Neovascularization of coronary tunica intima (DIT) is the cause of coronary atherosclerosis. Lipoproteins invade coronary intima via neovascularization from adventitial vasa vasorum, but not from the arterial lumen: A hypothesis

Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2012, Pages

  Subbotin, Vladimir M ^a  

^a NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BGN PROTEIN, HUMAN; BIGLYCAN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL;

ADVENTITIA; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BLOOD; CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY; CHOLESTEROL INTAKE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORONARY BLOOD VESSEL; FOAM CELL; HUMAN; INTIMA; MAMMAL; METABOLISM; NEOVASCULARIZATION (PATHOLOGY); PATHOLOGY; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; VASA VASORUM; VASCULITIS;

ADVENTITIA; ANIMALS; BIGLYCAN; CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY; CHOLESTEROL, DIETARY; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORONARY VESSELS; FOAM CELLS; HUMANS; MAMMALS; MODELS, CARDIOVASCULAR; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; TUNICA INTIMA; VASA VASORUM; VASCULITIS;

EID: 84859499566     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17424682     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-9-11     Document Type: Article

References (194)

1. Atherosclerosis drug development in jeopardy: the need for predictive biomarkers of treatment response. Fryburg DA, Vassileva MT, Sci Transl Med 2011 3 1 5 72cm76
2. Vascular System. A. Blood vessels and lymphatics. Moore S, In Anderson's Pathology. Volume 1. 10th edition, Damjanov I, Linder J, Louis St, Mosby Mo, 1996 1397 1420 23120748
3. he pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s. Ross R, Nature 1993 362 801 809 10.1038/362801a0 8479518 (Pubitemid 23132154)
4. Britannica E, Atherosclerosis In Britannica Online Encyclopaedia Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc 2010
5. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. Hansson GK, N Engl J Med 2005 352 1685 1695 10.1056/NEJMra043430 15843671 (Pubitemid 40530235)
6. Vascular proliferation and atherosclerosis: new perspectives and therapeutic strategies. Dzau VJ, Braun-Dullaeus RC, Sedding DG, Nat Med 2002 8 1249 1256 10.1038/nm1102-1249 12411952 (Pubitemid 35373556)
7. Detection of diverse bacterial signatures in atherosclerotic lesions of patients with coronary heart disease. Ott SJ, El Mokhtari NE, Musfeldt M, et al. Circulation 2006 113 929 937 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.579979 16490835 (Pubitemid 43879467)
8. Atherosclerosis induced by infection with Marek's disease herpesvirus in chickens. Fabricant CG, Fabricant J, Am Heart J 1999 138 465 468 10.1016/S0002-8703(99)70276-0 10539849
9. Virus-induced atherosclerosis. Fabricant CG, Fabricant J, Litrenta MM, et al. J Exp Med 1978 148 335 340 10.1084/jem.148.1.335 209124 (Pubitemid 8376500)
10. Atheroarteriosclerosis induced by infection with a herpesvirus. Minick CR, Fabricant CG, Fabricant J, et al. Am J Pathol 1979 96 673 706 382868 (Pubitemid 10223159)
11. Review and hypothesis: vulnerable plaque formation from obstruction of Vasa vasorum by homocysteinylated and oxidized lipoprotein aggregates complexed with microbial remnants and LDL autoantibodies. Ravnskov U, McCully KS, Ann Clin Lab Sci 2009 39 3 16 19201735
12. Human cytomegalovirus infection and atherothrombosis. Popovic M, Smiljanic K, Dobutovic B, et al. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2012 33 160 172 10.1007/s11239-011-0662-x 22161772
13. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and/or Chlamydophila pneumoniae inoculation causing different aggravations in cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in apoE KO male mice. Damy SB, Higuchi ML, Timenetsky J, et al. BMC Microbiol 2009 9 194 10.1186/1471-2180-9-194 19744321
14. Infection-induced coronary dysfunction and systemic inflammation in piglets are dampened in hypercholesterolemic milieu. Birck MM, Pesonen E, Odermarsky M, et al. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011 300 1595 1601 10.1152/ajpheart.01253.2010 21357512
15. Cardiovascular safety of lumiracoxib: a meta-analysis of all randomized controlled trials > or =1 week and up to 1 year in duration of patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Matchaba P, Gitton X, Krammer G, et al. Clin Ther 2005 27 1196 1214 10.1016/j.clinthera.2005.07.019 16199245 (Pubitemid 41393914)
16. Antibiotic treatment of Chlamydia pneumoniae after acute coronary syndrome. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. N Engl J Med 2005 352 1646 1654 10.1056/NEJMoa043528 15843667 (Pubitemid 40530231)
17. Azithromycin for the secondary prevention of coronary events. Grayston JT, Kronmal RA, Jackson LA, et al. N Engl J Med 2005 352 1637 1645 10.1056/NEJMoa043526 15843666 (Pubitemid 40530230)
