plate kinematics: The Americas, East Africa, and the rest of the world. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 37 (1978) 355-368
17. Chatelain J.-L., Molnar P., Prévot R., and Isacks B. Detachment of part of the downgoing slab and uplift of the New Hebrides (Vanuatu) Islands. Geophysical Research Letters 19 (1992) 1507-1510
18. Christensen U.R. The influence of trench migration on slab penetration into the lower mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 140 (1996) 27-39
19. Christova C. Stress field in the Ryukyu-Kyushu Wadati-Benioff zone by inversion of earthquake focal mechanisms. Tectonophysics 384 (2004) 175-189
20. Clift P.D., and MacLeod C.J. Slow rates of subduction erosion estimated from subsidence and tilting of the Tonga forearc. Geology 27 (1999) 411-414
21. Clift P., and Vannucchi P. Controls on tectonic accretion versus erosion in subduction zones: implications for the origin and recycling of the continental crust. Reviews of Geophysics 42 (2004) RG2001 10.1029/2003RG000127
22. Clift P.D., Pecher I., Kukowski N., and Hampel A. Tectonic erosion of the Peruvian forearc, Lima Basin, by subduction and Nazca Ridge collision. Tectonics 22 (2003) 1023 10.1029/2002TC001386
23. Conrad C.P., and Lithgow-Bertelloni C. How mantle slabs drive plate tectonics. Science 298 (2002) 207-209
24. Cooper P., and Taylor B. Seismotectonics of New Guinea; a model for arc reversal following arc-continent collision. Tectonics 6 (1987) 53-67
25. Currie C.A., and Hyndman R.D. The thermal structure of subduction zone back arcs. Journal of Geophysical Research 111 (2006) B08404 10.1029/2005JB004024
26. Darby D.J., and Meertens C.M. Terrestrial and GPS measurements of deformation across the Taupo back arc and Hikurangi forearc regions in New Zealand. Journal of Geophysical Research 100 (1995) 8221-8232
27. Davies G.F. Dynamic Earth: Plates, Plumes and Mantle Convection (1999), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 460 pp.
28. DeMets C., Gordon R.G., Argus D.F., and Stein S. Current plate motions. Geophysical Journal International 101 (1990) 425-478
29. DeMets C., Gordon R.G., Argus D.F., and Stein S. Effect of recent revisions to the geomagnetic reversal time scale on estimates of current plate motions. Geophysical Research Letters 21 (1994) 2191-2194
30. Dewey J.F. Episodicity, sequence, and style at convergent plate boundaries. In: Strangway D.W. (Ed). The continental crust and its mineral deposits. Special Paper-Geological Association of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada (1980) 553-573
31. Dewey J.F., and Lamb S.H. Active tectonics of the Andes. Tectonophysics 205 (1992) 79-95
32. DiVenere V., and Kent D.V. Are the Pacific and Indo-Atlantic hotspots fixed? Testing the plate circuit through Antarctica. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 170 (1999) 105-117
33. Duncan R.A. Hotspots in the southern oceans-an absolute frame of reference for motion of the gondwana continents. Tectonophysics 74 (1981) 29-42
34. Dvorkin J., Nur A., Mavko G., and Ben-Avraham Z. Narrow subducting slabs and the origin of backarc basins. Tectonophysics 227 (1993) 63-79
35. Eguchi T., and Uyeda S. Seismotectonics of the Okinawa Trough and Ryukyu Arc. Chung Kuo Ti Ch'ih Hsueh Hui Chuan Kan=Memoir of the Geological Society of China 5 (1983) 189-210
36. Elsasser W.M. Sea-floor spreading as thermal convection. Journal of Geophysical Research 76 (1971) 1101-1112
37. Enns A., Becker T.W., and Schmeling H. The dynamics of subduction and trench migration for viscosity stratification. Geophysical Journal International 160 (2005) 761-775
38. Fernandes R.M.S., et al. Surface velocity field of the Ibero-Maghrebian segment of the Eurasia-Nubia plate boundary. Geophysical Journal International 169 (2007) 315-324
39. Ferrachat S., and Ricard Y. Regular vs. chaotic mantle mixing. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 155 (1998) 75-86
40. Feuillet N., Manighetti I., Tapponnier P., and Jacques E. Arc parallel extension and localization of volcanic complexes in Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles. Journal of Geophysical Research 107 (2002) 2331 10.1029/2001JB000308
