Histamine-releasing and allergenic properties of opioid analgesic drugs: Resolving the two

Anaesthesia and Intensive Care

Volumn 40, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 216-235

  Baldo, B A ^a   Pham, N H ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Anaphylactoid reactions; Histamine release; Morphine and histamine; Opioid analgesics; Opioid anaphylaxis; Opioid drug allergy; Tramadol and opioids

Indexed keywords

ALFENTANIL; BUPRENORPHINE; CODEINE; DIAMORPHINE; FENTANYL; HISTAMINE; HISTAMINE RECEPTOR; HYDROCODONE; HYDROMORPHONE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E ANTIBODY; METHADONE; MORPHINE; MU OPIATE RECEPTOR; NALBUPHINE; NALOXONE; OPIATE; OXYCODONE; OXYMORPHONE; PETHIDINE; REMIFENTANIL; SUFENTANIL; TRAMADOL;

ALLERGENICITY; ALLERGIC REACTION; ANAPHYLACTOID PURPURA; ANAPHYLAXIS; CARDIOPULMONARY HEMODYNAMICS; CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECT; CONFERENCE PAPER; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG STRUCTURE; ERYTHEMA; EYELID EDEMA; HEMODYNAMICS; HISTAMINE BLOOD LEVEL; HISTAMINE RELEASE; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; IMMEDIATE TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY; INTRACUTANEOUS TEST; MONOAMINERGIC SYSTEM; ORAL PRURITUS; PETECHIA; SKIN TEST; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; TACHYCARDIA; URTICARIA; VASCULARIZATION;

EID: 84858967849     PISSN: 0310057X     EISSN: 14480271     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0310057x1204000204     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (185)

1. Jaffe JH, Martin WR. Opioid analgesics and antagonists. In: Goodman Gilman A, Goodman LS, Gilman A, eds. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 6th ed. New York, Macmillan Publishing Co. 1980. p. 494-534.
2. Goldstein A, Lowney LI, Pal BK. Stereospecific and nonspecific interactions of the morphine congener levorphanol in subcellular fractions of mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1971; 68:1742-1747.
3. Pert CB, Snyder SH. Opiate receptor: demonstration in nervous tissue. Science 1973; 179:1011-1014.
4. Simon EJ, Hiller JM, Edelman I. Stereospecific binding of the potent narcotic analgesic [3H] etorphine to rat-brain homogenate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1973; 70:1947-1949.
5. Terenius L. Stereospecific interaction between narcotic analgesics and a synaptic plasma membrane fraction of rat cerebral cortex. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1973; 32:317-320.
6. Hughes J, Smith TW, Kosterlitz HW, Fothergill LA, Morgan BA, Morris HR. Identification of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activity. Nature 1975; 258:577-579.
7. Hughes J. Biogenesis, release and interaction of enkephalins and dynorphins. Brit Med Bull 1983; 39:17-24. (Pubitemid 13220722)
8. Duthie DJR, Nimmo WS. Adverse effects of opioid analgesic drugs. Br J Anaesth 1987; 59:61-77. (Pubitemid 17232325)
9. Lanier WL, Kharasch ED. Contemporary clinical opioid use: opportunities and challenges. Mayo Clin Proc 2009; 84:572-575.
10. Lieberman P. Definition and criteria for the diagnosis of anaphylaxis. In: Castells MC, ed. Anaphylaxis and Hypersensitivity Reactions. New York, Humana Press 2011. p. 1-12.
11. Gell PGH, Coombs RRA. Classification of allergic reactions responsible for clinical hypersensitivity and disease. In: Gell PGH, Coombs RRA, Lachmann PJ, eds. Clinical Aspects of Immunology. Oxford, Blackwells 1975. p. 761-81.
