Use of statins is associated with an increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

Volumn 71, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 648-654

  De Jong, H J I ^a,b,c   Klungel, O H ^c   Van Dijk, L ^d   Vandebriel, R J ^a   Leufkens, H G M ^c   Van Der Laan, J W ^a   Cohen Tervaert, J W ^b   Van Loveren, H ^a,b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT   (Netherlands)

^b MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^c UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^d NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATORVASTATIN; CERIVASTATIN; CORTICOSTEROID DERIVATIVE; DISEASE MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUG; FLUINDOSTATIN; GOLD DERIVATIVE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; PRAVASTATIN; ROSUVASTATIN; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; SIMVASTATIN;

ADULT; AGE; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CASE CONTROL STUDY; COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DATA BASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG USE; FEMALE; GENDER; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; INCIDENCE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NETHERLANDS; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT REFERRAL; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOLOGY; RISK ASSESSMENT;

ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS; ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; DATABASES, FACTUAL; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PRESCRIPTIONS; RISK FACTORS; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 84859508434     PISSN: 00034967     EISSN: 14682060     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/ard.2011.155622     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. WHO Collaborating Centre for Immunotoxicology and Allergic Hypersensitivity. Principles and Methods for Assessing Autoimmunity Associated with Exposure to Chemicals: Environmental Health Criteria 236. Bilthoven, The Netherlands: World Health Organization, 2006.
2. Mongey AB, Hess EV. Drug insight: autoimmune effects of medications - what's new? Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2008;4:136-44. (Pubitemid 351338628)
3. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005;366:1267-78.
4. Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364:685-96. (Pubitemid 39140624)
5. Sever PS, Dahlöf B, Poulter NR, et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial - Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:1149-58. (Pubitemid 36398384)
6. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, et al. Reduction in C-reactive protein and LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular event rates after initiation of rosuvastatin: a prospective study of the JUPITER trial. Lancet 2009;373:1175-82.
7. McCarey DW, McInnes IB, Madhok R, et al. Trial of Atorvastatin in Rheumatoid Arthritis (TARA): double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004;363:2015-21. (Pubitemid 38781100)
8. Arnaud C, Braunersreuther V, Mach F. Toward immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of statins. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2005;15:202-6. (Pubitemid 41338006)
9. Kanda H, Yokota K, Kohno C, et al. Effects of low-dosage simvastatin on rheumatoid arthritis through reduction of Th1/Th2 and CD4/CD8 ratios. Mod Rheumatol 2007;17:364-8. (Pubitemid 47593482)
10. Funk JL, Chen J, Downey KJ, et al. Bone protective effect of simvastatin in experimental arthritis. J Rheumatol 2008;35:1083-91. (Pubitemid 351813156)
11. Lodi S, Evans SJ, Egger P, et al. Is there an anti-inflammatory effect of statins in rheumatoid arthritis? Analysis of a large routinely collected claims database. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2010;69:85-94.
12. Noël B. Lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases related to statin therapy: a systematic review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007;21:17-24.
13. Alla V, Abraham J, Siddiqui J, et al. Autoimmune hepatitis triggered by statins. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006;40:757-61. (Pubitemid 44350601)
14. Sattar N, Preiss D, Murray HM, et al. Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials. Lancet 2010;375:735-42.
15. Mevorach D. Systemic lupus erythematosus and apoptosis: a question of balance. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2003;25:49-60.
16. Chapman-Shimshoni D, Yuklea M, Radnay J, et al. Simvastatin induces apoptosis of B-CLL cells by activation of mitochondrial caspase 9. Exp Hematol 2003;31:779-83. (Pubitemid 37075970)
17. Youssef S, Stüve O, Patarroyo JC, et al. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin, promotes a Th2 bias and reverses paralysis in central nervous system autoimmune disease. Nature 2002;420:78-84. (Pubitemid 35291443)
18. Jick SS, Choi H, Li L, et al. Hyperlipidaemia, statin use and the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:546-51.
19. Chodick G, Amital H, Shalem Y, et al. Persistence with statins and onset of rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study. PLoS Med 2010;7:e1000336.
20. Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C. Unintended effects of statins in men and women in England and Wales: population based cohort study using the QResearch database. BMJ 2010;340:c2197.
