The Role of Chinese Students as Tourists and Hosts for Overseas Travel

Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 445-464

  Liu, Ge ^a   Ryan, Chris ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WAIKATO   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

activities; Chinese students; motivations; satisfaction; students' friends and family

Indexed keywords

EDUCATION; INTERNATIONAL TOURISM; STUDENT; TOURISM MARKET; TOURIST ATTRACTION; TOURIST DESTINATION; UNIVERSITY SECTOR;

NEW ZEALAND; NORTH ISLAND;

EID: 84859023985     PISSN: 10941665     EISSN: 17416507     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10941665.2011.588877     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Aislabie, C., Lee, J. and Stanton, J. 1994. Australian cultural diversity and export growth, Canberra: Office of Multicultural Affairs.
2. Anderson, E. W. 1998. Word-of-mouth as a consequence of customer satisfaction. Journal of Services Research, 1: 5-17.
3. Besculides, A., Lee, M. E. and McCormick, P. J. 2002. Residents' perceptions of the cultural benefits of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(2): 303-319.
4. Braunlich, C. G. and Nadkarni, N. 1995. The importance of the VFR market to the hotel industry. Journal of Tourism Studies, 6(1): 38-47.
5. Butcher, A. and McGrath, T. 2004. International students in New Zealand: Needs and responses. International Education Journal, 5(4): 540-550.
6. Carr, N. 2001. "University student's holiday behaviour: A case study from New Zealand". In Introduction to tourism: Dimensions and Issues, Edited by: Hall, C. M. and Kearsley, G. W. South Melbourne: Pearson Education.
7. Chadee, D. and Cutler, J. 1996. Insights into international travel by students. Journal of Travel Research, 35(2): 75-80.
8. Chang, J., Wang, K.-C., Guo, Y.-Z., Su, C.-J. and Yen, S.-J. 2007. Trends in outbound package tours in China and Taiwan: A marketing mix perspective. Tourism Analysis, 12(4): 257-270.
9. Chen, P. and Kerstetter, D. L. 1999. International students' image of rural Pennsylvania as a travel destination. Journal of Travel Research, 37(3): 256-266.
10. China Daily. 2006. Outbound traveling jumps 50-fold in 20 years Retrieved February 8, 2008, from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2006-02/04/content_517047.htm
11. Davidson, R., Hertrich, S. and Schwandner, G. 2004. How can Europe capture Chinese MICE?. APTA Conference 2004: Globalization and tourism research: East meets West. July2004, Nagasaki, Japan.
12. Dawkins, P., Kemo, S. and Cabalu, H. 1995. Trade and investment with East Asia in selected service industries: The role of immigrants, Canberra: Bureau of Immigration and Population.
13. Eggert, A. and Ulaga, W. 2002. Customer perceived value: A substitute for satisfaction in business markets?. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 17(2/3): 107-118.
14. English Tourism Council. 2002. Visits to friends and relatives, London: Author.
15. Feng, K. and Page, S. J. 2000. An exploratory study of the tourism, migration-immigration nexus: Travel experience of Chinese residents in New Zealand. Current Issues in Tourism, 3(3): 246-281.
16. Field, A. M. 1999. The college student market segment: A comparative study of travel behaviors of international and domestics students at a Southeastern university. Journal of Travel Research, 37(4): 375-382.
17. Fishbein, M. and Ajzen, I. 1972. Attitudes and opinions. Annual Review of Psychology, 23: 487-544.
18. Hall, C. M. and Williams, A. M. 2002. Tourism and migration: New relationships between production and consumption, Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
19. Hill, M. 2000. "Asian values" as reverse orientalism: Singapore. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 41(2): 177-190.
20. Hsu, C. H. C. and Sung, S. 1997. Travel behaviours of international students at a Midwestern university. Journal of Travel Research, 36(1): 59-65.
21. Isa, S. 2004. The Malaysian Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR) Market Initiated by the Malaysian Students in South Island, New Zealand, Dunedin: University of Otago.
22. Jackson, R. T. 1990. VFR tourism: Is it underestimated?. Journal of Tourism Studies, 1(2): 10-17.
