Defining an Individualized Treatment Strategy for Metastatic Renal Cancer

Urologic Clinics of North America

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 233-249

  Hu, Brian ^a   Lara, Primo N ^b   Evans, Christopher P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Individual; Metastatic; Personalize; Renal cell carcinoma; Targeted therapy

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; AXITINIB; BEVACIZUMAB; CARBONATE DEHYDRATASE IX; DOVITINIB; ELONGIN B; ELONGIN C; ERLOTINIB; EVEROLIMUS; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1ALPHA; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 2ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN 2; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN INHIBITOR; PAZOPANIB; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PLACEBO; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR; PROCASPASE 9; PROTEIN KINASE B; S6 KINASE; SORAFENIB; SUNITINIB; TEMSIROLIMUS; TIVANTINIB; TIVOZANIB; VASCULOTROPIN; VON HIPPEL LINDAU PROTEIN;

CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CARCINOGENESIS; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CYTOREDUCTIVE SURGERY; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG TARGETING; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; METASTASIS; METASTASIS RESECTION; MONOTHERAPY; NEPHRECTOMY; PATIENT SELECTION; PERSONALIZED MEDICINE; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; REVIEW; SYSTEMIC THERAPY; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE; TUMOR VASCULARIZATION; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VHL GENE;

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS; ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS; CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INDIVIDUALIZED MEDICINE; INFUSIONS, INTRAVENOUS; KIDNEY NEOPLASMS; MALE; PATIENT SELECTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 84859510661     PISSN: 00940143     EISSN: 1558318X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2012.02.002     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Bukowski R.M. Natural history and therapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: the role of interleukin-2. Cancer 1997, 80(7):1198-1220.
2. Vaupel P., Mayer A. Hypoxia in cancer: significance and impact on clinical outcome. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2007, 26(2):225-239.
3. Rini B.I., Campbell S.C., Escudier B. Renal cell carcinoma. Lancet 2009, 373(9669):1119-1132.
4. Duan D.R., Pause A., Burgess W.H., et al. Inhibition of transcription elongation by the VHL tumor suppressor protein. Science 1995, 269(5229):1402-1406.
5. Kibel A., Iliopoulos O., DeCaprio J.A., et al. Binding of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein to Elongin B and C. Science 1995, 269(5229):1444-1446.
6. Pause A., Lee S., Worrell R.A., et al. The von Hippel-Lindau tumor-suppressor gene product forms a stable complex with human CUL-2, a member of the Cdc53 family of proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997, 94(6):2156-2161.
7. Kaelin W.G. The von Hippel-Lindau gene, kidney cancer, and oxygen sensing. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003, 14(11):2703-2711.
8. Banumathy G., Cairns P. Signaling pathways in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2010, 10(7):658-664.
9. Hudes G.R. Targeting mTOR in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 2009, 115(Suppl 10):2313-2320.
10. Robb V.A., Karbowniczek M., Klein-Szanto A.J., et al. Activation of the mTOR signaling pathway in renal clear cell carcinoma. J Urol 2007, 177(1):346-352.
11. Hager M., Haufe H., Alinger B., et al. pS6 expression in normal renal parenchyma, primary renal cell carcinomas and their metastases. Pathol Oncol Res 2011, [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1007/s12253-011-9439-y.
12. Russo P. Multi-modal treatment for metastatic renal cancer: the role of surgery. World J Urol 2010, 28(3):295-301.
13. Bennett R.T., Lerner S.E., Taub H.C., et al. Cytoreductive surgery for stage IV renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 1995, 154(1):32-34.
14. Flanigan R.C., Salmon S.E., Blumenstein B.A., et al. Nephrectomy followed by interferon alfa-2b compared with interferon alfa-2b alone for metastatic renal-cell cancer. N Engl J Med 2001, 345(23):1655-1659.
15. Lara P.N., Tangen C.M., Conlon S.J., et al. Predictors of survival of advanced renal cell carcinoma: long-term results from Southwest Oncology Group Trial S8949. J Urol 2009, 181(2):512-516. [discussion: 516-7].
16. Mickisch G.H., Garin A., van Poppel H., et al. Radical nephrectomy plus interferon-alfa-based immunotherapy compared with interferon alfa alone in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: a randomised trial. Lancet 2001, 358(9286):966-970.
17. Flanigan R.C., Mickisch G., Sylvester R., et al. Cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cancer: a combined analysis. J Urol 2004, 171(3):1071-1076.
18. Spiess P.E., Fishman M.N. Cytoreductive nephrectomy vs medical therapy as initial treatment: a rational approach to the sequence question in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Control 2010, 17(4):269-278.