41. Fishwick S., Kennett B.L.N., and Reading A.M. Contrasts in lithospheric structure within the Australian craton-insights from surface wave tomography. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 231 (2005) 163-176
42. Forsyth D.W., and Uyeda S. On the relative importance of the driving forces of plate motion. The Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 43 (1975) 163-200
43. Fukao Y., Widiyantoro S., and Obayashi M. Stagnant slabs in the upper and lower mantle transition region. Reviews of Geophysics 39 (2001) 291-323
44. Funiciello F., Faccenna C., Giardini D., and Regenauer-Lieb K. Dynamics of retreating slabs (part 2): insights from 3-D laboratory experiments. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 B4 (2003) 2207 10.1029/2001JB000896
45. Funiciello F., et al. Mapping mantle flow during retreating subduction: laboratory models analyzed by feature tracking. Journal of Geophysical Research 111 (2006) B03402 10.1029/2005JB003792
46. Garfunkel Z., Anderson C.A., and Schubert G. Mantle circulation and the lateral migration of subducted slabs. Journal of Geophysical Research 91 (1986) 7205-7223
47. Gordon R.G., and Jurdy D.M. Cenozoic global plate motions. Journal of Geophysical Research 91 (1986) 12389-12406
48. Gripp A.E., and Gordon R.G. Current plate velocities relative to the hotspots incorporating the Nuvel-1 global plate motion model. Geophysical Research Letters 17 (1990) 1109-1112
49. Gripp A.E., and Gordon R.G. Young tracks of hotspots and current plate velocities. Geophysical Journal International 150 (2002) 321-361
50. Gudmundsson O., and Sambridge M.J. A regionalized upper mantle (RUM) seismic model. Journal of Geophysical Research 103 (1998) 7121-7136
51. Gurnis M., Hall C., and Lavier L. Evolving force balance during incipient subduction. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 5 (2004) Q07001 10.1029/2003GC000681
52. Gutscher M.A., Spakman W., Bijwaard H., and Engdahl E.R. Geodynamics of flat subduction: seismicity and tomographic constraints from the Andean margin. Tectonics 19 (2000) 814-833
53. Gutscher M.-A., et al. Evidence for active subduction beneath Gibraltar. Geology 30 (2002) 1071-1074
54. Gvirtzman Z., and Stern R.J. Bathymetry of Mariana trench-arc system and formation of the Challenger Deep as a consequence of weak plate coupling. Tectonics 23 (2004) TC2011 10.1029/2003TC001581
55. Hall R., and Spakman W. Subducted slabs beneath the eastern Indonesia-Tonga region; insights from tomography. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 201 (2002) 321-336
56. Hamilton W.B. An alternative Earth. GSA Today 13 11 (2003) 4-12
57. Heuret A., and Lallemand S. Plate motions, slab dynamics and back-arc deformation. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 149 (2005) 31-51
58. Ibáñez J.M., et al. Intermediate-focus earthquakes under South Shetland Islands (Antarctica). Geophysical Research Letters 24 (1997) 531-534
59. Isacks B., Oliver J., and Sykes L.R. Seismology and the new global tectonics. Journal of Geophysical Research 73 (1968) 5855-5899
60. Jacoby W.R. Model experiment of plate movements. Nature (Physical Science) 242 (1973) 130-134
61. Jarrard R.D. Relations among subduction parameters. Reviews of Geophysics 24 (1986) 217-284
62. Kárason H., and van der Hilst R.D. Constraints on mantle convection from seismic tomography. In: Richards M.A., Gordon R.G., and van der Hilst R.D. (Eds). The History and Dynamics of Global Plate Motions. Geophysical Monograph (2000) 277-288
63. Kaula W.M. Absolute plate motions by boundary velocity minimizations. Journal of Geophysical Research 80 (1975) 244-248
64. Kennett B.L.N., and Gorbatov A. Seismic heterogeneity in the mantle-strong shear wave signature of slabs from joint tomography. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 146 (2004) 87-100
65. Kincaid C., and Griffiths R.W. Laboratory models of the thermal evolution of the mantle during rollback subduction. Nature 425 (2003) 58-62
66. Kincaid C., and Olson P. An experimental study of subduction and slab migration. Journal of Geophysical Research 92 (1987) 13832-13840
67. Kley J., and Monaldi C.R. Tectonic shortening and crustal thickness in the Central Andes: how good is the correlation?. Geology 26 (1998) 723-726
