메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 124, Issue 1-2, 2012, Pages 3-23

Life at the top of the greenhouse Eocene world- A review of the Eocene flora and vertebrate fauna from Canada's High Arctic

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARCTIC ARCHIPELAGO; ARCTIC OCEAN; CLIMATE PROXIES; CORYPHODON; FLOODPLAIN FOREST; FORESTED LANDSCAPES; FRESH WATER; FRESHWATER INPUTS; HIGH ARCTIC; INTEGRATED SYNTHESIS; LAND BRIDGES; LAND PLANTS; MIDLATITUDES; RAIN FORESTS; RARE ELEMENTS; SUMMER TEMPERATURE; SURFACE FRESHENING;

EID: 84859333332     PISSN: 00167606     EISSN: 19432674     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/B30571.1     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (158)

References (150)
  • 1
    • 8844236794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ACIA, Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press
    • ACIA, 2005, Arctic Climate Impact Assessment: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 1042 p
    • (2005) Arctic Climate Impact Assessment , pp. 1042
  • 3
    • 80855136384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intercontinental dispersal of giant thermophilic ants across the Arctic during early Eocene hyperthermals
    • Archibald, S.B., Johnson, K.R., Mathewes, R.W., and Greenwood, D.R., 2011, Intercontinental dispersal of giant thermophilic ants across the Arctic during early Eocene hyperthermals: Proceedings of the Royal Society B, v. 278, no. 1725, p. 3679-3686.
    • (2011) Proceedings of the Royal Society B , vol.278 , Issue.1725 , pp. 3679-3686
    • Archibald, S.B.1    Johnson, K.R.2    Mathewes, R.W.3    Greenwood, D.R.4
  • 4
    • 0031810649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermoregulatory behavior of captive American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis)
    • doi: 10.2307/1565296
    • Asa, C.S., London, G.D., Goellner, R.R., Haskell, N., Roberts, G., and Wilson, C., 1998, Thermoregulatory behavior of captive American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis): Journal of Herpetology, v. 32, p. 191-197, doi:10.2307/1565296.
    • (1998) Journal of Herpetology , vol.32 , pp. 191-197
    • Asa, C.S.1    London, G.D.2    Goellner, R.R.3    Haskell, N.4    Roberts, G.5    Wilson, C.6
  • 7
    • 0026018403 scopus 로고
    • The fossil forests of the Buchanan Lake Formation (early Tertiary), Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian High Arctic: Preliminary floristics and paleoclimate
    • Christie, R.L., and McMillan, N.J., eds., Axel Heiberg Island, Arctic Archipelago: Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin
    • Basinger, J.F., 1991, The fossil forests of the Buchanan Lake Formation (early Tertiary), Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian High Arctic: Preliminary floristics and paleoclimate, in Christie, R.L., and McMillan, N.J., eds., Tertiary fossil forests of the Geodetic Hills, Axel Heiberg Island, Arctic Archipelago: Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 403, p. 39-65.
    • (1991) Tertiary fossil forests of the Geodetic Hills , vol.403 , pp. 39-65
    • Basinger, J.F.1
  • 8
    • 0000217305 scopus 로고
    • Early Tertiary vegetation of Arctic Canada and its relevance to palaeoclimatic interpretation
    • Boulter, M.C., and Fisher, H.C., eds., Berlin: NATO ASI Series 27: Springer-Verlag
    • Basinger, J.F., Greenwood, D.R., and Sweda, T., 1994, Early Tertiary vegetation of Arctic Canada and its relevance to palaeoclimatic interpretation, in Boulter, M.C., and Fisher, H.C., eds., Cenozoic Plants and Climates of the Arctic: Berlin: NATO ASI Series 27: Springer-Verlag, p. 176-198.
    • (1994) Cenozoic Plants and Climates of the Arctic , pp. 176-198
    • Basinger, J.F.1    Greenwood, D.R.2    Sweda, T.3
  • 9
    • 0002147703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • East of Eden: Asia as an important center of taxonomic origination in mammalian evolution
    • Beard, K.C., and Dawson, M.R., eds.
    • Beard, K.C., 1998, East of Eden: Asia as an important center of taxonomic origination in mammalian evolution, in Beard, K.C., and Dawson, M.R., eds., Dawn of the Age of Mammals in Asia: Carnegie Museum of Natural History Bulletin 34, p. 5-39.
    • (1998) Dawn of the Age of Mammals in Asia: Carnegie Museum of Natural History Bulletin , vol.34 , pp. 5-39
    • Beard, K.C.1
  • 10
    • 0033391312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intercontinental dispersal of Holarctic land mammals near the Paleocene/Eocene boundary: Paleogeographic, paleoclimatic, and biostratigraphic implications
    • Beard, K.C., and Dawson, M.R., 1999, Intercontinental dispersal of Holarctic land mammals near the Paleocene/Eocene boundary: Paleogeographic, paleoclimatic, and biostratigraphic implications: Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, v. 170, p. 697-706.
    • (1999) Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France , vol.170 , pp. 697-706
    • Beard, K.C.1    Dawson, M.R.2
  • 11
    • 77956909974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of polar amplification in long-term surface air temperature variations and modern Arctic warming
    • doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3297.1
    • Bekryaev, R.V., Polyakov, I.V., and Alexeev, V.A., 2010, Role of polar amplification in long-term surface air temperature variations and modern Arctic warming: Journal of Climate, v. 23, p. 3888-3906, doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3297.1.
    • (2010) Journal of Climate , vol.23 , pp. 3888-3906
    • Bekryaev, R.V.1    Polyakov, I.V.2    Alexeev, V.A.3
  • 14
    • 0025225003 scopus 로고
    • The Thyra Ø flora: Toward an understanding of the climate and vegetation during the early Tertiary in the High Arctic
    • doi: 10.1016/0034-6667(90)90089-2
    • Boyd, A., 1990, The Thyra Ø flora: Toward an understanding of the climate and vegetation during the early Tertiary in the High Arctic: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 62, p. 189-203, doi:10.1016/0034-6667(90)90089-2.
    • (1990) Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology , vol.62 , pp. 189-203
    • Boyd, A.1
  • 17
    • 0026282010 scopus 로고
    • Tertiary Fossil Forests of the Geodetic Hills, Axel Heiberg Island
    • eds. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 403
    • Christie, R.L., and McMillan, N.J., eds., 1991, Tertiary Fossil Forests of the Geodetic Hills, Axel Heiberg Island, Arctic Archipelago: Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 403, 227 p.
    • (1991) Arctic Archipelago , pp. 227
    • Christie, R.L.1    McMillan, N.J.2
  • 18
    • 0007126806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tapiroidea and other moropomorphs
    • Janis, C.M., Scott, K.M., and Jacobs, L.L., eds., Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press
    • Colbert, M.W., and Schoch, R.M., 1998, Tapiroidea and other moropomorphs, in Janis, C.M., Scott, K.M., and Jacobs, L.L., eds., Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, p. 569-582.
    • (1998) Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America , vol.1 , pp. 569-582
    • Colbert, M.W.1    Schoch, R.M.2
  • 19
    • 0003125056 scopus 로고
    • Terrestrial vertebrates from the Tertiary of Canada's Arctic Islands
    • Harington, C.R., ed., Ottawa, Canada, Canadian Museum of Nature
    • Dawson, M.R., 1990, Terrestrial vertebrates from the Tertiary of Canada's Arctic Islands, in Harington, C.R., ed., Canada's Missing Dimension: Science and History in the Canadian Arctic Islands, Volume 1: Ottawa, Canada, Canadian Museum of Nature, p. 91-104.