12. Cooper SM, Shaw S. Dihydrocodeine: a drug allergy diagnosed by patch testing. Contact Dermatitis 2000; 42:307-308. (Pubitemid 30219387)
13. Reich A, Stander S, Szepietowski JC. Drug-induced pruritis: A review. Acta Dermato Venereologica 2009; 89:236-244.
14. Estrada JL, Puebla MJ, de Urbina JJ, Matilla B, Prieto MA, Gozalo F. Generalized eczema due to codeine. Contact Dermatitis 2001; 44:185. (Pubitemid 32115724)
15. M ohrenschlager M, Glockner A, Jessberger B, Worret WI, Ollert M, Rakoski J et al. Codeine caused pruritic scarlatiniform exanthemata: patch test negative but positive to oral provocation test. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143:663-664.
16. Gutstein HB, Akil H. Opioid analgesics. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, eds. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapy, 10th ed. New York, McGraw Hill 2001. p. 569-620.
17. Freye E. Opioids in Medicine. Springer, Dordrecht 2008.
18. Loew GH, Berkowitz DS, Newth RC. Quantum chemical studies of methadone. J Med Chem 1976; 19:863-869.
19. Henkel JG, Bell KH, Portoghese PS. Stereochemical studies on medicinal agents. 16. Conformational studies of methadone and isomethadone utilizing circular dichroism and proton magnetic resonance. J Med Chem 1974; 17:124-129.
20. Raffa RB, Friderichs E, Reimann W, Shank RP, Codd EE, Vaught JL. Opioid and non-opioid components independently contribute to the mechanism of action of tramadol an 'atypical'opioid analgesic. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992; 260:275-285.
21. Grond S, Sablotzki A. Clinical pharmacology of tramadol. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004; 43:879-923. (Pubitemid 39447033)
22. Hill SJ, Ganellin CR, Timmerman H, Schwartz JC, Shankley NP, Young JM et al. International Union of Pharmacology. XIII. Classification of histamine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 1997; 49:253-278. (Pubitemid 27414915)
23. Oda T, Morikawa N, Saito Y, Masuho Y, Matsumoto S. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel type of histamine receptor preferentially expressed in leukocytes. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:36781-36786. (Pubitemid 32002087)
24. M orse KL, Behan J, Laz TM, West RE Jr, Greenfeder SA, Anthes JC et al. Cloning and characterization of a novel human histamine receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001; 296:1058-1066.
25. Nguyen T, Shapiro DA, George SR, Setola V, Lee DK, Cheng R et al. Discovery of a novel member of the histamine receptor family. Mol Pharmacol 2001; 59:427-433. (Pubitemid 32179919)
26. Zhu Y, Michalovich D, Wu H, Tan KB, Dytko DM, Mannan IJ et al. Cloning, expression and pharmacological characterization of a novel human histamine receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2001; 59:434-441. (Pubitemid 32179920)
27. Peters SP, Schulman ES, Schleimer RP, MacGlashan DW Jr, Newball HH, Lichtenstein LM. Dispersed human lung mast cells. Pharmacologic aspects and comparison with human lung tissue fragments. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982; 126:1034-1039. (Pubitemid 13202257)
28. MacGlashan D Jr. Histamine: A mediator of inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112:S53-S59.
29. Hofstra CL, Desai PJ, Thurmond RL, Fung-Leung W-P. Histamine H4 receptor mediates chemotaxis and calcium mobilization of mast cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 305:1212-1221. (Pubitemid 36618001)
30. Lippert U, Artuc M, Grutzkau A, Babina M, Guhl S, Haase I et al. Human skin mast cells express H2 and H4, but not H3 receptors. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 123:116-123. (Pubitemid 38833472)
31. Jutel M, Watanabe T, Klunker S, Akdis M, Thomet OAR, Malolepszy J et al. Histamine regulates T-cell and antibody responses by differential expression of H1 and H2 receptors. Nature 2001; 413:420-424.