18. Effects of antibiotic therapy on outcomes of patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Andraws R, Berger JS, Brown DL, JAMA 2005 293 2641 2647 10.1001/jama.293.21.2641 15928286 (Pubitemid 40741201)
19. Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis: the end? Nicolle LE, Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2005 16 267 268 18159555 (Pubitemid 41719716)
20. Role of Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerosis. Watson C, Alp NJ, Clin Sci (Lond) 2008 114 509 531 10.1042/CS20070298 (Pubitemid 351548759)
21. Bernard C, An introduction to the study of experimental medicine New York: Henry Schuman, Inc. 1949
22. The concept of cause in disease. Stehbens WE, J Chronic Dis 1985 38 947 950 10.1016/0021-9681(85)90130-4 4055981 (Pubitemid 16195289)
23. The forgotten majority: unfinished business in cardiovascular risk reduction. Libby P, J Am Coll Cardiol 2005 46 1225 1228 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.07. 006 16198835 (Pubitemid 41615541)
24. Planning primary prevention of coronary disease. Lands B, Curr Atheroscler Rep 2009 11 272 280 10.1007/s11883-009-0042-6 19500490
25. Progress and challenges in translating the biology of atherosclerosis. Libby P, Ridker PM, Hansson GK, Nature 2011 473 317 325 10.1038/nature10146 21593864
26. ber die experimentelle atherosklerose der herzklappen. Anitschkow N, Virchows Arch 1915 220 233 256 10.1007/BF01949104
27. Cholesterol in the prediction of atherosclerotic disease. New perspectives based on the Framingham study. Kannel WB, Castelli WP, Gordon T, Ann Intern Med 1979 90 85 91 217290 (Pubitemid 9096758)
28. Consensus conference. Lowering blood cholesterol to prevent heart disease. Anonimus, JAMA 1985 253 2080 2086 3974099
29. Lowering blood cholesterol to prevent heart disease. NIH consensus development conference statement. Anonimus, Nutr Rev 1985 43 283 291 4058807
30. NIH Consensus Development Conference. Lowering blood cholesterol to prevent heart disease. Anonimus, Wis Med J 1985 84 18 19 4072237
31. NIH consensus development conference on lowering blood cholesterol to prevent heart disease: implications for dietitians. Ernst ND, J Am Diet Assoc 1985 85 586 588 3989174 (Pubitemid 15031613)
32. Lowering blood cholesterol to prevent heart disease. Anonimus, Natl Inst Health Consens Dev Conf Consens Statement 1985 5 27 3887139
33. Consensus development summaries. Lowering blood cholesterol to prevent heart disease. National Institutes of Health. Anonimus, Conn Med 1985 49 357 364 4017584
34. Hold the Eggs and Butter. Wallis C, TIME 1984 123 62
35. Reduction of serum LDL-C levels: a relationship to clinical benefits. LaRosa JC, Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2003 3 271 281 10.2165/00129784-200303040-00006 14728080 (Pubitemid 37069838)
36. Treating residual cardiovascular risk: will lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 inhibition live up to its promise? Koenig W, J Am Coll Cardiol 2008 51 1642 1644 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.02.025 18436115 (Pubitemid 351626408)
37. Shifting to new targets in pharmacological prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Nilsson J, Kovanen PT, Curr Opin Lipidol 2009 20 361 362 10.1097/MOL.0b013e32833158ce 19741336
38. Cholesterol drug lowers LDL-C levels but again fails to show clinical benefit. Mitka M, JAMA 2010 303 211 212 10.1001/jama.2009.1915 20085945
39. Inflammatory biomarkers and coronary heart disease: from bench to bedside and back. Biasillo G, Leo M, Della Bona R, et al. Intern Emerg Med 2010 5 225 233 10.1007/s11739-010-0361-1 20182820
40. Vegetarianism, coronary disease risk factors and coronary heart disease. Thorogood M, Curr Opin Lipidol 1994 5 17 21 10.1097/00041433-199402000-00004 15559026 (Pubitemid 24057576)
41. Naturally occuring arteriosclerosis in animals: a comparison with experimentally induced lesions. Lindsay S, Chaikoff IL, In Atherosclerosis and its origin New York: Academic Press, Sandler M, Bourne GH, 1963 349 437
42. Arteriosclerosis in exotic mammals. Bohorquez F, Stout C, Atherosclerosis 1972 16 225 231 10.1016/0021-9150(72)90056-1 4634814
43. Arteriosclerosis in the African elephant. I. Intimal atherosclerosis and its possible causes. McCullagh KG, Atherosclerosis 1972 16 307 335 10.1016/0021-9150(72)90080-9 4657742
44. Arteriosclerosis in the dog. I. Spontaneous lesions in the aorta and the coronary arteries. Lindsay S, Chaikoff IL, Gilmore JW, AMA Arch Pathol 1952 53 281 300 14902234
45. Arteriosclerosis in wild animals in captivity. Finlayson R, Symons C, Proc R Soc Med 1961 54 973 19994143
46. Atherosclerosis: a comparative study. Finlayson R, Symons C, Fiennes RN, Br Med J 1962 1 501 507 10.1136/bmj.1.5277.501 13893013
47. Human atherosclerosis in relation to the cholesterol content of the blood serum. Landé KE, Sperry WM, Arch Pathol 1936 22 301 312