    • (1990) Canada's Missing Dimension: Science and History in the Canadian Arctic Islands , vol.1 , pp. 91-104
    • Dawson, M.R.1
  • 20
    • 0034742196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early Eocene rodents (Mammalia) from the Eureka Sound Group of Ellesmere Island, Canada
    • doi: 10.1139/e01-010
    • Dawson, M.R., 2001, Early Eocene rodents (Mammalia) from the Eureka Sound Group of Ellesmere Island, Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 38, p. 1107-1116, doi:10.1139/e01-010.
    • (2001) Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , vol.38 , pp. 1107-1116
    • Dawson, M.R.1
  • 21
    • 84859370279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coryphodon, the northernmost Holarctic Paleogene pantodont (Mammalia) and its global wanderings
    • (in press)
    • Dawson, M.R., 2012, Coryphodon, the northernmost Holarctic Paleogene pantodont (Mammalia) and its global wanderings: Swiss Journal of Paleontology, v. 131, issue 1 (in press).
    • (2012) Swiss Journal of Paleontology , vol.131 , Issue.1
    • Dawson, M.R.1
  • 22
    • 0001655046 scopus 로고
    • Paleogene terrestrial vertebrates: Northernmost occurrence, Ellesmere Island, Canada
    • doi: 10.1126/science.192.4241.781
    • Dawson, M.R., West, R.M., Langston, W., and Hutchison, J.H., 1976, Paleogene terrestrial vertebrates: Northernmost occurrence, Ellesmere Island, Canada: Science, v. 192, p. 781-782, doi:10.1126/science.192.4241.781.
    • (1976) Science , vol.192 , pp. 781-782
    • Dawson, M.R.1    West, R.M.2    Langston, W.3    Hutchison, J.H.4
  • 23
    • 0000950497 scopus 로고
    • An early Eocene plagiomenid mammal from Ellesmere and Axel Heiberg Islands, Arctic Canada
    • Dawson, M.R., McKenna, M.C., Beard, K.C., and Hutchison, J.H., 1993, An early Eocene plagiomenid mammal from Ellesmere and Axel Heiberg Islands, Arctic Canada: Kaupia, v. 3, p. 179-192.
    • (1993) Kaupia , vol.3 , pp. 179-192
    • Dawson, M.R.1    McKenna, M.C.2    Beard, K.C.3    Hutchison, J.H.4
  • 24
    • 79953266939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond predictions: Biodiversity conservation in a changing climate
    • doi: 10.1126/science.1200303
    • Dawson, T.P., Jackson, S.T., House, J.I., Prentice, I.C., and Mace, G.M., 2011, Beyond predictions: Biodiversity conservation in a changing climate: Science, v. 332, p. 53-58, doi:10.1126/science.1200303.
    • (2011) Science , vol.332 , pp. 53-58
    • Dawson, T.P.1    Jackson, S.T.2    House, J.I.3    Prentice, I.C.4    Mace, G.M.5
  • 25
    • 0034953732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observations on the diet and habitat of the mountain tapir (Tapirus pinchaque)
    • Downer, C.C., 2001, Observations on the diet and habitat of the mountain tapir (Tapirus pinchaque): Journal of Zoology, v. 254, p. 279-291.
    • (2001) Journal of Zoology , vol.254 , pp. 279-291
    • Downer, C.C.1
  • 26
    • 84859362324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First record of fossil vertebrates from the Buchanan Lake Formation, and additions to fauna of the Iceberg Bay Formation, eastern Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut Territory
    • Eberle, J.J., 1998, First record of fossil vertebrates from the Buchanan Lake Formation, and additions to fauna of the Iceberg Bay Formation, eastern Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut Territory: Geological Association of Canada- Mineralogical Association of Canada Abstracts, v. 23, p. A-50.
    • (1998) Geological Association of Canada- Mineralogical Association of Canada Abstracts , vol.23
    • Eberle, J.J.1
  • 27
    • 27144489076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new 'tapir' from Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada-Implications for northern high latitude palaeobiogeography and tapir palaeobiology
    • doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.06.008
    • Eberle, J.J., 2005, A new 'tapir' from Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada-Implications for northern high latitude palaeobiogeography and tapir palaeobiology: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 227, p. 311-322, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.06.008.
    • (2005) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , vol.227 , pp. 311-322
    • Eberle, J.J.1
  • 28
    • 33745618983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early Eocene brontotheriidae (Perissodactyla) from the Eureka Sound Group, Ellesmere Island, Canadian High Arctic-Implications for brontothere origins and high-latitude dispersal
    • doi: 10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[381:EEBPFT]2.0.CO;2
    • Eberle, J.J., 2006, Early Eocene brontotheriidae (Perissodactyla) from the Eureka Sound Group, Ellesmere Island, Canadian High Arctic-Implications for brontothere origins and high-latitude dispersal: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 26, p. 381-386, doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[381:EEBPFT]2.0.CO;2.
    • (2006) Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , vol.26 , pp. 381-386
    • Eberle, J.J.1
  • 29
    • 0035996099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early Eocene Leptictida, Pantolesta, Creodonta, Carnivora, and Mesonychidae (Mammalia) from the Eureka Sound Group, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut
    • doi: 10.1139/e02-001
    • Eberle, J.J., and McKenna, M.C., 2002, Early Eocene Leptictida, Pantolesta, Creodonta, Carnivora, and Mesonychidae (Mammalia) from the Eureka Sound Group, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 39, p. 899-910, doi:10.1139/e02-001.
    • (2002) Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , vol.39 , pp. 899-910
    • Eberle, J.J.1    McKenna, M.C.2
  • 30
    • 84859359328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The indefatigable Mary R. Dawson: Arctic pioneer
    • doi: 10.2992/0145-9058(2007)39[7:TIMRDA]2.0.CO;2
    • Eberle, J.J., and McKenna, M.C., 2007, The indefatigable Mary R. Dawson: Arctic pioneer: Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, v. 39, p. 7-16, doi:10.2992/0145-9058(2007)39[7:TIMRDA]2.0.CO;2.
    • (2007) Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History , vol.39 , pp. 7-16
    • Eberle, J.J.1    McKenna, M.C.2
  • 31
    • 0033402291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Northernmost record of brontotheres, Axel Heiberg Island, Canada-Implications for age of the Buchanan Lake Formation and brontotheres paleobiology
    • Eberle, J.J., and Storer, J.E., 1999, Northernmost record of brontotheres, Axel Heiberg Island, Canada-Implications for age of the Buchanan Lake Formation and brontotheres paleobiology: Journal of Paleontology, v. 73, p. 979-983.
    • (1999) Journal of Paleontology , vol.73 , pp. 979-983
    • Eberle, J.J.1    Storer, J.E.2
  • 32
    • 69649087596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lower latitude mammals as year-round residents in Eocene Arctic forests
    • doi: 10.1130/G25633A.1
    • Eberle, J., Fricke, H., and Humphrey, J., 2009, Lower latitude mammals as year-round residents in Eocene Arctic forests: Geology, v. 37, p. 499-502, doi:10.1130/G25633A.1.
    • (2009) Geology , vol.37 , pp. 499-502
    • Eberle, J.1    Fricke, H.2    Humphrey, J.3
  • 34
    • 67649246826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased seasonality through the Eocene to Oligocene transition in northern high latitudes
    • doi: 10.1038/nature08069
    • Eldrett, J.S., Greenwood, D.R., Harding, I.C., and Huber, M., 2009, Increased seasonality through the Eocene to Oligocene transition in northern high latitudes: Nature, v. 459, p. 969-973, doi:10.1038/nature08069.
    • (2009) Nature , vol.459 , pp. 969-973
    • Eldrett, J.S.1    Greenwood, D.R.2    Harding, I.C.3    Huber, M.4
  • 35
    • 84873570568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environment Canada, National Climate Data and Information Archive. (last accessed June 2011)
    • Environment Canada, 2004, National Climate Data and Information Archive: www.climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca (last accessed June 2011).