23. Jang, S. C., Yu, L. and Pearson, T. W. 2003. Chinese travellers to the United States: A comparison of business travel and visiting friends and relatives. Tourism Geographies, 5(1): 87-108.
24. Kawato, A. Is a clash of cultures inevitable? Cited in Proceedings of a Conference as Part of the First Shizuoka Asia-Pacific Forum: The Future of the Asia-Pacific Region. Retrieved January 18, 2006, fromhttp://archive.unu.edu/unupress/asian-values.html
25. Kim, K. and Jogaratnam, G. 2003. Activity preferences for Asian international and domestic American university students: An alternate basis for segmentation. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 9(3): 260-270.
26. King, B. 1994. What is ethnic tourism? An Australian perspective. Tourism Management, 15(3): 173-176.
27. King, B. and Gamage, A. M. 1994. Measuring the value of the ethnic connection: Expatriate travelers from Australia to Sri Lanka. Journal of Travel Research, 33(2): 46-49.
28. Kozak, M. and Rimmington, M. 2000. Tourist satisfaction with Mallorca, Spain as an off-season holiday destination. Journal of Travel Research, 38(3): 260-269.
29. Lang, C. T., O'Leary, J. T. and Morrison, A. M. 1993. Activity segmentation of Japanese female overseas travellers. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2(4): 1-22.
30. Lee, C.-K., Yoon, Y.-S. and Lee, S.-K. 2007. Investigating the relationships among perceived value, satisfaction, and recommendations: The case of the Korean DMZ. Tourism Management, 28(1): 204-214.
31. Leiper, N. and Hunt, S. 1998. A proposed strategic alliance: Why Australia's tourist commissions should be promoting universities and why academics should be on the commissions. Pacific Tourism Review, 2(3-4): 191-197.
32. Lew, A. A. and Wong, A. 2004. "Sojourners, Gangxi, and clan associations: Social capital and overseas Chinese tourism to China". In Tourism, diasporas and space, Edited by: Timothy, D. and Coles, T. 202-214. London: Routledge.
33. Li, L., Bai, B. and McCleary, K. 1996. The giant awakens: Chinese outbound travel. Australia Tourism Research, 13(2): 59-67.
34. Mazzarol, T. and Soutar, G. N. 2002. "Push-pull" factors influencing international student destination choice. The International Journal of Educational Management, 16(2): 82-90.
35. McKercher, B. 1995. "Attracting the invisible tourist market: VFR tourism in Albury Wodonga, Australia". In Practicing responsible tourism: International case studies in tourism planning, policy, and development, Edited by: Harrison, L. C. and Husbands, W. 509-529. UK: Wiley and Sons.
36. Meis, S., Joyal, S. and Trites, A. 1995. The U.S. repeat and VFR visitor to Canada: Come again, eh!. Journal of Tourism Studies, 6(1): 27-37.
37. Michael, I., Armstrong, A. and King, B. 2003. The travel behavior of international students: The relationship between studying abroad and their choice of tourist destinations. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(1): 57-66.
38. Morrison, A. M., Hsieh, S. and O'Leary, J. T. 1995. Segmenting the visiting friends and relatives market by holiday activity participation. Journal of Tourism Studies, 6(1): 48-63.
39. Morrison, A. M and O'Leary, J. T. 1995. The VFR market: Desperately seeking respect. Journal of Tourism Studies, 6(1): 2-5.
40. Navarro, R. L. and Turco, D. 1994. Segmentation of the visiting friends and relatives market. Visions in Leisure & Business, 13(1): 4-16.
41. New Zealand Ministry of Tourism. 2007a. International visitor arrivals: Country of origin by purpose current year end Retrieved January 24, 2008, from http://www.tourismresearch.govt.nz/Datasets/International+Visitor+Arrivals/Data+and+Analysis/Table-Country-of-Origin-by-Purpose-Current-Year-End.htm
42. New Zealand Ministry of Tourism. 2007b. International visitor arrivals by country of origin current year end Retrieved January 25, 2008, from http://www.tourismresearch.govt.nz/Datasets/International+Visitor+Arrivals/Data+and+Analysis/Table-Arrivals-by-Country-of-Origin-Current-Year-End.htm