68. Kopp C., Flueh E.R., and Neben S. Rupture and accretion of the Celebes Sea crust related to the North-Sulawesi subduction: combined interpretation of reflection and refraction seismic measurements. Journal of Geodynamics 27 (1999) 309-325
69. Koppers A.P., Morgan J.P., Morgan J.W., and Staudigel H. Testing the fixed hotspot hypothesis using 40Ar/39Ar age progressions along seamount trails. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 185 (2001) 237-252
70. Kozhurin A., et al. Trenching studies of active faults in Kamchatka, eastern Russia: Palaeoseismic, tectonic and hazard implications. Tectonophysics 417 (2006) 285-304
71. Kreemer C., and Holt W.E. A no-net-rotation model of present-day surface motions. Geophysical Research Letters 28 (2001) 4407-4410
72. Kreemer C., Holt W.E., and Haines A.J. An integrated global model of present-day plate motions and plate boundary deformation. Geophysical Journal International 154 (2003) 8-34
73. Lallemand S.E., et al. Genetic relations between the central and southern Philippine Trench and the Sangihe Trench. Journal of Geophysical Research 103 (1998) 933-950
74. Lallemand S., Font Y., Bijwaard H., and Kao H. New insights on 3-D plates interaction near Taiwan from tomography and tectonic implications. Tectonophysics 335 (2001) 229-253
75. Laursen J., Scholl D.W., and von Huene R. Neotectonic deformation of the central Chile margin: deepwater forearc basin formation in response to hot spot ridge and seamount subduction. Tectonics 21 (2002) 1038 10.1029/2001TC901023
76. Lawver L.A., Keller R.A., Fisk M.R., and Strelin J.A. Bransfield Strait, Antarctic Peninsula, active extension behind a dead arc. In: Taylor B. (Ed). Backarc basins: tectonics and magmatism (1995), Plenum Press, New York 315-342
77. Lebrun J.-F., Lamarche G., Collot J.-Y., and Delteil J. Abrupt strike-slip fault to subduction transition: the Alpine fault-Puysegur trench connection, New Zealand. Tectonics 19 (2000) 688-706
78. Livermore R.A. Back-arc spreading and mantle flow in the East Scotia Sea. In: Larter R.D., and Leat P.T. (Eds). Intra-oceanic Subduction Systems: Tectonic and Magmatic Processes. Geological Society, London, Special Publications (2003) 315-331
79. Livermore R., Cunningham A., Vanneste L., and Larter R.D. Subduction influence on magma supply at the East Scotia Ridge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 150 (1997) 261-275
80. Mann P., and Taira A. Global tectonic significance of the Solomon Islands and Ontong Java Plateau convergent zone. Tectonophysics 389 (2004) 137-190
81. Mann P., et al. Oblique collision in the northeastern Caribbean from GPS measurements and geological observations. Tectonics 21 (2002) 1057 10.1029/2001TC001304
82. Mazzotti S., Henry P., and Le Pichon X. Transient and permanent deformation of central Japan estimated by GPS 2. Strain partitioning and arc-arc collision. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 184 (2001) 455-469
83. McCaffrey R. Active tectonics of the eastern Sunda and Banda arcs. Journal of Geophysical Research 93 (1988) 15163-15182
84. McCaffrey R., et al. Fault locking, block rotation and crustal deformation in the Pacific northwest. Geophysical Journal International 169 (2007) 1315-1340
85. McClusky S., et al. Global positioning system constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus. Journal of Geophysical Research 105 (2000) 5695-5719
86. Meckel T.A., et al. Underthrusting at the Hjort Trench, Australian-Pacific plate boundary: incipient subduction?. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 4 (2003) 1099 10.1029/2002GC000498
87. Mercier de Lépinay B., et al. Large Neogene subsidence event along the Middle America Trench off Mexico (18°N-19°N): evidence from submersible observations. Geology 25 (1997) 387-390
88. Milson J. Subduction in Eastern Indonesia: how many slabs?. Tectonophysics 338 (2001) 167-178
89. Minster J.B., and Jordan T.H. Numerical modelling of instantaneous plate tectonics. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 36 (1974) 541-576
90. Minster J.B., and Jordan T.H. Present-day plate motions. Journal of Geophysical Research 83 (1978) 5331-5354
91. Molnar P., and Atwater T. Interarc spreading and Cordilleran tectonics as alternates related to the age of subducted oceanic lithosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 41 (1978) 330-340