19. Barney J.D., Churchill E.J. Adenocarcinoma of the kidney with metastasis to the lung: cured by nephrectomy and lobectomy. J Urol 1939, 143:269-276.
20. Wilkins E.W., Burke J.F., Head J.M. The surgical management of metastatic neoplasms in the lung. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1961, 42:298-309.
21. deKernion J.B., Sarna G., Figlin R., et al. The treatment of renal cell carcinoma with human leukocyte alpha-interferon. J Urol 1983, 130(6):1063-1066.
22. Quesada J.R., Swanson D.A., Trindade A., et al. Renal cell carcinoma: antitumor effects of leukocyte interferon. Cancer Res 1983, 43(2):940-947.
23. Fyfe G., Fisher R.I., Rosenberg S.A., et al. Results of treatment of 255 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who received high-dose recombinant interleukin-2 therapy. J Clin Oncol 1995, 13(3):688-696.
24. Motzer R.J., Hutson T.E., Tomczak P., et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007, 356(2):115-124.
25. Escudier B., Szczylik C., Hutson T.E., et al. Randomized phase II trial of first-line treatment with sorafenib versus interferon Alfa-2a in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(8):1280-1289.
26. Escudier B., Eisen T., Stadler W.M., et al. Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007, 356(2):125-134.
27. Sternberg C.N., Davis I.D., Mardiak J., et al. Pazopanib in locally advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results of a randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28(6):1061-1068.
28. Rini B.I., Escudier B., Tomczak P., et al. Comparative effectiveness of axitinib versus sorafenib in advanced renal cell carcinoma (AXIS): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet 2011, 378(9807):1931-1939.
29. AVEO and Astellas Announce Tivozanib Successfully Demonstrated Progression-FreeSurvival Superiority over Sorafenib in Patients with Advanced Renal Cell Cancer in Phase 3 TIVO-1 Trial. Available at: Accessed February 19, 2012. http://www.astellas.com/en/corporate/news/detail/aveo-and-astellas-announce-tiv.html.
30. Sarker D., Molife R., Evans T.R., et al. A phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of TKI258, an oral, multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2008, 14(7):2075-2081.
31. Gordon M.S., Hussey M., Nagle R.B., et al. Phase II study of erlotinib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic papillary histology renal cell cancer: SWOG S0317. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(34):5788-5793.
32. Escudier B., Pluzanska A., Koralewski P., et al. Bevacizumab plus interferon alfa-2a for treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a randomised, double-blind phase III trial. Lancet 2007, 370(9605):2103-2111.
33. Escudier B., Bellmunt J., Negrier S., et al. Phase III trial of bevacizumab plus interferon alfa-2a in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (AVOREN): final analysis of overall survival. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28(13):2144-2150.
34. Rini B.I., Halabi S., Rosenberg J.E., et al. Phase III trial of bevacizumab plus interferon alfa versus interferon alfa monotherapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: final results of CALGB 90206. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28(13):2137-2143.
35. Hudes G., Carducci M., Tomczak P., et al. Temsirolimus, interferon alfa, or both for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007, 356(22):2271-2281.
36. Motzer R.J., Escudier B., Oudard S., et al. Efficacy of everolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase III trial. Lancet 2008, 372(9637):449-456.
37. Motzer R.J., Bacik J., Murphy B.A., et al. Interferon-alfa as a comparative treatment for clinical trials of new therapies against advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2002, 20(1):289-296.
38. Mekhail T.M., Abou-Jawde R.M., Boumerhi G., et al. Validation and extension of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering prognostic factors model for survival in patients with previously untreated metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23(4):832-841.
39. Patard J.J., Kim H.L., Lam J.S., et al. Use of the University of California Los Angeles integrated staging system to predict survival in renal cell carcinoma: an international multicenter study. J Clin Oncol 2004, 22(16):3316-3322.
40. Heng D.Y., Xie W., Regan M.M., et al. Prognostic factors for overall survival in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted agents: results from a large, multicenter study. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(34):5794-5799.
41. Choueiri T.K., Garcia J.A., Elson P., et al. Clinical factors associated with outcome in patients with metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma treated with vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted therapy. Cancer 2007, 110(3):543-550.
42. Sun M., Shariat S.F., Cheng C., et al. Prognostic factors and predictive models in renal cell carcinoma: a contemporary review. Eur Urol 2011, 60(4):644-661.
43. Leibovich B.C., Sheinin Y., Lohse C.M., et al. Carbonic anhydrase IX is not an independent predictor of outcome for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25(30):4757-4764.
44. Wykoff C.C., Beasley N.J., Watson P.H., et al. Hypoxia-inducible expression of tumor-associated carbonic anhydrases. Cancer Res 2000, 60(24):7075-7083.