48. The role of lipid in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Stehbens WE, Lancet 1975 1 724 727 47486
49. The hypothetical epidemic of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis. Stehbens WE, Med Hypotheses 1995 45 449 454 10.1016/0306-9877(95)90219-8 8748084
50. Atherosclerosis: usage and misusage. Stehbens WE, J Intern Med 1998 243 395 398 10.1046/j.1365-2796.1998.00327.x 9651563 (Pubitemid 28255485)
51. Use and misuse of atherosclerosis. Stehbens WE, J Intern Med 1999 245 311 10205596
52. Coronary heart disease, hypercholesterolemia, and atherosclerosis. II. Misrepresented data. Stehbens WE, Exp Mol Pathol 2001 70 120 139 10.1006/exmp.2000.2339 11263955 (Pubitemid 34412211)
53. Coronary heart disease, hypercholesterolemia, and atherosclerosis. I. False premises. Stehbens WE, Exp Mol Pathol 2001 70 103 119 10.1006/exmp.2000. 2340 11263954 (Pubitemid 34412210)
54. Hypothetical hypercholesterolaemia and atherosclerosis. Stehbens WE, Med Hypotheses 2004 62 72 78 10.1016/S0306-9877(03)00267-6 14729007 (Pubitemid 38200008)
55. An elevated serum cholesterol level is secondary, not causal, in coronary heart disease. Ravnskov U, Med Hypotheses 1991 36 238 241 10.1016/0306-9877(91) 90140-T 1787818
56. The questionable role of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in cardiovascular disease. Ravnskov U, J Clin Epidemiol 1998 51 443 460 10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00018-3 9635993 (Pubitemid 28310233)
57. A hypothesis out-of-date. the diet-heart idea. Ravnskov U, J Clin Epidemiol 2002 55 1057 1063 10.1016/S0895-4356(02)00504-8 12507667 (Pubitemid 36043981)
58. The fallacies of the lipid hypothesis. Ravnskov U, Scand Cardiovasc J 2008 42 236 239 10.1080/14017430801983082 18615352
59. Cholesterol was healthy in the end. Ravnskov U, World Rev Nutr Diet 2009 100 90 109 19696531
60. Why the overstated beneficial effects of statins do not resolve the cholesterol controversy. Mascitelli L, Pezzetta F, Goldstein MR, QJM 2009 102 435 436 19276210
61. Normal and oxidized low density lipoproteins accumulate deep in physiologically thickened intima of human coronary arteries. Fukuchi M, Watanabe J, Kumagai K, et al. Lab Invest 2002 82 1437 1447 12379778 (Pubitemid 35191547)
62. Early human atherosclerosis: accumulation of lipid and proteoglycans in intimal thickenings followed by macrophage infiltration. Nakashima Y, Fujii H, Sumiyoshi S, et al. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007 27 1159 1165 10.1161/ATVBAHA.106.134080 17303781 (Pubitemid 46641972)
63. A definition of the intima of human arteries and of its atherosclerosis-prone regions. A report from the committee on vascular lesions of the council on arteriosclerosis, american heart association. Stary HC, Blankenhorn DH, Chandler AB, et al. Arterioscler Thromb 1992 12 120 134 10.1161/01.ATV.12.1.120 1731855
64. Early morphologic stage of human coronary atherosclerosis. Nakashima T, Tashiro T, Kurume Med J 1968 15 235 242 10.2739/kurumemedj.15.235 5191277
65. Mechanical strain induces specific changes in the synthesis and organization of proteoglycans by vascular smooth muscle cells. Lee RT, Yamamoto C, Feng Y, et al. J Biol Chem 2001 276 13847 13851 11278699
66. Proteoglycans synthesized by arterial smooth muscle cells in the presence of transforming growth factor-beta1 exhibit increased binding to LDLs. Little PJ, Tannock L, Olin KL, et al. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002 22 55 60 10.1161/hq0102.101100 11788461 (Pubitemid 34076232)
67. Early atherosclerosis in humans: role of diffuse intimal thickening and extracellular matrix proteoglycans. Nakashima Y, Wight TN, Sueishi K, Cardiovasc Res 2008 79 14 23 10.1093/cvr/cvn099 18430750 (Pubitemid 351881944)
68. Distributions of diffuse intimal thickening in human arteries: preferential expression in atherosclerosis-prone arteries from an early age. Nakashima Y, Chen YX, Kinukawa N, et al. Virchows Arch 2002 441 279 288 10.1007/s00428-002-0605-1 12242525
69. Analysis of arterial intimal hyperplasia: review and hypothesis. Subbotin VM, Theor Biol Med Model 2007 4 41 10.1186/1742-4682-4-41 17974015
70. Ueber die Abhängigkeit der Bindegewebsneubildung in der Arterienintima von den mechanischen Bedingungen des Blutumlaufes. Erste Mittheilung. Die Rückwirkung des Verschlusses der Nabelarterien und des arteriösen Ganges auf die Structur der Aortenwand. Thoma R, Archiv fur pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und fur klinische Medicin (Virchows Archiv) 1883 93 443 505
71. A definition of the intima of human arteries and of its atherosclerosis- prone regions. A report from the committee on vascular lesions of the council on arteriosclerosis, american heart association. Stary HC, Blankenhorn DH, Chandler AB, et al. Circulation 1992 85 391 405 10.1161/01.CIR.85.1.391 1728483
72. ber die histologische Struktur der Coronararterien des menschlichen Herzens. Wolkoff K, Virchows Arch 1923 241 42 58 10.1007/BF01942462
