White Privilege in Experiential Education: A Critical Reflection

Leisure Sciences

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 136-154

  Rose, Jeff ^a   Paisley, Karen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

Author keywords

challenge; outdoor education; pedagogy; social justice; whiteness

Indexed keywords

EDUCATION; LANGUAGE; LEARNING; SOCIAL JUSTICE; TEACHING;

EID: 84859606600     PISSN: 01490400     EISSN: 15210588     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01490400.2012.652505     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Arai, S. and Kivel, B. D. 2009. Critical race theory and social justice perspectives on whiteness, difference(s) and (anti)racism: A fourth wave of race research in leisure studies. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(4): 459-472.
2. Baldwin, J. 1955. Notes of a native son, New York, NY: Beacon.
3. Bell, M. 1993. What constitutes experience? Rethinking theoretical assumptions. Journal of Experiential Education, 16(1): 19-24.
4. Bergerson, A. 2003. Critical race theory and white racism: Is there room for white scholars in fighting racism in education?. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 16(1): 51-63.
5. Bowdridge, M. and Blenkinsop, S. 2011. Michel Foucault goes outside: Discipline and control in the practice of outdoor education. Journal of Experiential Education, 34(2): 149-163.
6. Bowers, C. 2001. Education for eco-justice and community, Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
7. Brooks, J. and Brooks, M. 1999. In search of understanding: The case for constructivist classrooms, Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
8. Brown, M. 2002. The facilitator as gatekeeper: A critical analysis of social order in facilitation sessions. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 2(2): 101-112.
9. Breunig, M. 2005. Turning experiential education and critical pedagogy theory into praxis. Journal of Experiential Education, 28(2): 106-122.
10. Chavez, D., Winter, P. and Absher, J. 2008, August. Recreation visitor research: Studies of diversity, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, General Technical Report PSW-GTR-210.
11. Cooks, L. 2003. Pedagogy, performance, and positionality: Teaching about whiteness in interracial communication. Communication Education, 52(3/4): 245-257.
12. Dare, B., Welton, G. and Coe, W. 1987. Concepts of leisure in Western thought: A critical and historical analysis, Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.
13. Delpit, L. 1988. The silenced dialogue: Power and pedagogy in educating other people's children. Harvard Educational Review, 58: 280-298.
14. Deluca, K. 1999. "In the shadow of whiteness: The consequences of construction of nature in environmental politics". In Whiteness: The communication of social identity, Edited by: Nakayama, T. and Martin, J. 217-245. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
15. Denzin, N. 2008. "Emancipatory discourses and the ethics and politics of interpretation". In Collecting and interpreting qualitative materials, 3rd ed., Edited by: Denzin, N. and Lincoln, Y. 435-471. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
16. Dewey, J. 1938. Experience and education, New York, NY: Touchstone.
17. Dimitriadis, G. 2008. Studying urban youth culture: Primer, New York, NY: Peter Lang.
18. Erikson, B., Johnson, C. and Kivel, B. D. 2009. Rocky Mountain National Park: History and culture as factors in African-American park visitation. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(4): 529-546.
19. Estes, C. 2004. Promoting student-centered learning in experiential education. Journal of Experiential Education, 27(2): 141-160.
20. Floyd, M. 1998. Getting beyond marginality and ethnicity: The challenge for race and ethnic studies in leisure research. Journal of Leisure Research, 30(1): 3-22.
21. Floyd, M. 1999. Race, ethnicity and use of the National Park System. Social Science Research Review, 1: 1-24.
22. Foucault, M. 1994. "Interview with Michel Foucault". In Power, Edited by: Faubion, J. 239-297. New York, NY: New Press.
23. Freire, P. 1970. Pedagogy of the oppressed, New York, NY: Continuum.
24. Freire, P. 1974. Education for critical consciousness, New York, NY: Continuum.