    • (2004)
  • 36
    • 0031283817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic relationships of the Paleogene family Presbyornithidae (Aves: Anseriformes)
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01286.x
    • Ericson, P.G.P., 1997, Systematic relationships of the Paleogene family Presbyornithidae (Aves: Anseriformes): Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 121, p. 429-483, doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01286.x.
    • (1997) Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , vol.121 , pp. 429-483
    • Ericson, P.G.P.1
  • 37
    • 0003935696 scopus 로고
    • Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press
    • Ernst, C.H., and Barbour, R.W., 1989, Turtles of the World: Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press, 313 p.
    • (1989) Turtles of the World , pp. 313
    • Ernst, C.H.1    Barbour, R.W.2
  • 38
    • 0000882501 scopus 로고
    • Eocene lower vertebrates from Ellesmere Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology
    • doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(80)90064-4
    • Estes, R., and Hutchison, J.H., 1980, Eocene lower vertebrates from Ellesmere Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology: Palaeoecology, v. 30, p. 325-347, doi:10.1016/0031-0182(80)90064-4.
    • (1980) Palaeoecology , vol.30 , pp. 325-347
    • Estes, R.1    Hutchison, J.H.2
  • 39
    • 4043181202 scopus 로고
    • Geology of the coasts of the Arctic islands visited by the British expedition under Captain Sir George Nares, R.N., K.C.B., F.R.S
    • doi: 10.1144/GSL.JGS.1878.034.01-04.39
    • Feilden, H.W., and De Rance, C.E., 1878, Geology of the coasts of the Arctic islands visited by the British expedition under Captain Sir George Nares, R.N., K.C.B., F.R.S.: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 34, p. 556-567, doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1878.034.01-04.39.
    • (1878) Journal of the Geological Society of London , vol.34 , pp. 556-567
    • Feilden, H.W.1    De Rance, C.E.2
  • 40
    • 0034810874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salamander tracks (Amblystomichnus?) from the Cathedral Bluffs Tongue of the Wasatch Formation (Eocene), northeastern Green River Basin, Wyoming
    • doi: 10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<0901:STAFTC>2.0.CO;2
    • Foster, J.R., 2001, Salamander tracks (Amblystomichnus?) from the Cathedral Bluffs Tongue of the Wasatch Formation (Eocene), northeastern Green River Basin, Wyoming: Journal of Paleontology, v. 75, p. 901-904, doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<0901:STAFTC>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2001) Journal of Paleontology , vol.75 , pp. 901-904
    • Foster, J.R.1
  • 41
    • 0024252862 scopus 로고
    • A 50-million-year-old fossil forest from Strathcona Fiord, Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada: Evidence of a warm polar climate
    • Francis, J.E., 1988, A 50-million-year-old fossil forest from Strathcona Fiord, Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada: Evidence of a warm polar climate: Arctic, v. 41, p. 314-318.
    • (1988) Arctic , vol.41 , pp. 314-318
    • Francis, J.E.1
  • 42
    • 0026010738 scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of polar fossil forests: Tertiary fossil forests of Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago
    • Christie, R.L., and McMillan, N.J., eds.
    • Francis, J.E., 1991, The dynamics of polar fossil forests: Tertiary fossil forests of Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, in Christie, R.L., and McMillan, N.J., eds., The Fossil Forests of Tertiary Age in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 403, p. 29-38.
    • (1991) The Fossil Forests of Tertiary Age in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin , vol.403 , pp. 29-38
    • Francis, J.E.1
  • 43
    • 33746597361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early African hyaenodontid mammals and their bearing on the origin of the Creodonta
    • doi: 10.1017/S0016756806002032
    • Gheerbrant, E., Iarochene, M., Amaghzaz, M., and Bouya, B., 2006, Early African hyaenodontid mammals and their bearing on the origin of the Creodonta: Geological Magazine, v. 143, p. 475-489, doi:10.1017/S0016756806002032.
    • (2006) Geological Magazine , vol.143 , pp. 475-489
    • Gheerbrant, E.1    Iarochene, M.2    Amaghzaz, M.3    Bouya, B.4
  • 44
    • 84871459062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mammalian responses to climate change at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary
    • Wing, S.L., Gingerich, P.D., Schmitz, B., and Thomas, E., eds., Geological Society of America Special Paper 369
    • Gingerich, P., 2003, Mammalian responses to climate change at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary, in Wing, S.L., Gingerich, P.D., Schmitz, B., and Thomas, E., eds., Causes and Consequences of Globally Warm Climates in the Early Paleogene: Geological Society of America Special Paper 369, p. 463-478.
    • (2003) Causes and Consequences of Globally Warm Climates in the Early Paleogene , pp. 463-478
    • Gingerich, P.1
  • 45
    • 0344903092 scopus 로고
    • Report of Sergeant D.L. Brainard on a petrified forests discovered May 20, 1883, near Cape Baird, 81°30'N, 64°30'W
    • Appendix 14: New York, Charles Scribner's Sons
    • Greely, A.W., 1886, Report of Sergeant D.L. Brainard on a petrified forests discovered May 20, 1883, near Cape Baird, 81°30'N, 64°30'W, in Three Years of Arctic Service, Volume 2, Appendix 14: New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 419-420.
    • (1886) Three Years of Arctic Service , vol.2 , pp. 419-420
    • Greely, A.W.1
  • 46
    • 0027829850 scopus 로고
    • Stratigraphy and floristics of peat-coal layers of Eocene swamp forests from Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago
    • doi: 10.1139/e93-169
    • Greenwood, D.R., and Basinger, J.F., 1993, Stratigraphy and floristics of peat-coal layers of Eocene swamp forests from Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 30, p. 1914-1923, doi:10.1139/e93-169.
    • (1993) Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , vol.30 , pp. 1914-1923
    • Greenwood, D.R.1    Basinger, J.F.2
  • 47
    • 0028563784 scopus 로고
    • The paleoecology of high latitude Eocene swamp forests from Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian High Arctic
    • doi: 10.1016/0034-6667(94)90128-7
    • Greenwood, D.R., and Basinger, J.F., 1994, The paleoecology of high latitude Eocene swamp forests from Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian High Arctic: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 81, p. 83-97, doi:10.1016/0034-6667(94)90128-7.
    • (1994) Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology , vol.81 , pp. 83-97
    • Greenwood, D.R.1    Basinger, J.F.2
  • 48
    • 0037541602 scopus 로고
    • Eocene climates and latitudinal gradients for North America and Australia
    • Greenwood, D.R., and Wing, S.L., 1995, Eocene climates and latitudinal gradients for North America and Australia: Geology, v. 23, p. 1040-1048.
    • (1995) Geology , vol.23 , pp. 1040-1048
    • Greenwood, D.R.1    Wing, S.L.2
  • 49
    • 70849098519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How wet was the Arctic Eocene rain forest? Estimates of precipitation from Paleogene Arctic macrofloras
    • doi: 10.1130/G30218.1
    • Greenwood, D.R., Basinger, J.F., and Smith, R.Y., 2010, How wet was the Arctic Eocene rain forest? Estimates of precipitation from Paleogene Arctic macrofloras: Geology, v. 38, p. 15-18, doi:10.1130/G30218.1.
    • (2010) Geology , vol.38 , pp. 15-18
    • Greenwood, D.R.1    Basinger, J.F.2    Smith, R.Y.3
  • 50
    • 19344366593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fossil biotas from the Okanagan Highlands, southern British Columbia and northeastern Washington State: Climates and ecosystems across an Eocene landscape
    • Greenwood, D.R., Archibald, S.B., Mathewes, R.W., and Moss, P.T., 2005, Fossil biotas from the Okanagan Highlands, southern British Columbia and northeastern Washington State: Climates and ecosystems across an Eocene landscape: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 42, p. 167-185.