73. A definition of initial, fatty streak, and intermediate lesions of atherosclerosis. A report from the committee on vascular lesions of the council on arteriosclerosis, american heart association. Stary HC, Chandler AB, Glagov S, et al. Circulation 1994 89 2462 2478 10.1161/01.CIR.89.5.2462 8181179 (Pubitemid 24142837)
74. Distribution of intimal and medial thickening in the human right coronary artery: a study of 17 RCAs. Ojha M, Leask RL, Butany J, et al. Atherosclerosis 2001 158 147 153 10.1016/S0021-9150(00)00759-0 11500185 (Pubitemid 32735478)
75. Development of intimal thickening of coronary arteries over the lifetime of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fed different lipid sources. Seierstad SL, Svindland A, Larsen S, et al. J Fish Dis 2008 31 401 413 10.1111/j.1365-2761. 2008.00913.x 18471096 (Pubitemid 351677378)
76. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy: real or a normal morphologic variant? Houser S, Muniappan A, Allan J, et al. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007 26 167 173 10.1016/j.healun.2006.11.012 17258151 (Pubitemid 46136038)
77. Is pathologic intimal thickening the key to understanding early plaque progression in human atherosclerotic disease? Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Nakazawa G, et al. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007 27 986 989 10.1161/ATVBAHA. 0000258865.44774.41 17442894 (Pubitemid 46641964)
78. Coronary risk factors and plaque morphology in men with coronary disease who died suddenly. Burke AP, Farb A, Malcom GT, et al. N Engl J Med 1997 336 1276 1282 10.1056/NEJM199705013361802 9113930 (Pubitemid 27187780)
79. Stary HC, An atlas of atherosclerosis: progression and regression New York: Parthenon Publishing Group 1999
80. Pathologic assessment of the vulnerable human coronary plaque. Kolodgie FD, Virmani R, Burke AP, et al. Heart 2004 90 1385 1391 10.1136/hrt.2004.041798 15547008 (Pubitemid 39626306)
81. Atherosclerotic plaque regression: fact or fiction? Shanmugam N, Roman-Rego A, Ong P, et al. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2010 24 311 317 10.1007/s10557-010-6241-0 20549322
82. Subendothelial lipoprotein retention as the initiating process in atherosclerosis: update and therapeutic implications. Tabas I, Williams KJ, Boren J, Circulation 2007 116 1832 1844 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.676890 17938300 (Pubitemid 350287108)
83. Atherosclerosis in relation to the structure and function of the arterial intima, with special reference to the endothelium. French JE, Int Rev Exp Pathol 1966 5 253 353 4877347
84. Ueber die Abhangigkeit der Bindegewebsneubildung in der Arterienintima von den mechanischen Bedingungen des Blutumlaufes. Thoma R, Archiv fur pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und fur klinische Medicin (Virchows Archiv) 1886 105 1 28
85. ber die intima der arterien. Thoma R, Virchows Arch 1921 230 1 45 10.1007/BF01948742
86. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Consigny PM, AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995 164 553 558 7863871
87. Dellmann HD, Textbook of Veterinary Histology Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1998
88. Ham AW, Histology Philadelphia: Lippincott 9 1987
89. Junqueira LC, Carneiro J, Basic Histology: Text & Atlas New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies 11 International Edition 2005 22781923
90. Vascular Endothelium. DiCorleto PE, Gimbrone MAJ, In Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, Fuster V, Ross R, Topol EJ, 1 1996 387 399
91. Friedman M, Pathogenesis of coronary artery disease New York: Blakiston Division, McGraw-Hill 1969
92. The endothelium: injury and repair of the arterial wall. Goldberg ID, In The Coronary Artery New York: Oxford University Press, Kalsner S, 1982 417 432
93. Endothelial and smooth-muscle cells. Huttner I, Kocher O, Gabbani G, In Diseases of the arterial wall London: Springer-Verlag, Camilleri J-P, Berry CL, Fiessinger J-N, Bariety J, 1989 3 41
94. Kuehnel W, Color Atlas of Cytology, Histology, and Microscopic Anatomy New York: Thieme Verlag 4 2003
95. Bacon RL, Niles NR, Medical histology: a text-atlas with introductory pathology New York: Springer-Verlag 1983
96. Ross MH, Kaye GI, Pawlina W, Histology: a text and atlas Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 4 2003
97. Gartner LP, Hiatt JL, Color textbook of histology Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier 3 2007
98. From the bottom of the heart: anteroposterior decisions in cardiac muscle differentiation. Rosenthal N, Xavier-Neto J, Curr Opin Cell Biol 2000 12 742 746 10.1016/S0955-0674(00)00162-9 11063942
99. Medscape.com. [ http://www.medscape.com/ ]
100. coronary artery atherosclerosis. McPherson JA, Ahsan CH, Boudi FB, In Medscape 2011