32. Gutzmer R, Langer K, Lisewski M, Mommert S, Rieckborn D, Kapp A et al. Expression and function of histamine receptors 1 and 2 on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109:524-531. (Pubitemid 34234206)
33. Barger G, Dale HH. Chemical structure and sympathomimetic action of amines. J Physiol 1910; 41:19-59.
34. Dale HH, Laidlaw PP. The physiological action of β- imidazolylethylamine. J Physiol 1910; 41:318-344.
35. Dale HH, Laidlaw PP. Further observations on the actions of β-imidazolylethylamine. J Physiol 1911; 43:182-195.
36. Dale HH, Laidlaw PP. Histamine shock. J Physiol 1919; 52:355-390.
37. Eppinger H. Ueber eine eigentumliche Hautreaktion hervorgerufen durch Ergamin. Wein Med Wochenschr 1913; 63:1414.
38. Sollmann T, Pilcher JD. Endermic reactions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1917; 9:305-340.
39. Lewis T, Grant RT. Vascular reactions of skin to injury: II. The liberation of a histamine-like substance in injured skin; the underlying cause of factitious urticaria and of weals produced by burning; and observations upon the nervous control of certain skin reactions. Heart 1924; 11:209-265.
40. Lewis T: The Blood Vessels of the Human Skin and their Responses. Shaw and Sons Ltd, London 1927. p. 80-102.
41. Dale HH. Some chemical factors in the control of the circulation. Lancet 1929; 1:1179-1183, 1233-1237, 1285-1290.
42. Grundy HF. Cardiovascular effects of morphine, pethidine, diamorphine and nalorphine on the cat and rabbit. Br J Pharmacol 1971; 42:159-178.
43. Nasmyth PA, Stewart HC. The release of histamine by opium alkaloids. J Physiol 1950; 111:19P.
44. Feldberg W, Paton WDM. The release of histamine by morphine alkaloids. J Physiol 1950; 111:19P.
45. Feldberg W, Paton WDM. Release of histamine from skin and muscle in the cat by opium alkaloids and other histamine liberators. J Physiol 1951; 114:490-509.
46. Evans AGJ, Nasmyth A, Stewart HC. The fall of blood pressure caused by intravenous morphine in the rat and the cat. Br J Pharmacol Chemother 1952; 7:542-552.
47. Lorenz W. Histamine release in man. Agents Actions 1975; 5:402-416.
48. Lorenz W, Doenicke A. Histamine release in clinical conditions. Mt Sinai J Med 1978; 45:357-386. (Pubitemid 8405954)
49. Birt AR, Nickerson M. Generalized flushing of the skin with urticaria pigmentosa. Arch Dermatol 1959; 80:311-317.
50. Sutter MC, Beaulieu G, Birt AR. Histamine liberation by codeine and polymixin B in urticaria pigmentosa. Arch Dermatol 1962; 86:217-221.
51. Eckenoff JE, Oech SR. The effects of narcotics and antagonists upon respiration and circulation in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1960; 1:483-524.
52. Henney RP, Vasko JS, Brawley RK, Oldham HN, Morrow AG. The effects of morphine on the resistance and capacitance of the peripheral circulation. Am Heart J 1966; 72:242-250.
53. Kehm JC, Mack FE, Schlobohm RM: The hemodynamic changes of large doses of morphine in humans. Abstracts, American Society of Anesthesiologists Annual Meeting 1970, p. 129.
54. Wong KC, Martin WE, Hornbein TF, Freund FG, Everett J. The cardiovascular effects of morphine sulfate with oxygen and with nitrous oxide in man. Anesthesiology 1973; 38:542-549.
55. Kaliner M, Shelhamer JH, Ottesen EA. Effects of infused histamine: Correlation of plasma histamine levels and symptoms. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1982; 69:283-289. (Pubitemid 12192643)
56. M cBride P, Jacobs R, Bradley D, Kaliner M. Use of plasma histamine levels to monitor cutaneous mast cell degranulation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989; 83:374-380.
