Empathy and emotional responsiveness in delinquent and non-delinquent adolescents

Social Development

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 555-579

  Robinson, Ross ^a   Roberts, William L ^b   Strayer, Janet ^a   Koopman, Ray ^a  

^a SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b THOMPSON RIVERS UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Delinquency; Emotions; Empathy

Indexed keywords

EID: 34548060667     PISSN: 0961205X     EISSN: 14679507     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00396.x     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4th ed., text revision). Arlington, VA : American Psychiatric Publishing.
2. Batson, C. D., Fultz, J. Schoenrade, P. A. (1987). Distress and empathy: two qualitatively distinct vicarious emotions with different motivational consequences. Journal of Personality, 55, 19 39.
3. Bimler, D. Kirkland, J. (2001). School truants and truancy motivation sorted out with multidimensional scaling. Journal of Adolescent Research, 16, 75 102.
4. Bretherton, I. (1995). Attachment theory and developmental psycopathology. In D. Cicchetti S. Toth (Eds Rochester symposium on developmental pyschopathology, Vol. 6: Emotion, cognition, and representation (pp. 231 260). Rochester, NY : University of Rochester Press.
5. Broidy, L., Cauffman, E., Espelage, D., Mazerolle, P. Piquero, A. (2003). Sex differences in empathy and its relation to juvenile offending. Violence and Victims, 18, 503 516.
6. Bryant, B. K. (1982). An index of empathy for children and adolescents. Child Development, 53, 413 425.
7. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics (2002). Youth custody and community services data tables, 2000-2001. Ottawa : Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 85-226-XIE. Published on the Internet at http://dsp-psd.tpsgc.gc.ca/ Collection-R/Statcan/85-226-XIE/85-226-XIE.html.
8. Caspi, A. Elder, G. (1988). Emergent family patterns: the intergenerational construction of problem behavior and relationships. In R. Hinde J. Stevenson-Hinde (Eds Relationships within families (pp. 218 240). Oxford : Clarendon Press.
9. Chalmers, J. Townsend, M. (1990). The effects of training in social perspective taking on socially maladjusted girls. Child Development, 61, 178 190.
10. Chisholm, K. Strayer, J. (1995). Verbal and facial measures of children's emotion and empathy. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 59, 299 316.
11. Cimbora, D. McIntosh, D. (2003). Emotional responses to antisocial acts in adolescent males with conduct disorder: A link to affective morality. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 32, 296 301.
12. Cohen, D. Strayer, J. (1996). Empathy in conduct-disordered and comparison youth. Developmental Psychology, 32, 988 998.
13. Coie, J. Dodge, K. (1998). Aggression and antisocial behavior. In W. Damon (Series Ed) N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed) Handbook of child psychology: Social emotional, and personality development (5th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 779 862). New York : Wiley.
14. Davis, M. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113 126.
15. Denham, S. (1998). Emotional development in young children. New York : Guilford Press.
16. Dishion, T., Andrews, D. Crosby, L. (1995). Antisocial boys and their friends in early adolescence: Relationship characteristics, quality, and interactional process. Child Development, 66, 139 151.
17. Dodge, K. (1980). Social cognition and children's aggressive behavior. Child Development, 51, 162 170.
18. Dodge, K. (1986). A social information processing model of social competence in children. In M. Perlmutter (Ed The Minnesota symposium on child psychology (Vol. 18, pp. 77 125). Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum.
19. Dodge, K. Frame, C. (1982). Social cognitive biases and deficits in aggressive boys. Child Development, 53, 629 635.
20. Dodge, K. A., Lansford, J. E., Burks, V. S., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., Fonfaine, R., et al 2003). Peer rejection and social information-processing factors in the development of aggressive behavior problems in children. Child Development, 74, 374 393.
21. Eisenberg, N. (2000). Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 665 697.
22. Eisenberg, N. Fabes, F. (1998) Prosocial development. In W. Damon (Series Ed N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed Handbook of child psychology: Social emotional, and personality development (5th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 701 778). New York : Wiley.
23. Eisenberg, N. Lennon, R. (1983). Sex differences in empathy and related capacities. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 100 131.
24. Eisenberg, N. Miller, P. (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 91 119.
25. Farrington, D. P. (1995). The development of offending and antisocial behaviour from childhood: Key findings from the Cambridge study in delinquent development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 929 964.
