The evolution, biogeography and palaeoecology of the pinaceae based on fossil and extant representatives

Acta Horticulturae

Volumn 615, Issue , 2003, Pages 29-52

  LePage, Ben A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Climate; DNA; Larix; Mycorrhizae; Phylogeny; Picea; Pseudolarix; Tsuga

Indexed keywords

EID: 84879612433     PISSN: 05677572     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.615.1     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (89)

1. Alvin, K.L. 1960. Further cones of the Pinaceae from the Wealden of Belgium. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belg., Mém. 146:1-39.
2. Axelrod, D.I. 1998. The Eocene Thunder Mountain flora of central Idaho. Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 142:1-61.
3. Basinger, J.F. 1991. The fossil forests of the Buchanan Lake Formation (early Tertiary), Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago: preliminary floristics and paleoclimate. Geol. Surv. Canada, Bull. 403:39-65.
4. Boulter, M.C. and Kvǎek, Z. 1989. The Palaeocene flora of the Isle of Mull: including a revision of A.C. Seward and W.N. Edwards' descriptions. Palaeontol. Assoc., Spec. Pap. Palaeontol. 42:1-149.
5. Bowe, L.M., Coat, G. and dePamphilis, C.W. 2000. Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:4092-4097.
6. Burbank, D.W. and Johnson, G.D. 1983. The late Cenozoic chronologic and stratigraphic development of the Kashmir intermontane basin, northwestern Himalaya. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 43:205-235.
7. Chaney, R.W. 1947. Tertiary centers and migration routes. Ecol. Monogr. 17:141-148.
8. Chaw, S.-M., Zharkikh, A., Sung, H.-M., Lau, T.-C. and Li, W.-H. 1997. Molecular phylogeny of extant gymnosperms and seed plant evolution: analysis of nuclear 18S rRNA sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 14:56-68.
9. Chaw, S.-M., Parkinson, C.L., Cheng, Y., Vincent, T.M. and Palmer, J.D. 2000. Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:4086-4091.
10. Chung, S.-L., Lo, C.-H., Lee, T.-Y., Zhang, Y., Xie, Y., Li, X., Wang, K.-L. and Wang, P.-L. 1998. Diachronous uplift of the Tibetan Plateau starting 40 Myr ago. Nature 394:769-773.
11. Crane, P.R. 1985. Phylogenetic analysis of seed plants and the origin of the angiosperms. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 72:716-793.
12. Dallimore, W. and Jackson, A.B. 1948. A handbook of Coniferae including Ginkgoaceae. 3rd ed., Edward Arnold and Co., London.
13. Doyle, J.A. 1996. Seed plant phylogeny and the relationship of Gnetales. Int. J. Plant Sci. 157:S3-S39.
14. Doyle, J.A. and Donoghue, M.J. 1986. Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of the angiosperms: an experimental cladistic approach. Bot. Rev. 52:321-431.
15. Eberle, J.J. and Storer, J.E. 1999. Northernmost record of brontotheres, Axel Heiberg Island, Canada-implications for age of the Buchanan Lake Formation and brontothere paleobiology. J. Paleontol 73:979-983.
16. Farjon, A. 1990. Pinaceae: drawings and descriptions of the genera Abies, Cedrus, Pseudolarix, Keteleeria, Nothotsuga, Tsuga, Cathaya, Pseudotsuga, Larix, and Picea. Regnum Veg. 121:1-330.
17. Ferguson, D.K. 1967. On the phytogeography of Coniferales in the European Cenozoic. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 3:73-110.
18. Florin, R. 1963. The distribution of conifer and taxad genera in space and time. Acta Hort. Berg. 20:21-312.
19. Frankis, M.P. 1989. Generic inter-relationships in Pinaceae. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 45:527-548.
20. Gaussen, H. 1966. Les gymnospermes actuelles et fossiles. Trav. Lab. Forest. Toulouse 2:481-486, 637-661.
21. Gernandt, D.S. and Liston, A. 1999. Internal transcribed spacer region evolution in Larix and Pseudotsuga (Pinaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 86:711-723.
22. Gugerli, F., Sperisen, C., Büchler, U., Brunner, I., Brodbeck, S., Palmer, J.D. and Qiu, Y.-L. 2001. The evolutionary split of Pinaceae from other conifers: evidence from an intron loss and a multigene phylogeny. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 21:167-175.