    • (2005) Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , vol.42 , pp. 167-185
    • Greenwood, D.R.1    Archibald, S.B.2    Mathewes, R.W.3    Moss, P.T.4
  • 52
    • 1042303111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure of the North American vegetation gradient during the late Paleocene/early Eocene warm climate
    • Harrington, G.J., 2004, Structure of the North American vegetation gradient during the late Paleocene/early Eocene warm climate: Evolutionary Ecology Research, v. 6, p. 33-48.
    • (2004) Evolutionary Ecology Research , vol.6 , pp. 33-48
    • Harrington, G.J.1
  • 54
    • 80051932004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phanerozoic Bedrock Geology, Strathcona Fiord Area, Ellesmere Island
    • Geological Survey of Canada Map 2141A, scale 1:125000
    • Harrison, J.C., Thorsteinsson, R., and de Freitas, T.A., 2009, Phanerozoic Bedrock Geology, Strathcona Fiord Area, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut: Geological Survey of Canada Map 2141A, scale 1:125,000.
    • (2009) Nunavut
    • Harrison, J.C.1    Thorsteinsson, R.2    de Freitas, T.A.3
  • 55
    • 80052319910 scopus 로고
    • Notes on fossil plants discovered in Grinnell Land by Captain H.W. Fielden
    • doi: 10.1144/GSL.JGS.1878.034.01-04.07
    • Heer, O., 1878, Notes on fossil plants discovered in Grinnell Land by Captain H.W. Fielden: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 34, p. 66-72, doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1878.034.01-04.07.
    • (1878) Journal of the Geological Society of London , vol.34 , pp. 66-72
    • Heer, O.1
  • 56
    • 0035700912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the nomenclatural status of the morphogenera, Quereuxia and Trapago
    • doi: 10.2307/1224729
    • Hickey, L.J., 2001, On the nomenclatural status of the morphogenera, Quereuxia and Trapago: Taxon, v. 50, p. 1119-1124, doi:10.2307/1224729.
    • (2001) Taxon , vol.50 , pp. 1119-1124
    • Hickey, L.J.1
  • 57
    • 0001514823 scopus 로고
    • The stratigraphy, sedimentology, and fossils of the Haughton Formation: A post-impact crater-fill, Devon Island, N.W.T., Canada
    • Hickey, L.J., Johnson, K.R., and Dawson, M.R., 1988, The stratigraphy, sedimentology, and fossils of the Haughton Formation: A post-impact crater-fill, Devon Island, N.W.T., Canada: Meteoritics, v. 23, p. 221-231.
    • (1988) Meteoritics , vol.23 , pp. 221-231
    • Hickey, L.J.1    Johnson, K.R.2    Dawson, M.R.3
  • 60
    • 82755163398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The early Eocene equable climate problem revisited
    • doi: 10.5194/cp-7-603-2011
    • Huber, M., and Caballero, R., 2011, The early Eocene equable climate problem revisited: Climate of the Past, v. 7, p. 603-633, doi:10.5194/cp-7-603-2011.
    • (2011) Climate of the Past , vol.7 , pp. 603-633
    • Huber, M.1    Caballero, R.2
  • 61
    • 0035883387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heat transport, deep waters, and thermal gradients: Coupled simulation of an Eocene greenhouse climate
    • doi: 10.1029/2001GL012943
    • Huber, M., and Sloan, L.C., 2001, Heat transport, deep waters, and thermal gradients: Coupled simulation of an Eocene greenhouse climate: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 28, p. 3481-3484, doi:10.1029/2001GL012943.
    • (2001) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.28 , pp. 3481-3484
    • Huber, M.1    Sloan, L.C.2
  • 62
    • 0019910070 scopus 로고
    • Turtle, crocodilian, and champsosaur diversity changes in the Cenozoic of the north-central region of western United States
    • doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(82)90037-2
    • Hutchison, J.H., 1982, Turtle, crocodilian, and champsosaur diversity changes in the Cenozoic of the north-central region of western United States: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 37, p. 149-164, doi:10.1016/0031-0182(82)90037-2.
    • (1982) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , vol.37 , pp. 149-164
    • Hutchison, J.H.1
  • 63
    • 33845347744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First record of a turtle (Protochelydra, Chelydridae, Testudines) from the Cenozoic of Alaska (Chickaloon Formation, Paeleo cene-Eocene)
    • Hutchison, J.H. and Pasch, A.D., 2004, First record of a turtle (Protochelydra, Chelydridae, Testudines) from the Cenozoic of Alaska (Chickaloon Formation, Paeleo cene-Eocene): PaleoBios, v. 24, p. 1-5.
    • (2004) PaleoBios , vol.24 , pp. 1-5
    • Hutchison, J.H.1    Pasch, A.D.2
  • 65
    • 0037983717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Humidity estimate for the middle Eocene Arctic rain forest
    • Jahren, A.H. and Sternberg, L.S.L, 2003, Humidity estimate for the middle Eocene Arctic rain forest: Geology, v. 31, p. 463-466.
    • (2003) Geology , vol.31 , pp. 463-466
    • Jahren, A.H.1    Sternberg, L.S.L.2
  • 66
    • 34250633936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Arctic forest of the middle Eocene
    • doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.35.031306.140125
    • Jahren, A.H., 2007, The Arctic forest of the middle Eocene: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 35, p. 509-540, doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.35.031306.140125.
    • (2007) Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences , vol.35 , pp. 509-540
    • Jahren, A.H.1
  • 67
    • 43749083783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Annual patterns within tree rings of the Arctic middle Eocene (ca. 45 Ma): Isotopic signatures of precipitation, relative humidity, and deciduousness
    • doi: 10.1130/G23876A.1
    • Jahren, A.H., and Sternberg, L.S., 2008, Annual patterns within tree rings of the Arctic middle Eocene (ca. 45 Ma): Isotopic signatures of precipitation, relative humidity, and deciduousness: Geology, v. 36, p. 99-102, doi:10.1130/G23876A.1.
    • (2008) Geology , vol.36 , pp. 99-102
    • Jahren, A.H.1    Sternberg, L.S.2
  • 69
    • 0005478802 scopus 로고
    • Tapirs as living fossils
    • Eldredge, N., and Stanley, S., eds., New York, Springer-Verlag
    • Janis, C.M., 1984, Tapirs as living fossils, in Eldredge, N., and Stanley, S., eds., Living Fossils: New York, Springer-Verlag, p. 80-86.
    • (1984) Living Fossils , pp. 80-86
    • Janis, C.M.1
  • 70
    • 0027789312 scopus 로고
    • The geology, petrography and palynology of Tertiary coals from the Eureka Sound Group at Strathcona Fiord and Bache Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada
    • doi: 10.1016/0166-5162(93)90006-V
    • Kalkreuth, W.D., McIntyre, D.J., and Richardson, R.J.H., 1993, The geology, petrography and palynology of Tertiary coals from the Eureka Sound Group at Strathcona Fiord and Bache Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 24, p. 75-111, doi:10.1016/0166-5162(93)90006-V.
    • (1993) International Journal of Coal Geology , vol.24 , pp. 75-111
    • Kalkreuth, W.D.1    McIntyre, D.J.2    Richardson, R.J.H.3
  • 71
    • 0030158840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Petrological, palynological and geochemical characteristics of Eureka Sound Group coals (Stenkul Fiord, southern Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada)
    • doi: 10.1016/0166-5162(96)00005-5
    • Kalkreuth, W.D., Riediger, C.L., McIntyre, D.J., Richardson, R.J.H., Fowler, M.G., and Marchioni, D., 1996, Petrological, palynological and geochemical characteristics of Eureka Sound Group coals (Stenkul Fiord, southern Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada): International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 30, p. 151-182, doi:10.1016/0166-5162(96)00005-5.