101. Blood Vessels. Chapter 33. Gallagher PJ, In Histology for Pathologists Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, Sternberg SS, 2 1997 763 786
102. Stehbens WE, Vascular Pathology London: Chapman & Hall Medical 1995
103. Translating molecular discoveries into new therapies for atherosclerosis. Rader DJ, Daugherty A, Nature 2008 451 904 913 10.1038/nature06796 18288179 (Pubitemid 351301745)
104. Obesity, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Rocha VZ, Libby P, Nat Rev Cardiol 2009 6 399 409 10.1038/nrcardio.2009.55 19399028
105. A history of experimentation on arterial atherosclerosis in animals. Anitschkow NN, In Cowdrys arteriosclerosis; a survey of the problem Springfield, Ill: Thomas, Blumenthal HT, 2 1967 22 44 21381520
106. Intimal vascularization and atherosclerosis. Geiringer E, J Pathol Bacteriol 1951 63 201 211 10.1002/path.1700630204 14851161
107. Investigation of Sudan IV staining areas in aortas of infants and children: possible prelesional stages of atherogenesis. Torzewski M, Navarro B, Cheng F, et al. Atherosclerosis 2009 206 159 167 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009. 01.038 19268943
108. A definition of initial, fatty streak, and intermediate lesions of atherosclerosis. A report from the committee on vascular lesions of the council on arteriosclerosis, american heart association. Stary HC, Chandler AB, Glagov S, et al. Arterioscler Thromb 1994 14 840 856 10.1161/01.ATV.14.5.840 8172861
109. Diffuse intimal thickening of coronary arteries in patients with coronary spastic angina. Miyao Y, Kugiyama K, Kawano H, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000 36 432 437 10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00729-4 10933354 (Pubitemid 30624004)
110. Arterial expression of the plasminogen activator system early after cardiac transplantation. Garvin MR, Labinaz M, Pels K, et al. Cardiovasc Res 1997 35 241 249 10.1016/S0008-6363(97)00088-6 9349387 (Pubitemid 27372036)
111. Modulation of estrogen signaling by the novel interaction of heat shock protein 27, a biomarker for atherosclerosis, and estrogen receptor beta: mechanistic insight into the vascular effects of estrogens. Miller H, Poon S, Hibbert B, et al. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005 25 10 14 10.1161/01.ATV.0000156536.89752.8e 15662019
112. Beta ig-h3, a transforming growth factor-beta-inducible gene, is overexpressed in atherosclerotic and restenotic human vascular lesions. O'Brien ER, Bennett KL, Garvin MR, et al. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996 16 576 584 10.1161/01.ATV.16.4.576 8624780 (Pubitemid 26107729)
113. Structure and function of vasa vasorum. Williams JK, Heistad DD, Trends Cardiovasc Med 1996 6 53 57 10.1016/1050-1738(96)00008-4 21232275 (Pubitemid 26090785)
114. Neovascularization in human atherosclerosis. Moreno PR, Purushothaman KR, Sirol M, et al. Circulation 2006 113 2245 2252 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105. 578955 16684874
115. Arterial wall neovascularization-potential role in atherosclerosis and restenosis. Pels K, Labinaz M, O'Brien ER, Jpn Circ J 1997 61 893 904 10.1253/jcj.61.893 9391856 (Pubitemid 27488388)
116. Angiogenesis occurs within the intimal proliferation that characterizes transplant coronary artery vasculopathy. Atkinson C, Southwood M, Pitman R, et al. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005 24 551 558 10.1016/j.healun.2004.03.012 15896752 (Pubitemid 40693877)
117. An Address On Arterio-Sclerosis. Barr J, The British Medical Journa 1905 1 53 57 10.1136/bmj.1.2298.53
118. Winternitz MC, Thomas RM, LeCompte PM, The Biology of Arteriosclerosis Springfield, Ill: C. C. Thomas 1938
119. Reactions of the vasa vasorum in vascular disease. LeCompte PM, In Cowdrys arteriosclerosis; a survey of the problem Springfield, Ill: Thomas, Blumenthal HT, 2 1967 212 224 21381520
120. Morphometric and immunohistochemical characterization of the intimal layer throughout the arterial system of elderly humans. Vink A, Schoneveld AH, Poppen M, et al. J Anat 2002 200 97 103 10.1046/j.0021-8782.2001.00005.x 11837253 (Pubitemid 34285293)
121. Nature of species differences in the medial distribution of aortic vasa vasorum in mammals. Wolinsky H, Glagov S, Circ Res 1967 20 409 421 10.1161/01.RES.20.4.409 4960913
122. Atherosclerosis and angiogenesis. Its pathophysiological significance in humans as well as in an animal model induced by the gene transfer of vascular endothelial growth factor. Sueishi K, Yonemitsu Y, Nakagawa K, et al. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997 811 311 322 322-314 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52011.x 9186607 (Pubitemid 27308337)
123. Blood flow through vasa vasorum of coronary arteries in atherosclerotic monkeys. Heistad DD, Armstrong ML, Arteriosclerosis 1986 6 326 331 10.1161/01.ATV.6.3.326 3707431 (Pubitemid 16077318)