57. Samuel IO, Unni VKN, Dundee JW. Peripheral vascular effects of morphine in patients without pre-existing cardiac disease. Br J Anaesth 1977; 49:935-939. (Pubitemid 8177601)
58. Samuel IO, Morrison JD, Dundee JW. Central haemodynamic and forearm vascular effects of morphine in patients after open heart surgery. Br J Anaesth 1980; 52:1237-1246. (Pubitemid 11253295)
59. Hsu HO, Hickey RF, Forbes AR. Morphine decreases peripheral vascular resistance and increases capacitance in man. Anesthesiology 1979; 50:98-102. (Pubitemid 9130736)
60. Zelis R, Mansour EJ, Capone RJ, Mason DT. The cardiovascular effects of morphine.The peripheral capacitance and resistance vessels in human subjects. J Clin Invest 1974; 54:1247-1258.
61. Philbin DM, Moss J, Akins CW, Rosow CE, Kono K, Schneider RC et al. The use of H1 and H2 histamine antagonists with morphine anesthesia: A double-blind study. Anesthesiology 1981; 55:292-296. (Pubitemid 11049294)
62. Hirshman CA, Downes H, Butler J. Relevance of plasma histamine levels to hypotension. Anesthesiology 1982; 57:424-425.
63. Fahmy NR. Hemodynamics, plasma histamine, and catecholamine concentrations during an anaphylactoid reaction to morphine. Anesthesiology 1981; 55:329-331. (Pubitemid 11049303)
64. Fahmy NR, Sunder N, Soter NA. Role of histamine in the hemodynamic and plasma catecholamine responses to morphine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1983; 33:615-620. (Pubitemid 13098532)
65. Rosow CE, Moss J, Philbin DM, Savarese JJ. Histamine release during morphine and fentanyl anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1982; 56:93-96. (Pubitemid 12164872)
66. Hermens JM, Ebertz JM, Hanifin JM, Hirshman CA. Comparison of histamine release in human skin mast cells induced by morphine, fentanyl, and oxymorphone. Anesthesiology 1985; 62:124-129. (Pubitemid 15173539)
67. Stellato C, Cirillo R, de Paulis A, Casolaro V, Patella V, Mastronardi P et al. Human basophil/mast cell releasability. IX. Heterogeneity of the effects of opioids on mediator release. Anesthesiology 1992; 77:932-940.
68. M arone G, Stellato C, Mastronardi P, Mazzarella B. Mechanisms of activation of human mast cells and basophils by general anesthetic drugs. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1993; 12:116-125.
69. Levy JH, Brister NW, Shearin A, Ziegler J, Hug CC Jr, Adelson DM et al. Wheal and flare responses to opioids in humans. Anesthesiology 1989; 70:756-760. (Pubitemid 19129029)
70. Doenicke A, Moss J, Lorenz W, Hoernecke R. Intravenous morphine and nalbuphine increase histamine and catecholamine release without accompanying hemodynamic changes. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 58:81-89.
71. Withington DE, Patrick JA, Reynolds F. Histamine release by morphine and diamorphine in man. Anaesthesia 1993; 48:26-29. (Pubitemid 23063804)
72. Flacke JW, Flacke WE, Bloor BC, Van Etten AP, Kripke BJ. Histamine release by four narcotics: a double-blind study in humans. Anesth Analg 1987; 66:723-730. (Pubitemid 17105068)
73. Warner MA, Hosking MP, Gray JR, Squillace DL, Yunginger JW, Orszulak TA. Narcotic-induced histamine release: a comparison of morphine, oxymorphone, and fentanyl infusions. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1991; 5:481-484.
74. Mildh LH, Tuomisto LM, Scheinin M, Kirvela OA. Morphine-induced cardiovascular stimulation: The effects of two doses on healthy subjects. Anesth Analg 2000; 91:51-57. (Pubitemid 30437057)
75. Poyhia R, Kalso E, Seppala T. Pharmacodynamic interactions of oxycodone and amitriptyline in healthy volunteers. Curr Ther Res 1992; 51:739-749.
