Shame, guilt, and remorse: Implications for offender populations

Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology

Volumn 22, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 706-723

  Tangney, June P ^a   Stuewig, Jeff ^a   Hafez, Logaina ^a  

^a GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

criminal behavior; guilt; jail inmates; shame; substance abuse

Indexed keywords

AGGRESSION; ANGER; ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR; CRIMINAL JUSTICE; CRIMINOLOGY; EMOTIONAL STRESS; EMPATHY; GUILT; HIGH RISK BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; MORALITY; OFFENDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; SHAME; SUBSTANCE ABUSE;

EID: 84859364536     PISSN: 14789949     EISSN: 14789957     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14789949.2011.617541     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Ahmed, E. and Braithwaite, V. 2004. 'What, me ashamed?': Shame management and school bullying. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 41: 269-294.
2. Ashby, J. S., Rice, K. G. and Martin, J. L. 2006. Perfectionism, shame, and depressive symptoms. Journal of Counseling & Development, 84: 148-156.
3. Baumeister, R. F., Stillwell, A. M. and Heatherton, T. F. 1994. Guilt: An interpersonal approach. Psychological Bulletin, 115: 243-267.
4. Bear, G. G., Uribe-Zarain, X., Manning, M. A. and Shiomi, K. 2009. Shame, guilt, blaming, and anger: Differences between children in Japan and the US. Motivation and Emotion, 33: 229-238.
5. Benedict, R. 1946. The chrysanthemum and the sword, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
6. Bennett, D. S., Sullivan, M. W. and Lewis, M. 2005. Young children's adjustment as a function of maltreatment, shame, and anger. Child Maltreatment: Journal of the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children, 10: 311-323.
7. Braithwaite, J. 1989. Crime shame and reintegration, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
8. Braithwaite, J. and Mugford, S. 1994. Conditions of successful reintegration ceremonies: Dealing with juvenile offenders. British Journal of Criminology, 34: 139-171.
9. Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B. and Rose, S. 2000. Fear, helplessness, and horror in posttraumatic stress disorder: Investigating DSM-IV criterion A2 in victims of violent crime. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13: 499-509.
10. Brown, B. 2009. Connections: A 12-session psychoeducational shame resilience curriculum, 2nd ed., Minneapolis, MN: Hazelden.
11. Bybee, J., Zigler, E., Berliner, D. and Merisca, R. 1996. Guilt, guilt-evoking events, depression, and eating disorders. Current Psychology, 16: 113-127.
12. Crossley, D. and Rockett, K. 2005. The experience of shame in older psychiatric patients: A preliminary enquiry. Aging and Mental Health, 9: 368-373.
13. Dearing, R. L., Stuewig, J. and Tangney, J. P. 2005. On the importance of distinguishing shame from guilt: Relations to problematic alcohol and drug use. Addictive Behaviors, 30: 1392-1404.
14. Dearing, R. L. and Tangney, J.P. 2011. "Introduction. Shame: An inevitable challenge in the therapy hour". In Shame in the therapy hour, Edited by: Dearing, R.L. and Tangney, J. P. 3-19. Washington, DC: APA Books.
15. Farmer, E. and Andrews, B. 2009. Shameless yet angry: Shame and its relationship to anger in male young offenders and undergraduate controls. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 20: 48-65.
16. Feiring, C. and Taska, L. 2005. The persistence of shame following sexual abuse: A longitudinal look at risk and recovery. Child Maltreatment, 10: 337-349.
17. Feiring, C., Taska, L. and Lewis, M. 2002. Adjustment following sexual abuse discovery: The role of shame and attributional style. Developmental Psychology, 38: 79-92.
18. Ferguson, T. J. and Stegge, H. 1998. "Measuring guilt in children: A rose by any other name still has thornsJ. Bybee (Ed.)". In Guilt and children, 19-74. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
19. Ferguson, T. J., Stegge, H. and Damhuis, I. 1991. Children's understanding of guilt and shame. Child Development, 62: 827-839.
20. Ferguson, T. J., Stegge, H., Eyre, H. L., Vollmer, R. and Ashbaker, M. 2000. Context effects and the (mal)adaptive nature of guilt and shame in children. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 126: 319-345.
21. Ferguson, T. J., Stegge, H., Miller, E. R. and Olsen, M. E. 1999. Guilt, shame, and symptoms in children. Developmental Psychology, 35: 347-357.