45. Bui M.H., Seligson D., Han K.R., et al. Carbonic anhydrase IX is an independent predictor of survival in advanced renal clear cell carcinoma: implications for prognosis and therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2003, 9(2):802-811.
46. Phuoc N.B., Ehara H., Gotoh T., et al. Prognostic value of the co-expression of carbonic anhydrase IX and vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2008, 20(3):525-530.
47. Rioux-Leclercq N., Fergelot P., Zerrouki S., et al. Plasma level and tissue expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in renal cell carcinoma: a prospective study of 50 cases. Hum Pathol 2007, 38(10):1489-1495.
48. Jacobsen J., Rasmuson T., Grankvist K., et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor as prognostic factor in renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 2000, 163(1):343-347.
49. Negrier S., Perol D., Menetrier-Caux C., et al. Interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and vascular endothelial growth factor in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: prognostic value of interleukin-6-from the Groupe Francais d'Immunotherapie. J Clin Oncol 2004, 22(12):2371-2378.
50. Klatte T., Seligson D.B., Riggs S.B., et al. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007, 13(24):7388-7393.
51. Lidgren A., Hedberg Y., Grankvist K., et al. The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha is a favorable independent prognostic factor in renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2005, 11(3):1129-1135.
52. Figlin R.A., de Souza P., McDermott D., et al. Analysis of PTEN and HIF-1alpha and correlation with efficacy in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma treated with temsirolimus versus interferon-alpha. Cancer 2009, 115(16):3651-3660.
53. Shen C., Beroukhim R., Schumacher S.E., et al. Genetic and Functional Studies Implicate HIF1alpha as a 14q Kidney Cancer Suppressor Gene. Cancer Discov 2011, 1(3):222-235.
54. Parker A.S., Leibovich B.C., Lohse C.M., et al. Development and evaluation of BioScore: a biomarker panel to enhance prognostic algorithms for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 2009, 115(10):2092-2103.
55. Kim H.L., Seligson D., Liu X., et al. Using tumor markers to predict the survival of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 2005, 173(5):1496-1501.
56. Kim H.L., Seligson D., Liu X., et al. Using protein expressions to predict survival in clear cell renal carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2004, 10(16):5464-5471.
57. Upton M.P., Parker R.A., Youmans A., et al. Histologic predictors of renal cell carcinoma response to interleukin-2-based therapy. J Immunother 2005, 28(5):488-495.
58. Atkins M., Regan M., McDermott D., et al. Carbonic anhydrase IX expression predicts outcome of interleukin 2 therapy for renal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005, 11(10):3714-3721.
59. Tostain J., Li G., Gentil-Perret A., et al. Carbonic anhydrase 9 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a marker for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Eur J Cancer 2010, 46(18):3141-3148.
60. McDermott D.F., Ghebremichael M., Signoretti S., et al. The high-dose aldesleukin (HD IL-2) Select trial in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): preliminary assessment of clinical benefit. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:15s. (Suppl; abstr 4514).
61. de Martino M., Klatte T., Seligson D.B., et al. CA9 gene: single nucleotide polymorphism predicts metastatic renal cell carcinoma prognosis. J Urol 2009, 182(2):728-734.
62. Rini B.I., Cohen D.P., Lu D.R., et al. Hypertension as a biomarker of efficacy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011, 103(9):763-773.
63. Rini B.I., Schiller J.H., Fruehauf J.P., et al. Diastolic blood pressure as a biomarker of axitinib efficacy in solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2011, 17(11):3841-3849.
64. Jonasch E., Bair A., Chen Y., et al. Axitinib with or without dose titration as first-line therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). J Clin Oncol 2010, 28(Suppl 15; abstr TPS235).
65. Rini B.I., Jaeger E., Weinberg V., et al. Clinical response to therapy targeted at vascular endothelial growth factor in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: impact of patient characteristics and Von Hippel-Lindau gene status. BJU Int 2006, 98(4):756-762.
66. Choueiri T.K., Vaziri S.A., Jaeger E., et al. von Hippel-Lindau gene status and response to vascular endothelial growth factor targeted therapy for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 2008, 180(3):860-865. [discussion: 865-6].
67. Patel P.H., Chadalavada R.S., Ishill N.M., et al. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1α and 2α levels in cell lines and human tumor predicts response to sunitinib in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). J Clin Oncol 2008, 26. (Suppl; abstr 5008).
68. Deprimo S.E., Bello C.L., Smeraglia J., et al. Circulating protein biomarkers of pharmacodynamic activity of sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: modulation of VEGF and VEGF-related proteins. J Transl Med 2007, 5:32.
69. Rini B.I., Michaelson M.D., Rosenberg J.E., et al. Antitumor activity and biomarker analysis of sunitinib in patients with bevacizumab-refractory metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(22):3743-3748.