    • (1996) International Journal of Coal Geology , vol.30 , pp. 151-182
    • Kalkreuth, W.D.1    Riediger, C.L.2    McIntyre, D.J.3    Richardson, R.J.H.4    Fowler, M.G.5    Marchioni, D.6
  • 72
    • 0038532586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early Tertiary Chamaecyparis Spach from Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian High Arctic
    • doi: 10.1139/b03-007
    • Kotyk, M.E.A., Basinger, J.F., and McIver, E.E., 2003, Early Tertiary Chamaecyparis Spach from Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian High Arctic: Canadian Journal of Botany, v. 81, p. 113-130, doi:10.1139/b03-007.
    • (2003) Canadian Journal of Botany , vol.81 , pp. 113-130
    • Kotyk, M.E.A.1    Basinger, J.F.2    McIver, E.E.3
  • 73
    • 0000125797 scopus 로고
    • Angiosperms from the Palaeogene of Spitsbergen, including an unfinished work by A. G. Nathorst
    • Kvacek, Z., Manum, S.B., and Boulter, M.C., 1994, Angiosperms from the Palaeogene of Spitsbergen, including an unfinished work by A.G. Nathorst: Palaeontographica Abteilung B, v. 232, p. 103-128.
    • (1994) Palaeontographica Abteilung B , vol.232 , pp. 103-128
    • Kvacek, Z.1    Manum, S.B.2    Boulter, M.C.3
  • 74
    • 0034974644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New species of Picea (Pinaceae) from the middle Eocene of Axel Heiberg Island
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2001.tb01088.x
    • LePage, B.A., 2001, New species of Picea (Pinaceae) from the middle Eocene of Axel Heiberg Island: Arctic Canada: Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society, v. 135, p. 137-167, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2001.tb01088.x.
    • (2001) Arctic Canada: Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society , vol.135 , pp. 137-167
    • LePage, B.A.1
  • 75
    • 84879612433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution, biogeography, and paleoecology of selected genera of the Pinaceae
    • LePage, B.A., 2003, The evolution, biogeography, and paleoecology of selected genera of the Pinaceae: Acta Horticulturae, v. 615, p. 29-52.
    • (2003) Acta Horticulturae , vol.615 , pp. 29-52
    • LePage, B.A.1
  • 77
    • 0026273224 scopus 로고
    • A new species of Larix (Pinaceae) from the early Tertiary of Axel Heiberg Island, Arctic Canada
    • doi: 10.1016/0034-6667(91)90080-M
    • LePage, B.A., and Basinger, J.F., 1991, A new species of Larix (Pinaceae) from the early Tertiary of Axel Heiberg Island, Arctic Canada: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 70, p. 89-111, doi:10.1016/0034-6667(91)90080-M.
    • (1991) Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology , vol.70 , pp. 89-111
    • LePage, B.A.1    Basinger, J.F.2
  • 78
    • 0028994836 scopus 로고
    • The evolutionary history of Pseudolarix (Pinaceae)
    • doi: 10.1086/297313
    • LePage, B.A., and Basinger, J.F., 1995, The evolutionary history of Pseudolarix (Pinaceae): International Journal of Plant Sciences, v. 156, p. 910-950, doi:10.1086/297313.
    • (1995) International Journal of Plant Sciences , vol.156 , pp. 910-950
    • LePage, B.A.1    Basinger, J.F.2
  • 79
    • 0039247734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pantodonta
    • Janis, C.M., Scott, K.M., and Jacobs, L.L., eds., Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press
    • Lucas, S.G., 1998, Pantodonta, in Janis, C.M., Scott, K.M., and Jacobs, L.L., eds., Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, p. 274-283.
    • (1998) Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America , vol.1 , pp. 274-283
    • Lucas, S.G.1
  • 82
    • 0032784168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biogeographical relationships of North American Tertiary floras
    • doi: 10.2307/2666183
    • Manchester, S.R., 1999, Biogeographical relationships of North American Tertiary floras: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, v. 86, p. 472-522, doi:10.2307/2666183.
    • (1999) Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , vol.86 , pp. 472-522
    • Manchester, S.R.1
  • 83
    • 0001133750 scopus 로고
    • Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic paleo geo graphic and paleoclimatic history of the Arctic Ocean Basin, based on shallow-water marine faunas and terrestrial vertebrates
    • Grantz, A., Johnson, L., and Sweeney, J.F., eds., Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, L
    • Marincovich, L.E., Browers, M., Hopkins, D.M., and McKenna, M.C., 1990, Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic paleo geo graphic and paleoclimatic history of the Arctic Ocean Basin, based on shallow-water marine faunas and terrestrial vertebrates, in Grantz, A., Johnson, L., and Sweeney, J.F., eds., The Arctic Ocean Region: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, v. L, p. 403-426.
    • (1990) The Arctic Ocean Region , pp. 403-426
    • Marincovich, L.E.1    Browers, M.2    Hopkins, D.M.3    McKenna, M.C.4
  • 84
    • 84879888908 scopus 로고
    • "Equability,""continentality,"and Tertiary "climate": The crocodilian perspective
    • doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0613:ECATCT>2.3.CO;2
    • Markwick, P.J., 1994, quot;Equability,""continentality,"and Tertiary "climate": The crocodilian perspective: Geology, v. 22, p. 613-616, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022 <0613:ECATCT>2.3.CO;2.
    • (1994) Geology , vol.22 , pp. 613-616
    • Markwick, P.J.1
  • 86
    • 0026000773 scopus 로고
    • Pollen and spore flora of an Eocene forest, eastern Axel Heiberg Island, N.W.T
    • Christie, R.L., and McMillan, N.J., eds., Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 403
    • McIntyre, D.J., 1991, Pollen and spore flora of an Eocene forest, eastern Axel Heiberg Island, N.W.T., in Christie, R.L., and McMillan, N.J., eds., The Fossil Forests of Tertiary Age in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 403, p. 83-98.
    • (1991) The Fossil Forests of Tertiary Age in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago , pp. 83-98
    • McIntyre, D.J.1
  • 87
    • 0032801178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early Tertiary floral evolution in the Canadian High Arctic
    • doi: 10.2307/2666184
    • McIver, E.E., and Basinger, J.F., 1999, Early Tertiary floral evolution in the Canadian High Arctic: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, v. 86, p. 523-545, doi:10.2307/2666184.
    • (1999) Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , vol.86 , pp. 523-545
    • McIver, E.E.1    Basinger, J.F.2
  • 88
    • 0001755284 scopus 로고
    • Fossil mammals and early Eocene North Atlantic land continuity
    • doi: 10.2307/2395200
    • McKenna, M.C., 1975, Fossil mammals and early Eocene North Atlantic land continuity: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, v. 62, p. 335-353, doi:10.2307/2395200.
    • (1975) Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , vol.62 , pp. 335-353
    • McKenna, M.C.1
  • 89
    • 0019188310 scopus 로고
    • Eocene paleolatitude, climate and mammals of Ellesmere Island
    • doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(80)90065-6
    • McKenna, M.C., 1980, Eocene paleolatitude, climate and mammals of Ellesmere Island: Palaeogeography, Palaeo climatology, Palaeoecology, v. 30, p. 349-362, doi:10.1016/0031-0182(80)90065-6.