43. New Zealand Ministry of Tourism (2007c). International visitor arrivals: Country of origin by purpose current year end. Retrieved January 24, 2008, fromhttp://www.tourismresearch.govt.nz/Datasets/International+Visitor+Arrivals/Data+and+Analysis/Table-Country-of-Origin-by-Purpose-Current-Year-End.htm
44. Oh, H. 2001. Revisiting importance-performance analysis. Tourism Management, 22(6): 617-627.
45. Paci, E. 1994. Market segments: The major international VFR markets. EIU Travel & Tourism Analyst, 6: 36-50.
46. Richards, G. and Wilson, J. 2004. The global nomad: Backpacker travel in theory and practice, Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
47. Robertson, M., Line, M., Jones, S. and Thomas, S. 2000. International students, learning environments and perceptions: A case study using the Delphi technique. Higher Education Research & Development, 19(1): 89-102.
48. Ryan, C. and Xie, J. 2003. Chinese students-A New Zealand tourism niche?. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 3(1): 95-120.
49. Ryan, C. and Zhidan, Zhang. 2007. Chinese students: Holiday behaviours in New Zealand. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 13(2): 91-105.
50. Seaton, A. V. 1994. "Are friends relatives? Reassessing the VFR category in segmenting tourism markets". In Tourism: The state of the arts, Edited by: Seaton, A. V. West Sussex: Wiley.
51. Seaton, A. V. and Tagg, S. 1995. Disaggregating friends and relatives in VFR tourism research: The Northern Ireland evidence 1991-1993. Journal of Tourism Studies, 6(1): 6-18.
52. Shanka, T. and Taylor, R. 2003. International student graduations ceremonies: An opportunity for local tourism services providers. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 8(2): 13-22.
53. Shanka, T., Taylor, R. and Ali-Knight, J. 2001. Student graduation ceremonies as special events: An opportunity for domestic services providers-a preliminary report, Retrieved June 17 2011, fromhttp://smib.vuw.ac.nz:8081/WWW/ANZMAC2001/anzmac/AUTHORS/pdfs/Shanka.pdf
54. Sparks, B. A. and Pan, G. 2009. Outbound Chinese tourists: Understanding attitudes, constraints and information sources. Tourism Management, 30(4): 483-494.
55. Taylor, R., Shanka, T. and Pope, J. 2004. Investigating the significance of VFR visits to international students. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 14(1): 61-77.
56. Tham Min-En, A. 2006. Travel stimulated by international students in Australia. International Journal of Tourism Research, 8: 451-468.
57. Tourism New Zealand. 2005. International visitor survey, Wellington: Tourism New Zealand. Retrieved January 20, 2008, from http://www.tourisminfo.govt.nz
58. Tourism New Zealand. (2010). International visitor survey. Wellington: Tourism New Zealand. Retrieved May 18, 2011, fromhttp://www.tourismnewzealand.com/news-and-features/latest-news/2011/05/international-visitor-survey-results-released/
59. Ward, C. and Masgoret, A.-M. 2004. The experiences of international students in New Zealand (Report for the Ministry of Education). New Zealand: Victoria University of Wellington
60. White, C. 1996. "The VFR: The international market perspective". In VFR tourism: Issues and Implications, Edited by: Yaman, H. R. 66-70. Melbourne: Victoria University of Technology.
61. Williams, A. & Hall, M. (1998). Tourism and migration: New relationships between production and consumption-An international research project of the International Geographical Union Study Group on the Geography of Sustainable Tourism. Retrieved June 16, 2011, from http://www.geog.nau.edu/igust/migration.html
62. Yu Tianyu. 2010. Number of outbound tourists soaring Retrieved March 29, 2010, from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2010-03/29/content_9654759.htm
63. Yuan, T., Fridgen, J. D., Hsieh, S. and O'Leary, J. T. 1995. Visiting friends and relatives travel market: The Dutch case. Journal of Tourism Studies, 6(1): 19-26.
64. Zhang, H. Q., Chong, K. and Ap, J. 1999. An analysis of tourism policy development in modern China. Tourism Management, 20: 471-485.
65. Zhao, C.C. (2006). New Zealand's destination image and the Chinese outbound market: A comparative study between the Beijing (north) and Guangdong (south) markets. Retrieved January 26, 2008, fromhttp://aut.researchgateway.ac.nz/bitstream/10292/137/2/ZhaoC.pdf