70. Escudier B., Eisen T., Stadler W.M., et al. Sorafenib for treatment of renal cell carcinoma: final efficacy and safety results of the phase III treatment approaches in renal cancer global evaluation trial. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(20):3312-3318.
71. Farace F., Gross-Goupil M., Tournay E., et al. Levels of circulating CD45(dim)CD34(+)VEGFR2(+) progenitor cells correlate with outcome in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Br J Cancer 2011, 104(7):1144-1150.
72. Garcia-Donas J., Esteban E., Leandro-Garcia L.J., et al. Single nucleotide polymorphism associations with response and toxic effects in patients with advanced renal-cell carcinoma treated with first-line sunitinib: a multicentre, observational, prospective study. Lancet Oncol 2011, 12(12):1143-1150.
73. Cho D., Signoretti S., Dabora S., et al. Potential histologic and molecular predictors of response to temsirolimus in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2007, 5(6):379-385.
74. Neshat M.S., Mellinghoff I.K., Tran C., et al. Enhanced sensitivity of PTEN-deficient tumors to inhibition of FRAP/mTOR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001, 98(18):10314-10319.
75. Pantuck A.J., Seligson D.B., Klatte T., et al. Prognostic relevance of the mTOR pathway in renal cell carcinoma: implications for molecular patient selection for targeted therapy. Cancer 2007, 109(11):2257-2267.
76. Patard J.J., Pignot G., Escudier B., et al. ICUD-EAU International Consultation on Kidney Cancer 2010: treatment of metastatic disease. Eur Urol 2011, 60(4):684-690.
77. Logan T., McDermott D.F., Dutcher J.P., et al. Exploratory analysis of the influence of nephrectomy status on temsirolimus efficacy in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma and poor-risk features. J Clin Oncol (Meeting Abstracts) 2008, 26(15 Suppl). 5050.
78. Halbert R.J., Figlin R.A., Atkins M.B., et al. Treatment of patients with metastatic renal cell cancer: a RAND Appropriateness Panel. Cancer 2006, 107(10):2375-2383.
79. Bex A., Horenblas S., Meinhardt W., et al. The role of initial immunotherapy as selection for nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and the primary tumor in situ. Eur Urol 2002, 42(6):570-574. [discussion: 575-6].
80. Powles T., Blank C., Chowdhury S., et al. The outcome of patients treated with sunitinib prior to planned nephrectomy in metastatic clear cell renal cancer. Eur Urol 2011, 60(3):448-454.
81. Motzer R.J., Hutson T.E., Tomczak P., et al. Overall survival and updated results for sunitinib compared with interferon alfa in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(22):3584-3590.
82. Thomas A.A., Rini B.I., Lane B.R., et al. Response of the primary tumor to neoadjuvant sunitinib in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 2009, 181(2):518-523. [discussion: 523].
83. Karakiewicz P.I., Suardi N., Jeldres C., et al. Neoadjuvant sutent induction therapy may effectively down-stage renal cell carcinoma atrial thrombi. Eur Urol 2008, 53(4):845-848.
84. Cost N.G., Delacroix S.E., Sleeper J.P., et al. The impact of targeted molecular therapies on the level of renal cell carcinoma vena caval tumor thrombus. Eur Urol 2011, 59(6):912-918.
85. Cowey C.L., Amin C., Pruthi R.S., et al. Neoadjuvant clinical trial with sorafenib for patients with stage II or higher renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28(9):1502-1507.
86. Margulis V., Matin S.F., Tannir N., et al. Surgical morbidity associated with administration of targeted molecular therapies before cytoreductive nephrectomy or resection of locally recurrent renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 2008, 180(1):94-98.
87. Alt A.L., Boorjian S.A., Lohse C.M., et al. Survival after complete surgical resection of multiple metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 2011, 117(13):2873-2882.
88. Kavolius J.P., Mastorakos D.P., Pavlovich C., et al. Resection of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1998, 16(6):2261-2266.
89. Eggener S.E., Yossepowitch O., Kundu S., et al. Risk score and metastasectomy independently impact prognosis of patients with recurrent renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 2008, 180(3):873-878. [discussion: 878].
90. Gore M.E., Szczylik C., Porta C., et al. Safety and efficacy of sunitinib for metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: an expanded-access trial. Lancet Oncol 2009, 10(8):757-763.
91. Dutcher J.P., de Souza P., McDermott D., et al. Effect of temsirolimus versus interferon-alpha on outcome of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma of different tumor histologies. Med Oncol 2009, 26(2):202-209.
92. Di Lorenzo G., Carteni G., Autorino R., et al. Phase II study of sorafenib in patients with sunitinib-refractory metastatic renal cell cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(27):4469-4474.