124. Coronary vasa vasorum neovascularization precedes epicardial endothelial dysfunction in experimental hypercholesterolemia. Herrmann J, Lerman LO, Rodriguez-Porcel M, et al. Cardiovasc Res 2001 51 762 766 10.1016/S0008-6363(01) 00347-9 11530109 (Pubitemid 32800717)
125. Immunohistochemical study of intimal microvessels in coronary atherosclerosis. Zhang Y, Cliff WJ, Schoefl GI, et al. Am J Pathol 1993 143 164 172 7686341 (Pubitemid 24058170)
126. Morphogenesis of intimal thickening in nonspecific aortoarteritis. Sarkisov DS, Kolocolchicova EG, Varava BN, et al. Hum Pathol 1989 20 1048 1056 10.1016/0046-8177(89)90222-0 2807268 (Pubitemid 19275370)
127. Intimal neovascularization in human coronary atherosclerosis: its origin and pathophysiological significance. Kumamoto M, Nakashima Y, Sueishi K, Hum Pathol 1995 26 450 456 10.1016/0046-8177(95)90148-5 7535741
128. Differential distribution of vasa vasorum in different vascular beds in humans. Hildebrandt HA, Gossl M, Mannheim D, et al. Atherosclerosis 2008 199 47 54 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.09.015 17959180 (Pubitemid 351842690)
129. Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis and expression of lymphangiogenic factors in the atherosclerotic intima of human coronary arteries. Nakano T, Nakashima Y, Yonemitsu Y, et al. Hum Pathol 2005 36 330 340 10.1016/j.humpath. 2005.01.001 15891993 (Pubitemid 40591802)
130. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Optical coherence tomography findings at 5-year follow-up after coronary stent implantation. Regar E, van Beusekom HM, van der Giessen WJ, et al. Circulation 2005 112 345 346 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA. 104.531897 16330689 (Pubitemid 43739524)
131. Overexpression of heme oxygenase-1 in coronary atherosclerosis of Japanese autopsies with diabetes mellitus: Hisayama study. Song J, Sumiyoshi S, Nakashima Y, et al. Atherosclerosis 2009 202 573 581 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis. 2008.05.057 18620357
132. Enhanced coronary vasa vasorum neovascularization in experimental hypercholesterolemia. Kwon HM, Sangiorgi G, Ritman EL, et al. J Clin Invest 1998 101 1551 1556 10.1172/JCI1568 9541483 (Pubitemid 28198482)
133. Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor, microvascular hyperpermeability, and angiogenesis. Dvorak HF, Brown LF, Detmar M, et al. Am J Pathol 1995 146 1029 1039 7538264
134. Vascular permeability, vascular hyperpermeability and angiogenesis. Nagy JA, Benjamin L, Zeng H, et al. Angiogenesis 2008 11 109 119 10.1007/s10456-008- 9099-z 18293091
135. The evolution of plasma cholesterol: Direct utility or a "spandrel" of hepatic lipid metabolism? Babin PJ, Gibbons GF, Prog Lipid Res 2009 48 73 91 10.1016/j.plipres.2008.11.002 19049814
136. Regulation of ATP synthase subunit e gene expression by hypoxia: cell differentiation stage-specific control. Levy FH, Kelly DP, Am J Physiol 1997 272 457 465 9124288
137. Pathological vascularization of the coronary intima. Cliff WJ, Schoefl GI, Ciba Found Symp 1983 100 207 221 6197262
138. Intrusion through the fragile back door: immature plaque microvessels as entry portals for leukocytes and erythrocytes in atherosclerosis. Mause SF, Weber C, J Am Coll Cardiol 2009 53 1528 1531 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.01.047 19389563
139. Thin-walled microvessels in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques show incomplete endothelial junctions relevance of compromised structural integrity for intraplaque microvascular leakage. Sluimer JC, Kolodgie FD, Bijnens AP, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009 53 1517 1527 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.12.056 19389562
140. Appearance of lipid-laden intima and neovascularization after implantation of bare-metal stents extended late-phase observation by intracoronary optical coherence tomography. Takano M, Yamamoto M, Inami S, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009 55 26 32 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.08.032 20117359
141. Corneal vascularization. Ruben M, Int Ophthalmol Clin 1981 21 27 38 6169676
142. Corneal angiogenic privilege: angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors in corneal avascularity, vasculogenesis, and wound healing (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis). Azar DT, Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2006 104 264 302 17471348 (Pubitemid 46495064)
143. Lipid keratopathy and atheroma. Cogan DC, Kuwabara T, Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1958 56 109 119 discussion 109-119 13647588
144. Treatments for corneal neovascularization: a review. Gupta D, Illingworth C, Cornea 2011 30 927 938 10.1097/ICO.0b013e318201405a 21389854
145. Corneal neovascularization. Pathogenesis and inhibition. Epstein RJ, Stulting RD, Hendricks RL, et al. Cornea 1987 6 250 257 10.1097/00003226- 198706040-00004 2446823 (Pubitemid 18005952)