25. Freire, P. 1992. Pedagogy of hope: Reliving pedagogy of the oppressed, New York, NY: Continuum.
26. Freire, P. 1998. Pedagogy of freedom: Ethics, democracy, and civic courage, New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
27. Giroux, H. 1983. Critical theory and educational practice, Melbourne, Australia: Deakin University Press.
28. Giroux, H. 1988. Teachers as intellectuals: Toward a critical pedagogy of learning, Granby, MA: Bergin and Garvey.
29. Gobster, P. 1998. Explanations for minority "underparticipation" in outdoor recreation: A look at golf. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 16: 46-64.
30. Gobster, P. 2002. Managing urban parks for a racially and ethnically diverse clientele. Leisure Studies, 24(2): 143-159.
31. Gomez, E. 2002. The ethnicity of public recreation participation model. Leisure Studies, 24(2): 123-142.
32. Griffin, J. 1961. Black like me, London, UK: Collins.
33. Hartnett, S. 1998. Lincoln and Douglas meet the abolitionist David Walker as prisoners debate slavery: Empowering education, applied communication, and social justice. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 26(2): 232-253.
34. Harvey, D. 2009. Social justice and the city, Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
35. hooks, b. 1994. Teaching to transgress, New York, NY: Routledge.
36. Hunt, J. 1991. Ethics and experiential education as professional practice. Journal of Experiential Education, 14(2): 14-18.
37. Hunt, J. 1994. Ethical issues in experiential education, 2nd ed., Boulder, CO: The Association for Experiential Education.
38. Itin, C. M. 1999. Reasserting the philosophy of experiential education as a vehicle for change in the 21st century. Journal of Experiential Education, 22(2): 91-98.
39. Kimball, R. O. and Bacon, S. B. 1993. "The wilderness challenge model". In Adventure therapy: Therapeutic applications of adventure programming, Edited by: Gass, M. A. 11-41. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing.
40. Kincheloe, J. and McLaren, P. 2008. "Rethinking critical theory and qualitative research". In The landscape of qualitative research, 3rd ed., Edited by: Denzin, N. and Lincoln, Y. 403-455. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
41. Kivel, B. D. 2000. Leisure experience and identity: What difference does difference make?. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(1): 79-81.
42. Kivel, B. D. 2005. Examining racism, power, and white hegemony in Stodolska's conditioned attitude model of individual discriminatory behavior. Leisure Sciences, 27(1): 21-27.
43. Kivel, B. D., Johnson, C. and Scraton, S. 2009. (Re)theorizing leisure, experience and race. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(4): 473-493.
44. Kolb, D. 1984. Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
45. Ladson-Billings, G. and Donnor, J. 2008. "The moral activist role of critical race theory scholarship". In The landscape of qualitative research, 3rd ed., Edited by: Denzin, N. and Lincoln, Y. 371-401. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
46. Lipsitz, G. 1995. The possessive investment in whiteness: Racialized social democracy and the "white" problem in American studies. American Quarterly, 47(3): 369-387.
47. Luckner, J. and Nadler, R. 1997. Processing the experience: Strategies to enhance and generalize learning, 2nd ed., Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt.
48. Martin, P. 1999. "Critical outdoor education". In Adventure education, 2nd ed., Edited by: Miles, J. P. and Priest, S. 463-471. State College, PA: Venture.
49. McClintock, M. 1989. Ten ways educators can limit or empower members of subordinate social groups. Journal of Experiential Education, 12(3): 45-46.
50. McDonald, M. 2009. Dialogues on whiteness, leisure, and (anti)racism. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(1): 5-21.
51. Mowatt, R. 2009. Notes from a leisure son: Expanding an understanding of whiteness in leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(4): 511-528.
52. Meeker, J. 1973. Red, white, and black in the national parks. The North American Review, 258(3): 3-7.
53. Mitten, D. 1989. Healthy expressions of diversity lead to positive group experiences. Journal of Experiential Education, 12(3): 17-22.