23. Hammen, T. van der, Wijmstra, T.A. and Zagwijn, W.H. 1971. The floral record of the late Cenozoic of Europe. p.391-424. In: K.K. Turekian (ed.), The Late Cenozoic Glacial Ages. Yale University Press, New Haven.
24. Hansen, A., Hansmann, S., Samigullin, T., Antonov, A. and Martin, W. 1999. Gnetum and the angiosperms: molecular evidence that their shared morphological characters are convergent rather than homologous. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16:1006-1009.
25. Harrison, J.C., Mayr, U., McNeil, D.H., McIntyre, D.J, Eberle, J.J., Harington, C.R., Chalmers, J.A., Dam, G. and Nøhr-Hansen, H. 1999. Correlation of Cenozoic sequences of the Canadian Arctic region and Greenland; implications for the tectonic history of northern North America. Bull. Can. Pet. Geol. 47:223-254.
26. Hopkins, D.M. 1967. The Bering Land Bridge. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
27. Hsü, J. 1978. On the palaeobotanical evidence for continental drift and Himalayan uplift. Palaeobotanist 25:131-142.
28. Johnson, N.M., Opdyke, N.D., Johnson, G.D, Lindsay, E.H. and Tahirkheli, R.A.K. 1982. Magnetic polarity stratigraphy and ages of Siwalik Group rocks of the Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 37:17-42.
29. Keller, A.M. and Hendrix, M.S. 1997. Paleoclimatologic analysis of a Late Jurassic petrified forest, south-eastern Mongolia. Palaios 12:282-291.
30. Krüssmann, G. 1985. Manual of Cultivated Conifers. Timber Press, Portland.
31. Lacassagne, M. 1934. Étude morphologique, anatomique, et systématique du genre Picea. Trav. Lab. Forest. Toulouse 2(3): 1-292.
32. Lemmon, J.G. 1890. Cone-bearers of California. Third Biennial Report, California State Board of Forestry 1889-1890, to Governor R.W. Waterman, Sacramento.
33. LePage, B.A. 1991. The use of the bract as a diagnostic feature in the taxonomy of the Pinaceae. 42nd AIBS Annual Meeting, San Antonio, Texas. Amer. J. Bot., Suppl. 78: 199.
34. LePage, B.A. 2001. New species of Picea A. Dietrich (Pinaceae) from the middle Eocene of Axel Heiberg Island, Arctic Canada. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 135: 137-167.
35. LePage, B.A. and Basinger, J.F. 1991a. A new species of Larix (Pinaceae) from the early Tertiary of Axel Heiberg Island, Arctic Canada. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 70: 89-111.
36. LePage, B.A. and Basinger, J.F. 1991b. Early Tertiary Larix from the Buchanan Lake Formation, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, and a consideration of the phytogeography of the genus. Geol. Surv. Can., Bull. 403: 67-82.
37. LePage, B.A. and Basinger, J.F. 1992. New species of Picea from the Eocene of Axel Heiberg Island, Arctic Canada. p. 97. In: 4th International Organization of Paleobotany Conference, Paris, Abstracts and Program.
38. LePage, B.A. and Basinger, J.F. 1995a. Evolutionary history of the genus Pseudolarix Gordon (Pinaceae). Int. J. Plant Sci. 156:910-950.
39. LePage, B.A. and Basinger, J.F. 1995b. The evolutionary history of the genus Larix (Pinaceae). U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Ser., Intermountain Res. Sta., GTR-INT-319: 19-29.
40. LePage, B.A. and Bayer, R.J. 1996. Molecular genetics of the genus Tsuga (Pinaceae). Science Council of British Columbia Project #OPS.LR-223/#FR-95/96- 127.
41. LePage, B.A. and Bayer, R.J. 1997. A phylogenetic analysis of Tsuga (Pinaceae): an integrative approach. 48th AIBS Annual Meeting, Montreal, Canada. Amer. J. Bot. Suppl. 84:210.
42. LePage, B.A., Currah, R.A., Stockey, R.S. and Rothwell, G.W. 1997. Fossil ectomycorrhizae from the middle Eocene. Amer. J. Bot. 84:410-412.