76. Poyhia R, Hynynen M, Seppala T, Roine RO, Verkkala K, Olkkola KT. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of high-dose oxycodone infusion during and after coronary artery bypass grafting. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2004; 18:748-54. (Pubitemid 40093652)
77. Stagni G, O'Donnell D, Liu YJ, Kellogg DL, Morgan T, Shepherd AM. Intradermal microdialysis: kinetics of iontophoretically delivered propranolol in forearm dermis. J Control Release 2000; 63:331-339.
78. Blunk JA, Schmelz M, Zeck S, Skov P, Likar R, Koppert W. Opioid-induced mast cell activation and vascular responses is not mediated by mu-opioid receptors: an in vivo microdialysis study in human skin. Anesth Analg 2004; 98:364-370. (Pubitemid 38129381)
79. Barke KE, Hough LB. Opiates, mast cells and histamine release. Life Sci 1993; 53:1391-1399 .
80. Moss J, Rosow CE. Histamine release by narcotics and muscle relaxants in humans. Anesthesiology 1983; 59:330-339. (Pubitemid 13012523)
81. Mildh L. Effects of Opioids on Ventilation and Hemodynamics. Academic dissertation, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 2007.
82. Bowdle TA, Even A, Shen DD, Swardstrom M. Methadone for the induction of anesthesia: plasma histamine concentration, arterial blood pressure, and heart rate. Anesth Analg 2004; 98:1692-1697. (Pubitemid 38668917)
83. Grossmann M, Abiose A, Tangphao O, Blaschke TF, Hoffman BB. Morphine-induced venodilation in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996; 60:554-560. (Pubitemid 26414091)
84. Afshari R, Maxwell SRJ, Webb DJ, Bateman DN. Morphine is an arteriolar vasodilator in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 67:386-393.
85. Rosow CE, Philbin DM, Keegan CR, Moss J. Hemodynamics and histamine release during induction with sufentanil or fentanyl. Anesthesiology 1984; 60:489-491. (Pubitemid 14139857)
86. Dick W, Lorenz W, Heintz D, Sitter H, Doenicke A. Histamine release during induction of combination anesthesia using nalbuphine or fentanyl. Modulation of the reaction by premedication with promethazine/pethidine. Anaesthesist 1992; 41:239-347.
87. Olsson P, Hammarlund A, Pipkorn U. Wheal-And-flare reactions induced by allergen and histamine: Evaluation of blood flow with laser Doppler flowmetry. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1988; 82:291-296.
88. Casale TB, Bowman S, Kaliner M. Induction of human cutaneous mast cell degranulation by opiates and endogenous opioid peptides: evidence for opiate and nonopiate receptor participation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1984; 73:775-781. (Pubitemid 14119910)
89. Lawrence ID, Warner JA, Cohan VL, Hubbard WC, Kagey-Sobotka A, Lichtenstein LM. Purification and characterization of human skin mast cells. Evidence for human mast cell heterogeneity. J Immunol 1987; 139:3062-3069. (Pubitemid 17157480)
90. Easton MP, Bailey PL. Cardiovascular pharmacology of anesthetics. In: Estafanous FG, Barash PG, Reves JG, eds. Cardiac Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. Philadelphia, Lipincott Williams & Wilkins 2001. p. 295-318.
91. Tharp MD, Kagey-Sobotka A, Fox CC, Marone G, Lichtenstein LM, Sullivan TJ. Functional heterogeneity of human mast cells from different anatomic sites: in vitro responses to morphine sulfate. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 79:646-653. (Pubitemid 17056921)
92. M arone G, Bova M, Detoraki A, Onorati AM, Rossi FW, Spadaro G: The human heart as a shock organ in anaphylaxis. In: Bock G, Goode J, eds. Anaphylaxis. Novartis Foundation Symposium 257. Chichester UK, John Wiley and Sons 2004. p.133-149.