    • (1980) Palaeogeography, Palaeo climatology, Palaeoecology , vol.30 , pp. 349-362
    • McKenna, M.C.1
  • 90
    • 0000990869 scopus 로고
    • Cenozoic paleogeography of North Atlantic land bridges
    • Bott, M.H.P., Saxov, S., Talwani, M., and Theide, J., eds., New York, Plenum Press Publishing Corporation
    • McKenna, M.C., 1983, Cenozoic paleogeography of North Atlantic land bridges, in Bott, M.H.P., Saxov, S., Talwani, M., and Theide, J., eds., Structure and Development of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge: New York, Plenum Press Publishing Corporation, p. 351-399.
    • (1983) Structure and Development of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge , pp. 351-399
    • McKenna, M.C.1
  • 91
    • 27144471625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semi-isolation and lowered salinity of the Arctic Ocean in late Paleocene and earliest Eocene time
    • McKenna, M.C., 2003, Semi-isolation and lowered salinity of the Arctic Ocean in late Paleocene and earliest Eocene time: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 23, supplement, p. 77A.
    • (2003) Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , vol.23 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • McKenna, M.C.1
  • 94
    • 0022925567 scopus 로고
    • The Eureka Sound Group (Upper Cretaceous-Oligocene), Canadian Arctic Islands
    • Miall, A.D., 1986, The Eureka Sound Group (Upper Cretaceous- Oligocene), Canadian Arctic Islands: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 34, p. 240-270.
    • (1986) Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology , vol.34 , pp. 240-270
    • Miall, A.D.1
  • 95
    • 0001372243 scopus 로고
    • Late Cretaceous and Tertiary basin development and sedimentation, Arctic Islands
    • Trettin, H.P., ed., Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada, Geology of Canada (also Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, E)
    • Miall, A.D., 1991, Late Cretaceous and Tertiary basin development and sedimentation, Arctic Islands, in Trettin, H.P., ed., Geology of the Innuitian Orogen and Arctic Platform of Canada and Greenland: Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada, Geology of Canada, no. 3 (also Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, v. E), p. 437-458.
    • (1991) Geology of the Innuitian Orogen and Arctic Platform of Canada and Greenland , Issue.3 , pp. 437-458
    • Miall, A.D.1
  • 96
    • 48549106507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Species Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography of the Brontotheriidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla)
    • Mihlbachler, M.C., 2008, Species Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography of the Brontotheriidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla): Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 311, 475 p.
    • (2008) Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , vol.311 , pp. 475
    • Mihlbachler, M.C.1
  • 97
    • 33744961278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body size, dental microwear and brontothere diets through the Eocene
    • Mihlbachler, M.C., and Solounias, N., 2002, Body size, dental microwear and brontothere diets through the Eocene: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 22, supplement, p. 88A.
    • (2002) Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , vol.22 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Mihlbachler, M.C.1    Solounias, N.2
  • 98
    • 0342360197 scopus 로고
    • Tertiäre Pflanzenreste aus Ellesmereland
    • The Society of Arts and Sciences of Kristiania
    • Nathorst, A.G., 1915, Tertiäre Pflanzenreste aus Ellesmereland, in Report of the Second Norwegian Arctic Expedition in the Fram, 1898-1902, no. 35: The Society of Arts and Sciences of Kristiania, Volume 4, 16 p.
    • (1915) Report of the Second Norwegian Arctic Expedition in the Fram, 1898-1902 , vol.4 , Issue.35 , pp. 16
    • Nathorst, A.G.1
  • 99
    • 0003353523 scopus 로고
    • Piceoerpeton, a giant early Tertiary salamander from western North America
    • Naylor, B.G., and Krause, D.W., 1981, Piceoerpeton, a giant early Tertiary salamander from western North America: Journal of Paleontology, v. 55, p. 507-523.
    • (1981) Journal of Paleontology , vol.55 , pp. 507-523
    • Naylor, B.G.1    Krause, D.W.2
  • 100
    • 0000551211 scopus 로고
    • Arctic biostratigraphic hetero chroneity
    • doi: 10.1126/science.224.4645.174
    • Norris, G., and Miall, A.D., 1984, Arctic biostratigraphic hetero chroneity: Science, v. 224, p. 174-175, doi:10.1126/science.224.4645.174.
    • (1984) Science , vol.224 , pp. 174-175
    • Norris, G.1    Miall, A.D.2
  • 103
    • 33747142062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • eds. Bloomington, Indiana, Indiana University Press
    • Pianka, E.R., and King, D.R., eds., 2004, Varanoid Lizards of the World: Bloomington, Indiana, Indiana University Press, 588 p.
    • (2004) Varanoid Lizards of the World , pp. 588
    • Pianka, E.R.1    King, D.R.2
  • 105
    • 0027044814 scopus 로고
    • Responses of some Southern Hemisphere tree species to a prolonged dark period and their implications for high-latitude Cretaceous and Tertiary floras
    • doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(92)90019-2
    • Read, J., and Francis, J.E., 1992, Responses of some Southern Hemisphere tree species to a prolonged dark period and their implications for high-latitude Cretaceous and Tertiary floras: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 99, p. 271-290, doi:10.1016/0031-0182(92)90019-2.
    • (1992) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , vol.99 , pp. 271-290
    • Read, J.1    Francis, J.E.2
  • 107
    • 34250690539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A high-resolution palynological analysis, Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian High Arctic
    • Richter and LePage, B.A., Williams, C.J., and Hong, Y., eds., New York, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
    • Richter, S.L., and LePage, B.A., 2005, A high-resolution palynological analysis, Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian High Arctic, in Richter and LePage, B.A., Williams, C.J., and Hong, Y., eds., The Geobiology and Ecology of Metasequoia: New York, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, p. 137-158.
    • (2005) The Geobiology and Ecology of Metasequoia , pp. 137-158
    • Richter, S.L.1    LePage, B.A.2
  • 108
    • 0000697479 scopus 로고
    • New formations in the Eureka Sound Group, Canadian Arctic Islands
    • Geological Survey of Canada Paper 86-1B
    • Ricketts, B.D., 1986, New formations in the Eureka Sound Group, Canadian Arctic Islands, in Current Research, Part B: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 86-1B, p. 363-374.
    • (1986) Current Research, Part B , pp. 363-374
    • Ricketts, B.D.1
  • 109
    • 0026003537 scopus 로고
    • Sedimentation, Eurekan tectonism and the fossil forest succession of eastern Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago
    • Christie, R.L., and McMillan, N.J., eds., Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 403
    • Ricketts, B.D., 1991, Sedimentation, Eurekan tectonism and the fossil forest succession of eastern Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, in Christie, R.L., and McMillan, N.J., eds., Tertiary Fossil Forests of the Geodetic Hills, Axel Heiberg Island, Arctic Archipelago: Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 403, p. 1-27.
    • (1991) Tertiary Fossil Forests of the Geodetic Hills, Axel Heiberg Island, Arctic Archipelago , pp. 1-27
    • Ricketts, B.D.1
  • 110
    • 0028563353 scopus 로고
    • Basin Analysis, Eureka Sound Group, Axel Heiberg and Ellesmere Islands
    • Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 439
    • Ricketts, B.D., 1994, Basin Analysis, Eureka Sound Group, Axel Heiberg and Ellesmere Islands, Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 439, 119 p.
    • (1994) Canadian Arctic Archipelago , pp. 119
    • Ricketts, B.D.1
  • 113
    • 75749105651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plagiomenidae and Mixodectidae
    • Janis, C.M., Gunnell, G.F., and Uhen, M.D., eds., Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press
    • Rose, K.D., 2008, Plagiomenidae and Mixodectidae, in Janis, C.M., Gunnell, G.F., and Uhen, M.D., eds., Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 2: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, p. 198-206.