54. Mitten, D. 1997. In the light: Sexual diversity on women's outdoor trips. Journal of Leisurability, 24(4): 22-30.
55. Nadler, R. S. 1993. "Therapeutic process of change". In Adventure therapy: Therapeutic applications of adventure programming, Edited by: Gass, M. A. 57-69. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing.
56. Nagda, B., Gurin, P. and Lopez, G. 2003. Transformative pedagogy for democracy and social justice. Race Ethnicity and Education, 6(2): 165-191.
57. Omatsu, G. 1999. Teaching for social change: Learning how to afflict the comfortable and comfort the afflicted. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, 32: 791-797.
58. Outley, C. and Floyd, M. 2002. The home they live in: Inner city children's views on the influence of parenting strategies on their leisure behavior. Leisure Sciences, 24(2): 161-180.
59. Paisley, K. 2010. "Is college worth more than a buck fifty in late charges at the public library?: The shoulds and oughts of a higher education". In Speaking up and speaking out: Working for social and environmental justice through parks, recreation, and leisure, Edited by: Paisley, K. and Dustin, D. 3-7. Champaign, IL: Sagamore.
60. Priest, S. and Gass, M. A. 2005. Effective leadership in adventure programming, 2nd ed., Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
61. Roberts, N. 2007. Visitor nonvisitor use constraints: Exploring ethnic minority experiences and perspectives, General Technical Report, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, National Park Service San Francisco, CA: San Francisco State University.
62. Roberts, N. 2009. Crossing the color line with a different perspective on whiteness and (anti)racism: A response to Mary McDonald. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(4): 495-510.
63. Russell, K., Hendee, J. and Phillips-Miller, D. 2000. "How wilderness therapy works: The wilderness therapy process for adolescents with behavioral problems and addictions". In Wilderness science in a time of change conference-Volume 3: Wilderness as a place for scientific inquiry, Proc. RMRS-P-15-vol. 3 Edited by: McCool, S. F., Cole, D., Borrie, W. and O'Loughlin, J. 207-217. Ogden, UT: USDA, Forest Service.
64. Sasidharan, V. 2002. Special issue introduction: Understanding recreation and the environment within the context of culture. Leisure Sciences, 24(1): 1-11.
65. Shinew, K., Stodolska, M., Floyd, M., Hibbler, D., Allison, M., Johnson, C. and Santos, C. 2006. Race and ethnicity in leisure behavior: Where have we been and where do we need to go?. Leisure Sciences, 28(4): 403-408.
66. Shome, R. 2000, September. Outing whiteness. Review and Criticism,: 366-371.
67. Spivak, G. 1988. "Can the subaltern speak?". In Marxism and the interpretation of culture, Edited by: Nelson, C. and Grossberg, L. 271-313. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press.
68. Sue, D. W. and Sue, D. 2008. Counseling the culturally different: Theory and practice, 5th ed., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
69. Walsh, V. and Golins, G. 1976. The exploration of the Outward Bound process, Denver, CO: Colorado Outward Bound School.
70. Warren, K. 1989. On valuing differences. Journal of Experiential Education, 12(3): 4
71. Warren, K. 2002. Preparing the next generation: Social justice in outdoor leadership education and training. Journal of Experiential Education, 25(1): 231-238.
72. Warren, K. 2005. A path worth taking: The development of social justice in outdoor experiential education. Equity & Excellence in Education, 38: 89-99.
73. Washburne, R. F. 1978. Black under-participation in wildland recreation: Alternative explanations. Leisure Studies, 1(2): 175-189.
74. Weems, M. 2002. I speak from the wound that is my mouth, New York, NY: Peter Lang.
75. Wildman, S. 1997. Reflections on whiteness and Latina/o critical theory. Harvard Latino Law Review, 2(1): 307-316.
76. Wilson, S. and Lipsey, M. 2000. Wilderness challenge programs for delinquent youth: A meta-analysis of outcome evaluations. Evaluation and Program Planning, 23: 1-12.
77. Wise, T. 2005. White like me: Reflections on race from a privileged son, Brooklyn, NY: Soft Skull.