92. Molnar P., and Stock J. Relative motions of hotspots in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans since Late Cretaceous time. Nature 327 (1987) 587-591
93. Morgan W.J. Convection plumes in the lower mantle. Nature 230 (1971) 42-43
94. Morra G., Regenauer-Lieb K., and Giardini D. Curvature of oceanic arcs. Geology 34 (2006) 877-880
95. Müller R.D., and Roest W.R. Fracture zones in the North Atlantic from combined Geosat and Seasat data. Journal of Geophysical Research 97 (1992) 3337-3350
96. Müller R.D., Royer J.-Y., and Lawver L.A. Revised plate motions relative to the hotspots from combined Atlantic and Indian Ocean hotspot tracks. Geology 21 (1993) 275-278
97. Nakajima J., and Hasegawa A. Subduction of the Philippine Sea plate beneath southwestern Japan: slab geometry and its relationship to arc magmatism. Journal of Geophysical Research 112 (2007) B08306 10.1029/2006JB004770
98. Nilforoushan F., et al. GPS network monitors the Arabia-Eurasia collision deformation in Iran. Journal of Geodesy 77 (2003) 411-422
99. Nishimura S., Hashimoto M., and Ando M. A rigid block rotation model for the GPS derived velocity field along the Ryukyu arc. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 142 (2004) 185-203
100. Norabuena E., et al. Space geodetic observations of Nazca-South America convergence across the Central Andes. Science 279 (1998) 358-362
101. O'Neill C., Müller D., and Steinberger B. On the uncertainties in hot spot reconstructions and the significance of moving hot spot reference frames. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 6 (2005) Q04003 10.1029/2004GC000784
102. Oncken O., et al. Deformation of the Central Andean upper plate system-facts, fiction, and constraints for plateau models. In: Oncken O., et al. (Ed). The Andes-Active Subduction Orogeny (2006), Springer 3-27
103. Papazachos B.C., Karakostas V.G., Papazachos C.B., and Scordilis E.M. The geometry of the Wadati-Benioff zone and lithospheric kinematics in the Hellenic arc. Tectonophysics 319 (2000) 275-300
104. Parés J.M., and Moore T.C. New evidence for the Hawaiian hotspot plume motion since the Eocene. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 237 (2005) 951-959
105. Pérez O.J., Jaimes M.A., and Garciacaro E. Microseismicity evidence for subduction of the Caribbean plate beneath the South American plate in northwestern Venezuela. Journal of Geophysical Research 102 (1997) 17875-17882
106. Pérez O.J., et al. Velocity field across the southern Caribbean plate boundary and estimates of Caribbean/South-American plate motion using GPS geodesy 1994-2000. Geophysical Research Letters 28 (2001) 2987-2990
107. Quittmeyer R.C. Seismicity variations in the Makran region of Pakistan and Iran; relation to great earthquakes. Pure and Applied Geophysics 117 (1979) 1212-1228
108. Rangin C., et al. Plate convergence measured by GPS across the Sundaland/Philippine Sea Plate deformed boundary: the Philippines and eastern Indonesia. Geophysical Journal International 139 (1999) 296-316
109. Rao N.P., and Kalpna. Deformation of the subducted Indian lithospheric slab in the Burmese arc. Geophysical Research Letters 32 (2005) L05301 10.1029/2004GL022034
110. Raymond C.A., Stock J.M., and Cande S.C. Fast Paleogene motion of the Pacific hotspots from revised global plate circuit constraints. In: Richards M.A., Gordon R.G., and van der Hilst R.D. (Eds). The History and Dynamics of Global Plate Motions. Geophysical Monograph (2000), American Geophysical Union 359-375
111. Replumaz A., Kárason H., van der Hilst R.D., Besse J., and Tapponnier P. 4-D evolution of SE Asia's mantle from geological reconstructions and seismic tomography. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 221 (2004) 103-115
112. Reston T.J., and Phipps Morgan J. Continental geotherm and the evolution of rifted margins. Geology 32 (2004) 133-136
113. s. Geophysical Journal International 165 (2006) 565-583
114. Rosenbaum G., and Lister G.S. Neogene and Quaternary rollback evolution of the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Apennines, and the Sicilian Maghrebides. Tectonics 23 (2004) TC1013 10.1029/2003TC001518
115. Schellart W.P. Kinematics of subduction and subduction-induced flow in the upper mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research 109 (2004) B07401 10.1029/2004JB002970