22. Ghatavi, K., Nicolson, R., MacDonald, C., Osher, S. and Levitt, A. 2002. Defining guilt in depression: A comparison of subjects with major depression, chronic medical illness and healthy controls. Journal of Affective Disorders, 68: 307-315.
23. Gilbert, P. 2010. Compassion focused therapy: The distinctive features, London: Routledge.
24. Gramzow, R. and Tangney, J. P. 1992. Proneness to shame and the narcissistic personality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18: 369-376.
25. Grasmick, H. G. and Bursik, R. J. 1990. Conscience, significant others, and rational choice: Extending the deterrence model. Law & Society Review, 24: 837-861.
26. Greenberg, L. 2010. Emotion-focused therapy, Washington, DC: APA Books.
27. Hanson, R. K. and Tangney, J. P. 1996. The test of self-conscious affect - socially deviant populations (TOSCA-SD), Ottawa: Corrections Research, Department of the Solicitor General of Canada.
28. Harder, D. W., Cutler, L. and Rockart, L. 1992. Assessment of shame and guilt and their relationship to psychopathology. Journal of Personality Assessment, 59: 584-604.
29. Harder, D. W. and Lewis, S. J. 1987. "The assessment of shame and guilt". In Advances in personality assessment, Edited by: Butcher, J. N. and Spielberger, C. D. Vol. 6, 89-114. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
30. Harper, F. W.K. and Arias, I. 2004. The role of shame in predicting adult anger and depressive symptoms among victims of child psychological maltreatment. Journal of Family Violence, 19: 367-375.
31. Harris, N. 2003. Reassessing the dimensionality of the moral emotions. British Journal of Psychology, 94: 457-473.
32. Harris, N. 2006. Reintegrative shaming, shame, and criminal justice. Journal of Social Issues, 62: 327-346.
33. Hart, S. D., Cox, D. N. and Hare, R. D. 1995. The hare psychopathy checklist: Screening version, Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
34. Hay, C. 2001. An exploratory test of Braithwaite's reintegrative shaming theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38: 132-153.
35. Henderson, L. and Zimbardo, P. 2001. "Shyness as a clinical condition: The Stanford model". In International handbook of social anxiety: Concepts, research and interventions relating to the self and shyness, Edited by: Crozier, W.R. and Alden, L. E. 431-447. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
36. Hosser, D., Windzio, M. and Greve, W. 2008. Guilt and shame as predictors of recidivism: A longitudinal study with young prisoners. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35: 138-152.
37. Joireman, J. 2004. Empathy and the self-absorption paradox II: Self-rumination and self-reflection as mediators between shame, guilt, and empathy. Self and Identity, 3: 225-238.
38. Keltner, D. and Buswell, B. N. 1996. Evidence for the distinctness of embarrassment, shame, and guilt: A study of recalled antecedents and facial expressions of emotion. Cognition & Emotion, 10: 155-171.
39. Ketelaar, T. and Au, W. T. 2003. The effects of feelings of guilt on the behavior of uncooperative individuals in repeated social bargaining games: An affect-as-information interpretation of the role of emotion in social interaction. Cognition & Emotion, 17: 429-453.
40. Leith, K. P. and Baumeister, R. F. 1998. Empathy, shame, guilt, and narratives of interpersonal conflicts: Guilt-prone people are better at perspective taking. Journal of Personality, 66: 1-37.
41. Leskela, J., Dieperink, M. and Thuras, P. 2002. Shame and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15: 223-226.
42. Lewis, H. B. 1971. Shame and guilt in neurosis, New York, NY: International Universities Press.
43. Lindsay-Hartz, J. 1984. Contrasting experiences of shame and guilt. American Behavioral Scientist, 27: 689-704.
44. Loeffler, C. H., Prelog, A. J., Unnithan, N. P. and Pogrebin, M. R. 2010. Evaluating shame transformation in group treatment of domestic violence offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 54: 517-536.
45. Lutwak, N., Panish, J. B., Ferrari, J. R. and Razzino, B. E. 2001. Shame and guilt and their relationship to positive expectations and anger expressiveness. Adolescence, 36: 641-653.
46. Luyten, P., Fontaine, J. R.J. and Corveleyn, J. 2002. Does the test of self-conscious affect (TOSCA) measure maladaptive aspects of guilt and adaptive aspects of shame? An empirical investigation. Personality and Individual Differences, 33: 1373-1387.
47. Makkai, T. and Braithwaite, J. 1994. The dialectics of corporate deterrence. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31: 347-373.