    • (2008) Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America , vol.2 , pp. 198-206
    • Rose, K.D.1
  • 114
    • 4043135100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arcticanodon dawsonae, a primitive new palaeanodont from the Lower Eocene of Ellesmere Island, Canadian High Arctic
    • doi: 10.1139/e04-019
    • Rose, K.D., Eberle, J.J., and McKenna, M.C., 2004, Arcticanodon dawsonae, a primitive new palaeanodont from the Lower Eocene of Ellesmere Island, Canadian High Arctic: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 41, p. 757-763, doi:10.1139/e04-019.
    • (2004) Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , vol.41 , pp. 757-763
    • Rose, K.D.1    Eberle, J.J.2    McKenna, M.C.3
  • 115
    • 0038602880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon loss by deciduous trees in a CO2-rich ancient polar environment
    • doi: 10.1038/nature01737
    • Royer, D.L., Osborne, C.P., and Beerling, D.J., 2003, Carbon loss by deciduous trees in a CO2-rich ancient polar environment: Nature, v. 424, p. 60-62, doi:10.1038/nature01737.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.424 , pp. 60-62
    • Royer, D.L.1    Osborne, C.P.2    Beerling, D.J.3
  • 116
    • 12344285127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contrasting seasonal patterns of carbon gain in evergreen and deciduous trees of ancient polar forests
    • doi: 10.1666/0094-8373 (2005)031<0141:CSPOCG>2.0.CO;2
    • Royer, D.L., Osborne, C.P., and Beerling, D.J., 2005, Contrasting seasonal patterns of carbon gain in evergreen and deciduous trees of ancient polar forests: Paleobiology, v. 31, p. 141-150, doi:10.1666/0094-8373 (2005)031<0141:CSPOCG>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2005) Paleobiology , vol.31 , pp. 141-150
    • Royer, D.L.1    Osborne, C.P.2    Beerling, D.J.3
  • 119
    • 0019210445 scopus 로고
    • Environment and climate in the early Tertiary of Spitzbergen
    • doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(80)90062-0
    • Schweitzer, H.J., 1980, Environment and climate in the early Tertiary of Spitzbergen: Palaeogeography, Palaeo climatology, Palaeoecology, v. 30, p. 297-311, doi:10.1016/0031-0182(80)90062-0.
    • (1980) Palaeogeography, Palaeo climatology, Palaeoecology , vol.30 , pp. 297-311
    • Schweitzer, H.J.1
  • 120
    • 45249090850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stable isotopes in early Eocene mammals as indicators of forest canopy structure and resource partitioning
    • doi: 10.1666/0094-8373(2008)034 [0282:SIIEEM]2.0.CO;2
    • Secord, R., Wing, S.L., and Chew, A., 2008, Stable isotopes in early Eocene mammals as indicators of forest canopy structure and resource partitioning: Paleobiology, v. 34, p. 282-300, doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2008)034 [0282:SIIEEM]2.0.CO;2.
    • (2008) Paleobiology , vol.34 , pp. 282-300
    • Secord, R.1    Wing, S.L.2    Chew, A.3
  • 121
    • 79956265876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis
    • doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004
    • Serreze, M.C., and Barry, R.G., 2011, Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis: Global and Planetary Change, v. 77, p. 85-96, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004.
    • (2011) Global and Planetary Change , vol.77 , pp. 85-96
    • Serreze, M.C.1    Barry, R.G.2
  • 123
    • 33644515320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconstructing a lost Eocene paradise: Part II. On the utility of dynamic global vegetation models in pre-Quaternary climate studies
    • doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.08.002
    • Shellito, C.J., and Sloan, L.C., 2006, Reconstructing a lost Eocene paradise: Part II. On the utility of dynamic global vegetation models in pre-Quaternary climate studies: Global and Planetary Change, v. 50, p. 18-32, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.08.002.
    • (2006) Global and Planetary Change , vol.50 , pp. 18-32
    • Shellito, C.J.1    Sloan, L.C.2
  • 125
    • 0004264306 scopus 로고
    • Evolution and Geography
    • Eugene, Oregon State System of Higher Education
    • Simpson, G.G., 1953, Evolution and Geography, Condon Lectures: Eugene, Oregon State System of Higher Education, 64 p.
    • (1953) Condon Lectures , pp. 64
    • Simpson, G.G.1
  • 128
    • 84871426496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rare taxa, biostratigraphy, and the Wasatchian-Bridgerian boundary in North America
    • Wing, S.L., Gingerich, P.D., Schmitz, B., and Thomas, E., eds., Geological Society of America Special Paper 369
    • Smith, K.T., and Holroyd, P.A., 2003, Rare taxa, biostratigraphy, and the Wasatchian-Bridgerian boundary in North America, in Wing, S.L., Gingerich, P.D., Schmitz, B., and Thomas, E., eds., Causes and Consequences of Globally Warm Climates in the Early Paleo gene: Geological Society of America Special Paper 369, p. 501-511.
    • (2003) Causes and Consequences of Globally Warm Climates in the Early Paleo gene , pp. 501-511
    • Smith, K.T.1    Holroyd, P.A.2
  • 129
    • 84859293602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Varanus griseus
    • Pianka, E.R., and King, D.R., eds., Bloomington, Indiana, Indiana University Press
    • Stanner, M., 2004, Varanus griseus, in Pianka, E.R., and King, D.R., eds., Varanoid Lizards of the World: Bloomington, Indiana, Indiana University Press, p. 104-132.
    • (2004) Varanoid Lizards of the World , pp. 104-132
    • Stanner, M.1
  • 130
    • 0000073556 scopus 로고
    • Revision of the Wind River faunas, early Eocene of central Wyoming: Part 5. Geology and biostratigraphy of the upper part of the Wind River Formation, northeastern Wind River Basin
    • Stucky, R.K., 1984, Revision of the Wind River faunas, early Eocene of central Wyoming: Part 5. Geology and biostratigraphy of the upper part of the Wind River Formation, northeastern Wind River Basin: Annals of Carnegie Museum, v. 53, p. 231-294.
    • (1984) Annals of Carnegie Museum , vol.53 , pp. 231-294
    • Stucky, R.K.1
  • 131
    • 0001278193 scopus 로고
    • Early Tertiary species of Azolla subg. Azolla sect Kremastospora from western and Arctic Canada
    • doi: 10.1139/b76-031
    • Sweet, A.R., and Hills, L.V., 1976, Early Tertiary species of Azolla subg. Azolla sect Kremastospora from western and Arctic Canada: Canadian Journal of Botany, v. 54, p. 334-351, doi:10.1139/b76-031.
    • (1976) Canadian Journal of Botany , vol.54 , pp. 334-351
    • Sweet, A.R.1    Hills, L.V.2
  • 132
    • 33845886279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Artiodactyla
    • Rose, K.D., and Archibald, J.D., eds., Origins and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades: Baltimore, Maryland, The Johns Hopkins University Press
    • Theodor, J.M., Rose, K.D., and Erfurt, J., 2005, Artiodactyla, in Rose, K.D., and Archibald, J.D., eds., The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades: Baltimore, Maryland, The Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 215-233.
    • (2005) The Rise of Placental Mammals , pp. 215-233
    • Theodor, J.M.1    Rose, K.D.2    Erfurt, J.3
  • 133
    • 37548999034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whales originated from aquatic artiodactyls in the Eocene Epoch of India
    • doi: 10.1038/nature06343
    • Thewissen, J.G.M., Cooper, L.N., Clementz, M.T., Bajpai, S., and Tiwari, B.N., 2007, Whales originated from aquatic artiodactyls in the Eocene Epoch of India: Nature, v. 450, p. 1190-1194, doi:10.1038/nature06343.