26. Feshbach, N. D. (1975). Empathy in children: Some theoretical and empirical considerations. The Counseling Psychologist, 4, 25 30.
27. Feshbach, N. D. (1979). Empathy Training: A field study in affective education. In S. Feshbach A. Fraczek (Eds Aggression and behavior change: Biological and social processes (pp. 234 249). New York : Praeger.
28. Feshbach, N. D. Feshbach, S. (1982). Empathy training and the regulation of aggression: Potentialities and limitations. Academic Psychology Bulletin, 4, 399 413.
29. Frick, P., Cornell, A., Bodin, S. D., Dane, H., Barry, C. Loney, B. (2003). Callous-unemotional traits and developmental pathways to severe conduct problems. Developmental Psychology, 39, 246 260.
30. Gibbs, J. (1987). Social processes in the causation and treatment of delinquency: The need to facilitate empathy as well as sociomoral reasoning. In W. Kurtins J. Getwits (Eds Moral development through social interaction (pp. 301 321). New York : Wiley.
31. Gottman, J., Katz, L. Hooven, C. (1997). Meta-emotion: How families communicate emotionally. Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum.
32. Hare, R. D. (1978). Psychopathic behavior: Approaches to research. New York : Wiley.
33. Hoffman, M. (1982). The development of prosocial motivation: Empathy and guilt. In N. Eisenberg (Ed The development of prosocial behavior (pp. 281 313). New York : Academic Press.
34. Hoffman, M. (1983). Affective and cognitive processes in moral internalization. In E. T. Higgins, D. Ruble W. Hartup (Eds Social cognition and social and social development: A sociocultural perspective (pp. 236 274). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
35. Hoffman, M. (1987). The contribution empathy to justice and moral judgment. In N. Eisenberg J. Strayer (Eds Empathy and its development pp. 47 80). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
36. Jesness, C. F. (1969). The Jesness inventory manual. Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press.
37. Jolliffe, D. Farrington, D. (2004). Empathy and offending: A systematic review and meta analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9, 441 476.
38. Kochanska, G., DeVet, K. Goldman, M. (1994). Maternal reports of conscience development and temperament in young children. Child Development, 65, 852 868.
39. Krevans, J. Gibbs, J. C. (1996). Parents' use of inductive discipline: Relations to children's empathy and prosocial behavior. Child Development, 67, 3263 3277.
40. Ladd, G., Buhs, E. Troop, W. (2002). Children's interpersonal skills and relationships in school settings: Adaptive significance and implications for school-based prevention and intervention programs. In P. Smith C. Hart (Eds Blackwell handbook of childhood social development (pp. 394 415). Oxford : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
41. Loeber, R., Wung, P. L., Keenan, K., Giroux, B., Southamer, O., Lowever, M., et al 1993). Developmental pathways in disruptive child behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 103 133.
42. Luntz, B. Widom, C. (1994). Antisocial personality disorder in abused and neglected children grown up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 670 674.
43. Main, M. George, C. (1985). Responses of abused and disadvantaged toddlers to distress in agemates. Developmental Psychology, 21, 407 412.
44. Miller, P. Eisenberg, N. (1988). The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 324 344.
45. Parke, R., Cassidy, J., Burks, V., Carson, J. Boyum, L. (1992). Familial contribution to peer competence among young children: The role of interactive and affective processes. In R. Parke G. Ladd (Eds Family-peer relationships: Modes of linkage (pp. 107 134). Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum.
46. Patterson, G. (1982). A social learning approach to family intervention: III. Coercive family process. Eugene, OR : Castalia Publishing Co.
47. Patterson, G. (1995). Coercion - a basis for early age of onset for arrest. In J. McCord (Ed Coercion and punishment in long-term perspective (pp. 81 105). New York : Cambridge University Press.
48. Patterson, G. R., DeBaryshe, B. D. Ramsey, E. (1989). A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior. American Psychologist, 44, 329 335.
49. Poole, J. (1992). Empathy as a motivator of prosocial behavior in children. (Unpublished master's thesis, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada).
50. Roberts, W. (1983). Family interactions and child competence in a preschool setting. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
51. Roberts, W. Strayer, J. (1987). Parents' responses to the emotional distress of their children: Relations with children's competence. Developmental Psychology, 23, 415 422.
52. Roberts, W. Strayer, J. (1996). Empathy, emotional expressiveness, and prosocial behavior. Child Development, 67, 449 470.