48. Marschall, D., Sanftner, J. and Tangney, J. P. 1994. The state shame and guilt scale, Fairfax, VA: George Mason University.
49. Meehan, M. A., O'Connor, L. E., Berry, J. W., Weiss, J., Morrison, A. and Acampora, A. 1996. Guilt, shame, and depression in clients in recovery from addiction. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 28: 125-134.
50. Mills, R. 2003. Possible antecedents and developmental implications of shame in young girls. Infant & Child Development, 12: 329-349.
51. Morey, L. C. 1991. The personality assessment inventory professional manual, Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
52. Morrison, D. and Gilbert, P. 2001. Social rank, shame and anger in primary and secondary psychopaths. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 12: 330-356.
53. Murphy, K. and Harris, N. 2007. Shaming, shame and recidivism: A test of reintegrative shaming theory in the white-collar crime context. British Journal of Criminology, 47: 900-917.
54. Murray, C., Waller, G. and Legg, C. 2000. Family dysfunction and bulimic psychopathology: The mediating role of shame. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 28: 84-89.
55. Nagin, D. S. and Paternoster, R. 1993. Enduring individual differences and rational choice theories of crime. Law & Society Review, 27: 467-496.
56. O'Connor, L. E., Berry, J. W., Inaba, D. and Weiss, J. 1994. Shame, guilt, and depression in men and women in recovery from addiction. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 11: 503-510.
57. O'Connor, L. E., Berry, J. W., Weiss, J., Bush, M. and Sampson, H. 1997. Interpersonal guilt: The development of a new measure. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53: 73-89.
58. Orsillo, S. M., Heimberg, R. G., Juster, H. R. and Garret, J. 1996. Social phobia and PTSD in Vietnam veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9: 235-252.
59. Paulhus, D. L., Robins, R. W., Trzesniewski, K. H. and Tracy, J. L. 2004. Two replicable suppressor situations in personality research. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39: 303-328.
60. Prelog, A. J., Unnithan, N. P., Loeffler, C. H. and Pogrebin, M. R. 2009. Building a shame-based typology to guide treatment for offenders. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 48: 249-270.
61. Quiles, Z. N. and Bybee, J. 1997. Chronic and predispositional guilt: Relations to mental health, prosocial behavior and religiosity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 69: 104-126.
62. Quinsey, V. L., Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E. and Cormier, C. A. 1998. Violent offenders: Appraising and managing risk, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
63. Rizvi, S. L. and Linehan, M. M. 2005. The treatment of maladaptive shame in borderline personality disorder: A pilot study of 'Opposite Action'. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 12: 437-447.
64. Robinson, R., Roberts, W. L., Strayer, J. and Koopman, R. 2007. Empathy and emotional responsiveness in delinquent and non-delinquent adolescents. Social Development, 16: 555-579.
65. Sabini, J. and Silver, M. 1997. In defense of shame: Shame in the context of guilt and embarrassment. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 27: 1-15.
66. Scheff, T. and Retzinger, S. l991. Emotion and violence: Shame/rage spirals in interminable conflicts, Lexington: Lexington Books.
67. Silfver, M., Helkama, K., Lonnqvist, J. and Verkasalo, M. 2008. The relation between value priorities and proneness to shame, guilt, and empathy. Motivation and Emotion, 32: 69-80.
68. Smith, R. H., Webster, J. M., Parrot, W. G. and Eyre, H. L. 2002. The role of public exposure in moral and nonmoral shame and guilt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83: 138-159.
69. Stuewig, J. and McCloskey, L. A. 2005. The relation of child maltreatment to shame and guilt among adolescents: Psychological routes to depression and delinquency. Child Maltreatment, 10: 324-336.
70. Stuewig, J. and Tangney, J. P. 2007. "Shame and guilt in antisocial and risky behaviors". In The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research, Edited by: Tracy, J. L., Robins, R. W. and Tangney, J. P. 371-388. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
71. Stuewig, J., Tangney, J. P., Heigel, C., Harty, L. and McCloskey, L. 2010. Shaming, blaming, and maiming: Functional links among the moral emotions, externalization of blame, and aggression. Journal of Research in Personality, 44: 91-102.