146. Resolution of bilateral corneal neovascularization and lipid keratopathy after photodynamic therapy with verteporfin. Al-Abdullah AA, Al-Assiri A, Optometry 2011 82 212 214 10.1016/j.optm.2010.09.012 21216676
147. Subconjunctival injection of bevacizumab in the treatment of corneal neovascularization associated with lipid deposition. Chu HS, Hu FR, Yang CM, et al. Cornea 2011 30 60 66 10.1097/ICO.0b013e3181e458c5 20847676
148. Combined use of subconjunctival and intracorneal bevacizumab injection for corneal neovascularization. Yeung SN, Lichtinger A, Kim P, et al. Cornea 2011 30 1110 1114 10.1097/ICO.0b013e31821379aa 21673570
149. Unusual idiopathic lipid keratopathy: a newly recognized entity? Loeffler KU, Seifert P, Arch Ophthalmol 2005 123 1435 1438 10.1001/archopht.123.10.1435 16219739 (Pubitemid 41429748)
150. Idiopathic lipid corneal degeneration. Duran JA, Rodriguez-Ares MT, Cornea 1991 10 166 169 10.1097/00003226-199103000-00013 1708326
151. Corneal neovascularization in contact lens wearers. Arentsen JJ, Int Ophthalmol Clin 1986 26 15 23 3492475
152. Subconjunctival and intracorneal bevacizumab injection for corneal neovascularization in lipid keratopathy. Oh JY, Kim MK, Wee WR, Cornea 2009 28 1070 1073 10.1097/ICO.0b013e31819839f9 19724199
153. Fluorescein angiographic monitoring of corneal vascularization in lipid keratopathy. Peter J, Fraenkel G, Goggin M, et al. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2004 32 78 80 10.1046/j.1442-9071.2004.00764.x 14746599 (Pubitemid 38344290)
154. Primary lipid keratopathy: a morphological and biochemical assessment. Silva-Araujo A, Tavares MA, Lemos MM, et al. Br J Ophthalmol 1993 77 248 250 10.1136/bjo.77.4.248 8494863 (Pubitemid 23133038)
155. Pathogenesis of experimental lipid keratopathy: corneal and plasma lipids. Reddy C, Stock EL, Mendelsohn AD, et al. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1987 28 1492 1496 3623835 (Pubitemid 17147778)
156. Chromatographic identification of lipids from the aqueous eye humor. Kazmierczak Z, Pandzioch Z, Microchem J 1981 26 399 401 10.1016/0026-265X(81) 90117-X
157. Major Lipid Classes in Aqueous-Humor after Death. Koutselinis A, Kalofoutis A, Boukis S, Metab Ophthalmol 1978 2 19 21 (Pubitemid 8353658)
158. Chemistry of Death.2. Phospholipid Composition of Aqueous-Humor after Death. Kalofoutis A, Julien G, Boukis D, et al. Forensic Sci 1977 9 229 232 863355 (Pubitemid 8112188)
159. Lipid-laden aqueous-humor associated with anterior uveitis and concurrent hyperlipemia in 2 dogs. Olin DD, Rogers WA, Macmillan AD, J Am Vet Med Assoc 1976 168 861 864 177393
160. Lipids in the aqueous humor of the cattle eye and their role as potential nutritive substrates for the cornea. Schmidt-Martens FW, Bericht uber die Zusammenkunft Deutsche Ophthalmologische Gesellschaft 1972 71 91 95 4679405
161. Phospholipid Composition of Aqueous Humor, Plasma and Lens in Normal and Alloxan Diabetic Rabbits. Varma SD, Reddy VN, Exp Eye Res 1972 13 120- 10.1016/0014-4835(72)90024-3 4335243
162. Endothelial seeding of polytetrafluoroethylene femoral popliteal bypasses: the failure of low-density seeding to improve patency. Herring M, Smith J, Dalsing M, et al. J Vasc Surg 1994 20 650 655 10.1016/0741-5214(94) 90291-7 7933268 (Pubitemid 24322696)
163. Endothelial cell seeded dacron aortobifurcated grafts: platelet deposition and long-term follow-up. Jensen N, Lindblad B, Bergqvist D, J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1994 35 425 429
164. Recent progress in understanding atherosclerosis. Ross R, J Am Geriatr Soc 1983 31 231 235 6833699 (Pubitemid 13123087)
165. Evaluation of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene arteriovenous access grafts onto which microvessel-derived cells were transplanted to "improve" graft performance: preliminary results. Schmidt SP, Meerbaum SO, Anderson JM, et al. Ann Vasc Surg 1998 12 405 411 10.1007/s100169900176 9732416 (Pubitemid 28411246)
166. Prevention of neointimal proliferation by immunosuppression in synthetic vascular grafts. Walpoth BH, Pavlicek M, Celik B, et al. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001 19 487 492 10.1016/S1010-7940(01)00582-6 11306318 (Pubitemid 32297781)
167. Improvement of patency rate in heparin-coated small synthetic vascular grafts. Walpoth BH, Rogulenko R, Tikhvinskaia E, et al. Circulation 1998 98 I319 323 discussion II324 9852921
168. Shear stress and the endothelium. Ballermann BJ, Dardik A, Eng E, et al. Kidney Int Suppl 1998 67 100 108 9736263
169. Intimal hyperplasia, vascular modeling, and the restenosis problem. Glagov S, Circulation 1994 89 2888 2891 10.1161/01.CIR.89.6.2888 8205705 (Pubitemid 24173712)
170. Shear stress-induced release of basic fibroblast growth factor from endothelial cells is mediated by matrix interaction via integrin alpha(v)beta3. Gloe T, Sohn HY, Meininger GA, et al. J Biol Chem 2002 277 23453 23458 10.1074/jbc.M203889200 11976347 (Pubitemid 34952179)