43. Liu, D. and Ding, M. 1984. The characteristics and evolution of the palaeoenvironment of China since the late Tertiary. p.11-40. In: R.O. Whyte (ed.), The Evolution of the East Asian Environment: Geology and Palaeoclimatology. Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
44. Lui, T.S. 1971. A Monograph of the Genus Abies. Department of Forestry, College of Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei.
45. McIntyre, D.J. 1991. Pollen and spore flora of an Eocene High Arctic forest. Geol. Surv. Canada, Bull. 403:83-97.
46. McKenna, M.C. 1972. Was Europe connected directly to North America prior to the middle Eocene? p.179-189. In: T. Dobzhansky, M.K. Hecht and W.C. Steere (eds.), Evolutionary Biology, Volume 6. Appleton Century-Crofts, New York.
47. McKenna, M.C. 1975. Fossil mammals and early Eocene North Atlantic land continuity. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 62:335-353.
48. McKenna, M.C. 1983a. Cenozoic paleogeography of North Atlantic land bridges. p.351-399. In: M.P.H. Bott, S. Saxov, M. Talwani and J. Thiede (eds.), Structure and Development of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge. Plenum, New York.
49. McKenna, M.C. 1983b. Holarctic landmass rearrangement, cosmic events, and Cenozoic terrestrial organisms. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 70:459-489.
50. Meng, J. and McKenna, M.C. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Palaeogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367.
51. Mercier, J.-L., Armijo, R., Tapponnier, P., Carey-Gailhardis, E. and Lin, H.-T. 1987. Change from late Tertiary compression to Quaternary extension in southern Tibet during the India-Asia collision. Tectonics 6:275-304.
52. Miller Jr., C.N. 1976. Early evolution in the Pinaceae. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 21:101-117.
53. Miller Jr., C.N. 1988. The origin of modern conifer families. p.444-486. In: C.B. Beck (ed.), Origin and Evolution of Gymnosperms. Columbia University Press, New York.
54. Miller Jr., C.N. 1989. A new species of Picea based on silicified seed cones from the Oligocene of Washington. Amer. J. Bot. 76:747-754.
55. Miller Jr., C.N. 1999. Implications of fossil conifers for the phylogenetic relationships of living families. Bot. Rev. 65:239-277.
56. Nixon, K.C., Crepet, W.L., Stevenson, D. and Friis, E.M. 1994. A re-evaluation of seed plant phylogeny. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81:484-533.
57. Omar, G.I., Lutz, T.M. and Giegengack, R. 1994. Apatite fission track evidence for Laramide and post-Laramide uplift and anomalous thermal regime at the Beartooth overthrust, Montana-Wyoming. Geol. Soc. Amer., Bull. 106: 74-85.
58. Page, C.N. 1989. New and maintained genera in the conifer families Podocarpaceae and Pinaceae. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 45:377-395.
59. Patschke, W. 1913. Über die extratropischen ostasiatischen Coniferen und ihre Bedeutung für die pflanzengeographische Gliederung Ostasiens. Bot. Jahrb. 48:626-776.
60. Pirozynski, K.A. and Malloch, D.W. 1975. The origin of land plants: a matter of mycotropism. BioSystems 6:153-164.
61. Qian, T., Ennos, R.A. and Helgason, T. 1995. Genetic relationships among larch species based on analysis of restriction fragment variation for chloroplast DNA. Can. J. For. Res. 25:1197-1202.
62. Qiu, Y.-L., Lee, J., Bernasconi-Quadroni, F., Soltis, D.E., Soltis, P.S., Zanis, M., Zimmer, E.A., Chen, Z., Savolainen, V. and Chase, M.W. 1999. The earliest angiosperms: evidence from mitochondrial, plastid and nuclear genomes. Nature 402:404-407.
63. Qiu, Y.-L., Lee, J., Bernasconi-Quadroni, F., Soltis, D.E., Soltis, P.S., Zanis, M., Zimmer, E.A., Chen, Z., Savolainen, V. and Chase, M.W. 2000. Phylogeny of basal angiosperms: analyses of five genes from three genomes. Int. J. Plant Sci. 161:S3-S27.
64. Read, D.J. 1984. The structure and function of the vegetative mycelium of mycorrhizal roots. p.215-240. In: D.H. Jennings and A.D.M. Rayner (eds.), The ecology and physiology of the fungal mycelium. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
65. Remy, W., Taylor, T.N., Hass, H. and Kerp, H. 1994. Four hundred-million-year-old vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 11841-11843.