72. Tangney, J. P. 1990. Assessing individual differences in proneness to shame and guilt: Development of the self-conscious affect and attribution inventory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59: 102-111.
73. Tangney, J. P. 1991. Moral affect: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61: 598-607.
74. Tangney, J. P. 1992. Situational determinants of shame and guilt in young adulthood. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18: 199-206.
75. Tangney, J. P. 1996. Conceptual and methodological issues in the assessment of shame and guilt. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34: 741-754.
76. Tangney, J. P. 1999. "The self-conscious emotions: Shame, guilt, embarrassment and pride". In A handbook of cognition and emotion, Edited by: Dalgleish, T. and Power, M. 541-568. New York, NY: Wiley & Sons.
77. Tangney, J. P. and Dearing, R. 2002. Shame and guilt, New York, NY: Guilford.
78. Tangney, J. P., Miller, R. S., Flicker, L. and Barlow, D. H. 1996a. Are shame, guilt and embarrassment distinct emotions?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70: 1256-1269.
79. Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J. and Mashek, D. J. 2007. Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58: 345-372.
80. Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., Mashek, D. and Hastings, M. 2011. Feeling bad about the behavior or the self? Assessing jail inmates' proneness to shame and guilt. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38: 710-734.
81. Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P. E., Barlow, D. H., Marschall, D. E. and Gramzow, R. 1996b. The relation of shame and guilt to constructive vs. destructive responses to anger across the lifespan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70: 797-809.
82. Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P. E. and Gramzow, R. 1992. Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt, and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103: 469-478.
83. Tangney, J. P., Youman, K. and Stuewig, J. 2009. "Proneness to shame and proneness to guilt". In Handbook of individual differences in social behavior, Edited by: Leary, M. R. and Hoyle, R. H. 192-209. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
84. Thomaes, F., Bushman, B. J., Stegge, H. and Olthof, T. 2008. Trumping shame by blasts of noise: Narcissism, self-esteem, shame, and aggression in young adolescents. Child Development, 79: 1792-1801.
85. Tibbetts, S. G. 1997. Shame and rational choice in offending decisions. Criminal Justice & Behavior, 24: 234-255.
86. Tibbetts, S. G. 2003. Self-conscious emotions and criminal offending. Psychological Reports, 93: 101-126.
87. Tilghman-Osborne, C., Cole, D. A., Felton, J. W. and Ciesla, J. A. 2008. Relation of guilt, shame, behavioral and characterological self-blame to depressive symptoms in adolescents over time. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27: 809-842.
88. Tracy, J. L. and Robins, R. W. 2006. Appraisal antecedents of shame and guilt: Support for a theoretical model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32: 1339-1351.
89. Wallbott, H. G. and Scherer, K. R. 1995. "Cultural determinants in experiencing shame and guilt". In Self-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride, Edited by: Tangney, J. P. and Fischer, K. W. 465-487. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
90. Wicker, F. W., Payne, G. C. and Morgan, R. D. 1983. Participant descriptions of guilt and shame. Motivation and Emotion, 7: 25-39.
91. Wolf, S. T., Cohen, T. R., Panter, A. T. and Insko, C. A. 2010. Shame proneness and guilt proneness: Toward the further understanding of reactions to public and private transgressions. Self and Identity, 9: 337-362.
92. Wortley, S. 1996. Justice for all? Race and perceptions of bias in the Ontario criminal justice system: A Toronto survey. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 38: 439-467.
93. Wright, K. and Gudjonsson, G. H. 2007. The development of a scale for measuring offence-related feelings of shame and guilt. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 18: 307-316.
94. Wright, K., Gudjonsson, G. H. and Young, S. 2008. An investigation of the relationship between anger and offence-related shame and guilt. Psychology, Crime & Law, 14: 415-423.
95. Xuereb, S., Ireland, J. L. and Davies, M. 2009. Development and preliminary assessment of a measure of shame, guilt, and denial of offenders. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 20: 640-660.
96. Zeelenberg, M. and Breugelmans, S. M. 2008. The role of interpersonal harm in distinguishing regret from guilt. Emotion, 8: 589-596.