    • (2007) Nature , vol.450 , pp. 1190-1194
    • Thewissen, J.G.M.1    Cooper, L.N.2    Clementz, M.T.3    Bajpai, S.4    Tiwari, B.N.5
  • 134
    • 0040626113 scopus 로고
    • Banks, Victoria and Stefansson Islands
    • Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 330
    • Thorsteinsson, R., and Tozer, E.T., 1962, Banks, Victoria and Stefansson Islands, Arctic Archipelago: Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 330, 83 p.
    • (1962) Arctic Archipelago , pp. 83
    • Thorsteinsson, R.1    Tozer, E.T.2
  • 135
    • 0034432399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geographic and climatic influences on the Cretaceous and Tertiary history of Euramerican floristic similarity
    • Tiffney, B.H., 2000, Geographic and climatic influences on the Cretaceous and Tertiary history of Euramerican floristic similarity: Acta Universitatis Carolinae Geologica, v. 44, p. 5-16.
    • (2000) Acta Universitatis Carolinae Geologica , vol.44 , pp. 5-16
    • Tiffney, B.H.1
  • 137
    • 0035363862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late Paleocene Arctic coastal climate inferred from molluscan stable and radiogenic isotope ratios
    • Tripati, A., Zachos, J., Marincovich, L., and Bice, K., 2001, Late Paleocene Arctic coastal climate inferred from molluscan stable and radiogenic isotope ratios: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 170, p. 101-113.
    • (2001) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , vol.170 , pp. 101-113
    • Tripati, A.1    Zachos, J.2    Marincovich, L.3    Bice, K.4
  • 138
    • 38049055245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fossil leaves as palaeoclimate proxies in the Palaeogene of Spitsbergen (Svalbard)
    • Uhl, D., Traiser, C., Griesser, U., and Denk, T., 2007, Fossil leaves as palaeoclimate proxies in the Palaeogene of Spitsbergen (Svalbard): Acta Palaeobotanica, v. 47, p. 89-107.
    • (2007) Acta Palaeobotanica , vol.47 , pp. 89-107
    • Uhl, D.1    Traiser, C.2    Griesser, U.3    Denk, T.4
  • 139
    • 45449101340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salinity of the Eocene Arctic Ocean from oxygen isotope analysis of fish bone apatite
    • PA1S12, doi:10.1029/2007PA001451
    • Waddell, L.M., and Moore, T.C., 2008, Salinity of the Eocene Arctic Ocean from oxygen isotope analysis of fish bone apatite: Paleoceanography, v. 23, PA1S12, doi:10.1029/2007PA001451.
    • (2008) Paleoceanography , pp. 23
    • Waddell, L.M.1    Moore, T.C.2
  • 140
    • 67449126557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A sea ice-free summer Arctic within 30 years?
    • doi: 10.1029/2009GL037820
    • Wang, M., and Overland, J.E., 2009, A sea ice-free summer Arctic within 30 years?: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 36, p. 1-5, doi:10.1029/2009GL037820.
    • (2009) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.36 , pp. 1-5
    • Wang, M.1    Overland, J.E.2
  • 142
    • 0001275107 scopus 로고
    • Paleontologic evidence of marine sediments in the Eureka Sound Formation of Ellesmere Island, Arctic Archipelago, N.W.T., Canada
    • doi: 10.1139/e75-051
    • West, R.M., Dawson, M.R., Hutchison, J.H., and Ramaekers, P., 1975, Paleontologic evidence of marine sediments in the Eureka Sound Formation of Ellesmere Island, Arctic Archipelago, N.W.T., Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 12, p. 574-579, doi:10.1139/e75-051.
    • (1975) Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , vol.12 , pp. 574-579
    • West, R.M.1    Dawson, M.R.2    Hutchison, J.H.3    Ramaekers, P.4
  • 143
    • 0002530402 scopus 로고
    • Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene sedimentary rocks, eastern Canadian Arctic and related North Atlantic areas
    • Kerr, J.W., and Fergusson, A.J., eds., Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir
    • West, R.M., Dawson, M.R., Hickey, L.J., and Miall, A.D., 1981, Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene sedimentary rocks, eastern Canadian Arctic and related North Atlantic areas, in Kerr, J.W., and Fergusson, A.J., eds., Geology of the North Atlantic Borderlands: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, p. 279-298.
    • (1981) Geology of the North Atlantic Borderlands , pp. 279-298
    • West, R.M.1    Dawson, M.R.2    Hickey, L.J.3    Miall, A.D.4
  • 144
    • 78851469167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late Holocene freshening of the Baltic Sea derived from high-resolution strontium isotope analyses of mollusk shells
    • doi: 10.1130/G31524.1
    • Widerlund, A., and Andersson, P.S., 2011, Late Holocene freshening of the Baltic Sea derived from high-resolution strontium isotope analyses of mollusk shells: Geology, v. 39, p. 187-190, doi:10.1130/G31524.1.
    • (2011) Geology , vol.39 , pp. 187-190
    • Widerlund, A.1    Andersson, P.S.2
  • 145
    • 0034924928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pollen assemblages as paleoenvironmental proxies in the Florida Everglades
    • doi: 10.1016/S0034-6667(00)00042-7
    • Willard, D.A., Weimer, L.M., and Riegel, W.L., 2001, Pollen assemblages as paleoenvironmental proxies in the Florida Everglades: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 113, p. 213-235, doi:10.1016/S0034-6667(00)00042-7.
    • (2001) Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology , vol.113 , pp. 213-235
    • Willard, D.A.1    Weimer, L.M.2    Riegel, W.L.3
  • 146
    • 77956010018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fossil wood in coal-forming environments of the late Paleocene-early Eocene Chickaloon Formation
    • Williams, C.J., Trostle, K.D., and Sunderlin, D., 2010, Fossil wood in coal-forming environments of the late Paleocene-early Eocene Chickaloon Formation: Palaeo geography, Palaeclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 295, p. 363-375.
    • (2010) Palaeo geography, Palaeclimatology, Palaeoecology , vol.295 , pp. 363-375
    • Williams, C.J.1    Trostle, K.D.2    Sunderlin, D.3
  • 147
    • 0037629023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconstruction of Tertiary Metasequoia forests: II. Structure, biomass and productivity of Eocene floodplain forests in the Canadian Arctic
    • doi: 10.1666/0094-8373(2003)029<0271:ROTMFI>2.0.CO;2
    • Williams, C.J., Johnson, A.H., LePage, B.A., Vann, D.R., and Sweda, T., 2003, Reconstruction of Tertiary Metasequoia forests: II. Structure, biomass and productivity of Eocene floodplain forests in the Canadian Arctic: Paleobiology, v. 29, p. 271-292, doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2003)029<0271:ROTMFI>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2003) Paleobiology , vol.29 , pp. 271-292
    • Williams, C.J.1    Johnson, A.H.2    LePage, B.A.3    Vann, D.R.4    Sweda, T.5
  • 148
    • 0022234213 scopus 로고
    • The distribution of major vegetational types during the Tertiary
    • Sundquist, E.T., and Broecker, W.S., eds., American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph
    • 2. Natural Variations Archaean to Present: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 32, p. 357-375.
    • (1985) 2. Natural Variations Archaean to Present , vol.32 , pp. 357-375
    • Wolfe, J.A.1
  • 149
    • 38349105013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon cycle dynamics
    • doi: 10.1038/nature06588
    • Zachos, J.C., Dickens, G.R., and Zeebe, R.E., 2008, An early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon cycle dynamics: Nature, v. 451, p. 279-283, doi:10.1038/nature06588.
    • (2008) Nature , vol.451 , pp. 279-283
    • Zachos, J.C.1    Dickens, G.R.2    Zeebe, R.E.3
  • 150


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.