171. Flow patterns at the major T-junctions of the dog descending aorta. Karino T, Motomiya M, Goldsmith HL, J Biomech 1990 23 537 548 10.1016/0021-9290(90)90047-7 2341417 (Pubitemid 20231013)
172. Subnormal shear stress-induced intimal thickening requires medial smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Sho M, Sho E, Singh TM, et al. Exp Mol Pathol 2002 72 150 160 10.1006/exmp.2002.2426 11890724
173. Flow patterns and preferred sites of intimal thickening in diameter-mismatched vein graft interpositions. Sunamura M, Ishibashi H, Karino T, Surgery 2007 141 764 776 10.1016/j.surg.2006.12.019 17560253 (Pubitemid 46856566)
174. Shear stress induces endothelial differentiation from a murine embryonic mesenchymal progenitor cell line. Wang H, Riha GM, Yan S, et al. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005 25 1817 1823 10.1161/01.ATV.0000175840.90510.a8 15994439 (Pubitemid 41243448)
175. Molecular mechanisms of aortic wall remodeling in response to hypertension. Xu C, Lee S, Singh TM, et al. J Vasc Surg 2001 33 570 578 10.1067/mva.2001.112231 11241129 (Pubitemid 32215608)
176. Fluid shear stress induces differentiation of Flk-1-positive embryonic stem cells into vascular endothelial cells in vitro. Yamamoto K, Sokabe T, Watabe T, et al. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005 288 1915 1924 15576436
177. Proliferation, differentiation, and tube formation by endothelial progenitor cells in response to shear stress. Yamamoto K, Takahashi T, Asahara T, et al. J Appl Physiol 2003 95 2081 2088 12857765 (Pubitemid 37310394)
178. Normalization of high-flow or removal of flow cannot stop high-flow induced endothelial proliferation. Yamauchi M, Takahashi M, Kobayashi M, et al. Biomed Res 2005 26 21 28 10.2220/biomedres.26.21 15806980 (Pubitemid 41519997)
179. Arterial intimal hyperplasia: biological analysis of the disease and possible approaches to the problem. Subbotin V, In New Approaches in Coronary Artery Disease 8th International Congress on Coronary Artery Disease; October 11-14, 2009; Prague, Czech Republic, Lewis BL, Widimsky P, Flugelman MY, Halon DA, Medimond, 2009 225 230
180. Genetic variants promoting smooth muscle cell proliferation can result in diffuse and diverse vascular diseases: evidence for a hyperplastic vasculomyopathy. Milewicz DM, Kwartler CS, Papke CL, et al. Genet Med 2010 12 196 203 10.1097/GIM.0b013e3181cdd687 20130469
181. Intimal Changes in the Arteries of Ageing Swine. French JE, Jennings MA, Poole JCF, et al. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1963 158 24 42 10.1098/rspb.1963. 0032
182. Woolf N, Pathology of Atherosclerosis London Butterworth Scientific 1982
183. Osborn GR, The incubation period of coronary thrombosis; with a chapter on haemodynamics of the coronary circulation by R. F. Davis London: Butterworths 1963 11759855
184. Hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression precedes neovascularization after cerebral ischemia. Marti HJ, Bernaudin M, Bellail A, et al. Am J Pathol 2000 156 965 976 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64964-4 10702412 (Pubitemid 30626954)
185. Regulation of vascularization by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Semenza GL, Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009 1177 2 8 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05032.x 19845601
186. Changes in metabolism of connective tissue associated with ageing and arterio- or atherosclerosis. Hauss WH, Junge-Huelsing G, Hollander HJ, J Atheroscler Res 1962 2 50 61 10.1016/S0368-1319(62)80052-0 13905450
187. REPORT of committee on nomenclature of the american society for the study of arteriosclerosis; tentative classification of arteriopathies. Anonimus, Circulation 1955 12 1065 1067 13270363
188. Atherosclerosis: a report by the National Heart and Lung Institute Task Force on Atherosclerosis. Anonymus, (Department of Health EaWNIoH ed., vol. 2 DHED Publication No. (NIH) 1971 72 219
189. Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis versus atherosclerosis. Moschcowitz E, J Am Med Assoc 1950 143 861 865 10.1001/jama.1950.02910450001001 15421850
190. Shapiro WD, Coronary disease in the young. Dissertation University of Wisconsin, Medicine 1951
191. Atherosclerosis and Degerative Diseases of Blood Vessels. Stehbens WE, In Vascular Pathology London: Chapman & Hall Medical, Stehbens WE, Lie JT, 1995 175 269
192. Biology of disease. Atherosclerosis as a hyperplastic and/or neoplastic process. Thomas WA, Kim DN, Lab Invest 1983 48 245 255 6338292 (Pubitemid 13110819)
193. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis-an update. Ross R, N Engl J Med 1986 314 488 500 10.1056/NEJM198602203140806 3511384
194. Arteriosclerosis: rethinking the current classification. Fishbein GA, Fishbein MC, Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009 133 1309 1316 19653731