116. Schellart W.P. Quantifying the net slab pull force as a driving mechanism for plate tectonics. Geophysical Research Letters 31 (2004) L07611 10.1029/2004GL019528
117. Schellart W.P. Three-dimensional fluid dynamic modeling of subduction and mantle flow, Western Pacific Geophysical Meeting Supplement. Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 85 28 (2004) 153 (Honolulu, Abstract T42A-02)
118. Schellart W.P. Influence of the subducting plate velocity on the geometry of the slab and migration of the subduction hinge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 231 (2005) 197-219
119. Schellart W.P. Global trench-migration velocities in different "absolute" reference frames: geodynamic constraints to find the optimal reference frame. EGU General Assembly, Vienna (2007) Abstract EGU2007-A-00648
120. Schellart W.P. The potential influence of subduction zone polarity on overriding plate deformation, trench migration and slab dip angle. Tectonophysics 445 (2007) 363-372
121. Schellart W.P. Kinematics and flow patterns in deep mantle and upper mantle subduction models: Influence of the mantle depth and slab to mantle viscosity ratio. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 9 (2008) Q03014 10.1029/2007GC001656
122. Schellart W.P., and Lister G.S. Tectonic models for the formation of arc-shaped convergent zones and backarc basins. In: Sussman A.J., and Weil A.B. (Eds). Orogenic Curvature: Integrating Paleomagnetic and Structural Analyses. Geological Society of America-Special Paper (2004) 237-258
123. Schellart W.P., Freeman J., and Stegman D.R. Defining an absolute reference frame for plate motions on Earth from minimizing subduction zone trench migration. Australian Earth Science Convention, Melbourne, Extended Abstract (2006) 3
124. Schellart W.P., Freeman J., Stegman D.R., Moresi L., and May D. Evolution and diversity of subduction zones controlled by slab width. Nature 446 (2007) 308-311
125. Schöffel H.-J., and Das S. Fine details of the Wadati-Benioff zone under Indonesia and its geodynamic implications. Journal of Geophysical Research 104 (1999) 13101-13114
126. Sdrolias M., and Müller R.D. Controls on back-arc basin formation. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 7 (2006) Q04016 10.1029/2005GC001090
127. Seno T., Stein S., and Gripp A.E. A model for the motion of the Philippine Sea plate consistent with NUVEL-1 and geological data. Journal of Geophysical Research 98 (1993) 17941-17948
128. Serpelloni M., Anzidei M., Baldi P., Casula G., and Galvani A. Crustal velocity and strain-rate fields in Italy and surrounding regions: new results from the analysis of permanent and non-permanent GPS networks. Geophysical Journal International 161 (2005) 861-880
129. Smalley Jr. R., et al. Scotia arc kinematics from GPS geodesy. Geophysical Research Letters 34 (2007) L21308 10.1029/2007GL031699
130. Solomon S.C., and Sleep N.H. Some simple physical models for absolute plate motions. Journal of Geophysical Research 79 (1974) 2557-2567
131. Stegman D.R., Freeman J., Schellart W.P., Moresi L., and May D. Influence of trench width on subduction hinge retreat rates in 3-D models of slab rollback. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 7 (2006) Q03012 10.1029/2005GC001056
132. Stegman D.R., Richards M.A., and Baumgardner J.R. Effects of depth-dependent viscosity and plate motions on maintaining a relatively uniform mid-ocean ridge basalt reservoir in whole mantle flow. Journal of Geophysical Research 107 (2002) 2116 10.1029/2001JB000192
133. Steinberger B., and O'Connell R.J. Advection of plumes in mantle flow; implications for hot spot motion, mantle viscosity and plume distribution. Geophysical Journal International 132 (1998) 412-434
134. Suter M., martínez M.L., Legorreta O.Q., and Martínez M.C. Quaternary intra-arc extension in the central Trans-Mexican volcanic belt. Geological Society of America Bulletin 113 (2001) 693-703
135. Tarduno J.A., et al. The Emperor Seamounts: Southward motion of the Hawaiian hotspot plume in Earth's mantle. Science 301 (2003) 1064-1069
136. Taylor, F.W. et al., in review. Kinematics of the South Shetland Islands-Bransfield basin system, northern Antarctic Peninsula. Geophysical Research Letters.