66. Rothwell, G.W. and Serbet, R. 1994. Lignophyte phylogeny and the evolution of spermatophytes: a numerical cladistic analysis. Syst. Bot. 19:443-482.
67. Ruddiman, W.F. and Kutzbach, J.E. 1989. Forcing of late Cenozoic Northern Hemisphere climate by plateau uplift in southern Asia and the American west. J. Geophys. Res. 94:18409-18427.
68. Ruddiman, W.F., Prell, W.L. and Raymo, M.E. 1989. Late Cenozoic uplift in southern Asia and the American west: rationale for general circulation modeling experiments. J. Geophys. Res. 94:18379-18391.
69. Rydin, C., Källersjö, M. and Friis, E.M. 2002. Seed plant relationships and the systematic position of Gnetales based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA: conflicting data, rooting problems, and the monophyly of conifers. Int. J. Plant Sci. 163:197-214.
70. Silba, J. 1986. Encyclopedia Coniferae. Phytologia Mem. 8: 1-217.
71. Smith, S.E. and Read, D.J. 1997. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, 2nd ed. Academic Press, New York.
72. Smith, S.Y. and Stockey, R.A. 2002. Permineralized pine cones from the Cretaceous of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Int. J. Plant Sci. 163:185-196.
73. Stefanović, S., Jager, M., Deutsch, J., Broutin, J. and Masselot, M. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships of conifers inferred from partial 28S rRNA gene sequences. Amer. J. Bot. 85:688-697.
74. Swofford, D.L. 1993. PAUP: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony, Version 3.1.1. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign.
75. Taylor, T.N. and Taylor, E.L. 1993. The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Prentice Hall, Engelwood Cliffs.
76. Thiede, J. and Eldholm, O. 1983. Speculations about the paleodepth of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge during the Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic times. p.445-456. In: M.P.H. Bott, S. Saxov, M.Talwani and J. Thiede (eds.), Structure and Development of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge. Plenum, New York.
77. Tieghem, P. van. 1891. Structure et affinités des Abies et des genres les plus voisins. Bull. Soc. Nat. France 38: 406-415.
78. Tiffney, B.H. 1985. The Eocene North Atlantic land bridge: its importance in the Tertiary and modern phytogeography of the Northern Hemisphere. J. Arnold. Arbor. 66: 243-273.
79. Tsumura, Y., Yoshimura, K., Tomaru, N. and Ohba, K. 1995. Molecular phylogeny of conifers using RFLP analysis of PCR-amplified specific chloroplast genes. Theor. Appl. Genet. 91: 1222-1236.
80. Wang, Chi-Wu. 1961. The forests of China with a survey of the grassland and desert vegetation. Maria Moors Cabot Found., Harv. Univ. 5: 1-313.
81. Wang, X.-Q., Tank, D.C. and Sang, T. 2000. Phylogeny and divergence times in Pinaceae: evidence from three genomes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 17:773-781.
82. Wehr, W.C. and Schorn, H.E. 1992. Current research on Eocene conifers at Republic, Washington. Wash. Geol. 20:20-23.
83. Winter, K.-U., Becker, A., Münster, T., Kim, J.T., Saedler, H. and Theissen, G. 1999. MADS-box genes reveal that gnetophytes are more closely related to conifers than to flowering plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:7342-7347.
84. Wolfe, J.A. 1978. A paleobotanical interpretation of Tertiary climates in the Northern Hemisphere. Amer. Sci. 66:694-703.
85. Wolfe, J.A. and Upchurch Jr., G.R. 1987. North American nonmarine climates and vegetation during the Late Cretaceous. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 61:33-77.
86. Wolfe, J.A., Schorn, H.E., Forest, C.E. and Molnar, P. 1997. Paleobotanical evidence for high altitudes in Nevada during the Miocene. Science 276:1672-1675.
87. Wolfe, J.A., Forest, C.E. and Molnar, P. 1998. Paleobotanical evidence of Eocene and Oligocene paleoaltitudes in midlatitude western North America. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 110:664-678.
88. Wright, J.W. 1955. Species crossability in spruce in relation to distribution and taxonomy. Forestry 1:319-349.
89. Yoshida, M. 1984. When was the Himalaya formed? Tethys Res., Bull. Tethys Soc. 3:22-46.