21. Smeeth L, Douglas I, Hall AJ, et al. Effect of statins on a wide range of health outcomes: a cohort study validated by comparison with randomized trials. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009;67:99-109.
22. Linh.nl [internet]. Utrecht: Netherlands Institute for health services research; c1992 - [updated 2011 May 30; cited 2011 Sept 25]. Available from: http://www.linh.nl/
23. Whocc.no [internet]. Oslo: WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology; c1996 [updated 2010 Dec 21; cited 2011 Sept 25]. Available from: http://http://www.whocc.no/atc-ddd-index/
24. Lamberts H, Wood M. ICPC. International Classification of Primary Care. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
25. Chan KW, Felson DT, Yood RA, et al. The lag time between onset of symptoms and diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37:814-20. (Pubitemid 24184530)
26. Palm Ø, Purinszky E. Women with early rheumatoid arthritis are referred later than men. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:1227-8. (Pubitemid 41113364)
27. Penning-van Beest FJ, Termorshuizen F, Goettsch WG, et al. Adherence to evidence-based statin guidelines reduces the risk of hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction by 40%: a cohort study. Eur Heart J 2007;28:154-9.
28. Pedersen M, Jacobsen S, Klarlund M, et al. Environmental risk factors differ between rheumatoid arthritis with and without auto-antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8:R133.
29. Mickey RM, Greenland S. The impact of confounder selection criteria on effect estimation. Am J Epidemiol 1989;129:125-37. (Pubitemid 19030705)
30. Greenland S, Robin MR, Pearl J. Confounding and collapsibility in causal inference. Stat Sci 1999;14:29-46.
31. Kagami S, Owada T, Kanari H, et al. Protein geranylgeranylation regulates the balance between Th17 cells and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Int Immunol 2009;21:679-89.
32. Esensten JH, Wofsy D, Bluestone JA. Regulatory T cells as therapeutic targets in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2009;5:560-5.
33. Tang TT, Song Y, Ding YJ, et al. Atorvastatin upregulates regulatory T cells and reduces clinical disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Lipid Res 2011;52:1023-32.
34. Zhou X, Bailey-Bucktrout SL, Jeker LT, et al. Instability of the transcription factor Foxp3 leads to the generation of pathogenic memory T cells in vivo. Nat Immunol 2009;10:1000-7.
35. Komatsu N, Mariotti-Ferrandiz ME, Wang Y, et al. Heterogeneity of natural Foxp3+ T cells: a committed regulatory T-cell lineage and an uncommitted minor population retaining plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009;106:1903-8.
36. Kivity S, Agmon-Levin N, Blank M, et al. Infections and autoimmunity - friends or foes? Trends Immunol 2009;30:409-14.
37. Preston C, Cheater F, Baker R, et al. Left in limbo: patients' views on care across the primary/secondary interface. Qual Health Care 1999;8:16-21. (Pubitemid 29161507)
38. Kvamme OJ, Olesen F, Samuelson M, et al. Improving the interface between primary and secondary care: a statement from the European Working Party on Quality in Family Practice (EQuiP). Qual Health Care 2001;10:33-9.
39. Sugiyama D, Nishimura K, Tamaki K, et al. Impact of smoking as a risk factor for developing rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:70-81.
40. Lin DY, Psaty BM, Kronmal RA. Assessing the sensitivity of regression results to unmeasured confounders in observational studies. Biometrics 1998;54:948-63. (Pubitemid 28429289)
41. van Halm VP, Nielen MM, Nurmohamed MT, et al. Lipids and inflammation: serial measurements of the lipid profile of blood donors who later developed rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:184-8. (Pubitemid 46226052)
42. Solomon DH, Greenberg J, Reed G, et al. Cardiovascular risk among patients with RA in CORRONA: comparing the explanatory value of traditional cardiovascular risk factors with RA risk factors. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:482.
43. Peters MJ, Nielen MM, Raterman HG, et al. Increased cardiovascular disease in patients with inflammatory arthritis in primary care: a cross-sectional observation. J Rheumatol 2009;36:1866-8.
44. Steiner G, Urowitz MB. Lipid profiles in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: mechanisms and the impact of treatment. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2009; 38:372-81.
45. Myasoedova E, Crowson CS, Kremers HM, et al. Total cholesterol and LDL levels decrease before rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1310-4.
46. Hurt-Camejo E, Paredes S, Masana L, et al. Elevated levels of small, low-density lipoprotein with high affinity for arterial matrix components in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: possible contribution of phospholipase A2 to this atherogenic profile. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:2761-7. (Pubitemid 34016195)
47. Goodson NJ, Silman AJ, Pattison DJ, et al. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors measured prior to the onset of inflammatory polyarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004;43:731-6. (Pubitemid 38807430)
48. Libby P. Role of inflammation in atherosclerosis associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med 2008;121(10 Suppl 1):S21-31.
49. Vandebroucke JP. Oral contraceptives and rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1983;2:228-9.