137. Taylor F.W., et al. Geodetic measurements of convergence at the New Hebrides island arc indicate arc fragmentation caused by an impinging aseismic ridge. Geology 23 (1995) 1011-1014
138. Thomas C., Livermore R., and Pollitz F. Motion of the Scotia Sea plates. Geophysical Journal International 155 (2003) 789-804
139. Tregoning P., et al. Estimation of current plate motions in Papua New Guinea from global positioning system observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 103 (1998) 12181-12203
140. Tregoning P., et al. Motion of the South Bismarck plate, Papua New Guinea. Geophysical Research Letters 26 (1999) 3517-3520
141. van der Hilst R. Complex morphology of subducted lithosphere in the mantle beneath the Tonga trench. Nature 374 (1995) 154-157
142. van der Hilst R., and Mann P. Tectonic implications of tomographic images of subducted lithosphere beneath northwestern South America. Geology 22 (1994) 451-454
143. van der Hilst R.D., and Spakman W. Importance of the reference model in linearized tomography and images of subduction below the Caribbean plate. Geophysical Research Letters 16 (1989) 1093-1096
144. van der Hilst R.D., Engdahl R., Spakman W., and Nolet G. Tomographic imaging of subducted lithosphere below Northwest Pacific island arcs. Nature 353 (1991) 37-43
145. Van der Voo R., Spakman W., and Bijwaard H. Tethyan subducted slabs under India. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 171 (1999) 7-20
146. VanDecar J.C., Russo R.M., James D.E., Ambeh W.B., and Franke M. Aseismic continuation of the Lesser Antilles slab beneath continental South America. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (2003) 2043 10.1029/2001JB000884
147. Vanneste L.E., and Larter R.D. Sediment subduction, subduction erosion, and strain regime in the northern South Sandwich forearc. Journal of Geophysical Research 107 (2002) 2149 10.1029/2001JB000396
148. Vannucchi P., Scholl D.W., Meschede M., and McDougall K. Tectonic erosion and consequent collapse of the Pacific margin of Costa Rica: combined implications from ODP Leg 170, seismic offshore data, and regional geology of the Nicoya Peninsula. Tectonics 20 (2001) 649-668
149. Vannucchi P., Galeotti S., Clift P.D., Ranero C.R., and von Huene R. Long-term subduction-erosion along the Guatemalan margin of the Middle America Trench. Geology 32 (2004) 617-620
150. Vergara Muñoz A. Tectonic patterns of the Panama Block deduced from seismicity, gravitational data and earthquake mechanisms; implications to the seismic hazard. Tectonophysics 154 (1988) 253-267
151. Vogt P.R. Subduction and aseismic ridges. Nature 241 (1973) 189-191
152. von Huene R., and Lallemand S.E. Tectonic erosion along the Japan and Peru convergent margins. Geological Society of America Bulletin 102 (1990) 704-720
153. Wallace L.M., Beavan J., McCaffrey R., and Darby D. Subduction zone coupling and tectonic block rotations in the North Island, New Zealand. Journal of Geophysical Research 109 (2004) B12406 10.1029/2004JB003241
154. Walpersdorf A., Rangin C., and Vigny C. GPS compared to long-term geologic motion of the north arm of Sulawesi. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 159 (1998) 47-55
155. Wells R., Weaver C.S., and Blakely R.J. Fore-arc migration in Cascadia and its neotectonic significance. Geology 26 (1998) 759-762
156. Wessel P., Harada Y., and Kroenke L.W. Toward a self-consistent, high-resolution absolute plate motion model for the Pacific. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 7 (2006) Q03L12 10.1029/2005GC001000
157. Widiyantoro S., Kennett B.L.N., and van der Hilst R.D. Seismic tomography with P and S data reveals lateral variations in the rigidity of deep slabs. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 173 (1999) 91-100
158. Wortel M.J.R., and Spakman W. Subduction and slab detachment in the Mediterranean-Carpathian region. Science 290 (2000) 1910-1917
159. Wright I.C. Pre-spread rifting and heterogeneous volcanism in the southern Havre Trough back-arc basin. Marine Geology 113 (1993) 179-200
160. Yamaoka K., Fukao Y., and Kumazawa M. Spherical shell tectonics: effects of sphericity and inextensibility on the geometry of the descending lithosphere. Reviews of Geophysics 24 (1986) 27-53
161. Zellmer K.E., and Taylor B. A three-plate kinematic model for Lau Basin opening. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2 (2001) (2000GC000106)
162. Zhong S., and Gurnis M. Mantle convection with plates and mobile, faulted plate margins. Science 267 (1995) 838-843