53. Roberts, W. Strayer, J. (2003, April). Towards, away, and against: Emotions and prosocial behavior. In K. Kokko S. Côté (Chairs)Prosocial and aggressive behaviors over the life course. Symposium conducted at meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, Tampa, Florida.
54. Robins, L. (1966). Deviant children grow up. Baltimore, MA : Williams & Wilkins.
55. Saarni, C. (1999). The development of emotional competence. New York : Guilford Press.
56. Snow, N. E. (2000). Empathy. American Philosophical Quarterly, 37, 65 78.
57. Sroufe, L. A. (1983). Infant-caregiver attachment and patterns of adaptation in the preschool. In M. Perlmutter (Ed The Minnesota symposia on child psychology (Vol. 16, pp. 41 83). Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum.
58. Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B. Carlson, E. (1999). One social world: The integrated development of parent-child and peer relationships. In W. A. Collins B. Laursen (Eds Relationships as developmental contexts: The Minnesota symposia on child psychology, volume 30 (pp. 241 262). Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum.
59. Statistics Canada (2001a). Community profiles: Population statistics. Retrieved 15 July 2003, from http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/Details/ details1pop2.cfm
60. Statistics Canada (2001b). Community profiles: Families and dwellings statistics. Retrieved 15 July 2003, from http://www12.statcan.ca/english/ profil01/Details/details1fam.cfm
61. Strayer, J. (1987). Affective and cognitive perspectives on empathy. In N. Eisenberg J. Strayer (Eds Empathy and its development (pp. 218 244). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
62. Strayer, J. (1989). What children know and feel in response to witnessing affective events. In C. Saarni P. Harris (Eds Children's understanding of emotions (pp. 259 289). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
63. Strayer, J. (1993). Children's concordant emotions and cognitions in response to observed emotions. Child Development, 64, 188 201.
64. Strayer, J. Chang, A. (1997, April). Children's emotional and helping responses as a function of empathy and affective cues. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Washington, DC.
65. Strayer, J. Roberts, W. (1997). Facial and verbal measures of children's emotions and empathy. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 20, 627 649.
66. Strayer, J. Roberts, W. (2004a). Empathy and observed anger and aggression in five-year olds. Social Development, 13, 1 13.
67. Strayer, J. Roberts, W. (2004b). Children's anger, emotional expressiveness, and empathy: relations with parents' empathy, emotional expressiveness, and parenting practices. Social Development, 13, 229 254.
68. Strayer, J. Schroeder, M. (1989). Children's helping strategies: Influences of emotion, empathy and age. In N. Eisenberg (Ed New directions for child development: Empathy and related emotional responses (pp. 85 106). San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass.
69. Tangney, J. (1991). Moral affect: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 598 607.
70. Tangney, J. (1992). The test of self-conscious affect for children (TOSCA-C) and the test of self-conscious affect for Adolescents (TOSCA-A). Fairfax, VA : George Mason University.
71. Tangney, J. (1993). Shame and guilt. In C. Costello (Ed Symptoms of depression (pp. 161 180). Oxford : John Wiley & Sons.
72. Tangney, J. (1994). The mixed legacy of the superego: Adaptive and maladaptive aspects of shame and guilt. In J. Masling R. Bornstein (Eds Empirical perspectives on object relations theory (pp. 1 28). Washington, DC : American Psychological Association.
73. Tangney, J. (1995). Recent advances in the empirical study of shame and guilt. American Behavioral Scientist, 38, 1132 1145.
74. Tangney, J. (2001). Constructive and destructive aspects of shame and guilt. In A. Bohart D. Stipek (Eds Constructive & destructive behavior: Implications for family, school, & society (pp. 127 145). Washington, DC : American Psychological Association.
75. Tangney, J., Wagner, P., Fletcher, C. Gramzow, R. (1992). Shamed into anger? The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 669 675.
76. Tangney, J., Wagner, P., Hill-Barlow, D., Marschall, D. Gramzow, R. (1996). Relation of shame and guilt to constructive versus destructive responses to anger across the lifespan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 797 809.
77. Thornberry, T., Krohn, M., Lizotte, A. Chard-Wierschem, D. (1993). The role of juvenile gangs in facilitating delinquent behavior. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30, 55 87.
78. Toi, M. Batson, C. (1982). More evidence that empathy is a source of altruistic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 281 292.
79. Zahn-Waxler, C. Robinson, J. (1995). Empathy and guilt: Early origins of feelings of responsibility. In J. Tangney K. Fischer (Eds Self-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride (pp. 143 173). New York : Guilford Press.