93. Barth H, Giertz H, Schmal A, Lorenz W. Anaphylactoid reactions and histamine release do not occur after application of the opioid tramadol. Agents Actions 1987; 20:310-313. (Pubitemid 17062970)
94. Grosman N. Histamine release from isolated rat mast cells: effect of morphine and related drugs and their interaction with compound 48/80. Agents Actions 1981; 11:196-203. (Pubitemid 11083772)
95. Lugunoff D, Martin TW. Agents that release histamine from mast cells. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1983; 23:331-351. (Pubitemid 13079379)
96. Lin RY, Erlich ER, Don PC. Skin prick test responses to codeine, histamine and ragweed utilizing the Multitest device. Ann Allergy 1990; 65:222-226. (Pubitemid 20295270)
97. Nasser SMS, Ewan PW. Opiate-sensitivity: clinical characteristics and the role of skin prick testing. Clin Exp Allergy 2001; 31:1014-1020. (Pubitemid 32862830)
98. Fisher MM, Harle DG, Baldo BA. Anaphylactoid reactions to narcotic analgesics. Clin Rev Allergy 1991; 9:309-318.
99. Crabbe Erush S. Narcotic allergy. Pharmacy and Therapeutics 1996; 21:250-252, 292.
100. Levy JH: Anaphylactic Reactions in Anesthesia and Intensive Care. Boston, Butterworths 1986.
101. Rossi R, Dick W. [Anaphylactoid reaction to the intravenous injection of morphine hydrochloride]. Anaesthesist 1982; 31:463-465.
102. Steffanutto TB, Wright PMC. Anaphylaxis precipitated by intravenous morphine sulphate. South African Journal of Anaesthesia & Analgesia 2005; February:36-37.
103. Harle DG, Baldo BA, Coroneos NJ, Fisher MM . Anaphylaxis following administration of papaveretum. Case Report: Implication of IgE antibodies that react with morphine and codeine, and identification of an allergenic determinant. Anesthesiology 1989; 71:489-494. (Pubitemid 19241482)
104. Martindale W. The Extra Pharmacopoeia, Vol 1, 24th ed. London, The Pharmaceutical Press 1958. p. 925.
105. Vidal C, Perez-Leiros P, Bugarin R, Armisen M. Fever and urticaria to codeine. Allergy 2000; 55:416-417. (Pubitemid 30183074)
106. Voorhorst R, Sparreboom S. Four cases of recurrent pseudo- scarlet fever caused by phenanthrene alkaloids with a 6-hydroxy group (codeine and morphine). Ann Allergy 1980; 44:116-120. (Pubitemid 10184014)
107. Hunskaar S, Dragsund S. Scarlatiniform rash and urticaria due to codeine. Ann Allergy 1985; 54:240-241. (Pubitemid 15133968)
108. Shanahan EC, Marshall AG, Garrett CP. Adverse reactions to intravenous codeine phosphate in children. A report of three cases. Anaesthesia 1983; 38:40-43. (Pubitemid 13175178)
109. Shaikh WA. Allergy to heroin. Allergy 1990; 45:555-556. (Pubitemid 20329927)
110. Gooch I, Gwinnutt C. Anaphylaxis to intrathecal diamorphine. Resuscitation 2006; 70:470-473. (Pubitemid 44292408)
111. Edston E, van Hage-Hamsten M. Anaphylactoid shock - a common cause of death in heroin addicts? Allergy 1997; 52:950-954. (Pubitemid 27375014)
112. Fraud UI. Heroin-induced pulmonary edema. Ann Intern Med 1972; 77:29-35.
113. Bleiberg MJ, Janicki BW, Leahy WVC. Effects of a morphine-rabbit anti-morphine antibody mixture on guinea-pig isolated ileum. Br J Pharmacol 1973; 49:721-723.
114. Ryan JJ, Parker CW, Williams RC Jr. Globulin binding of morphine in heroin addicts. J Lab Clin Med 1972; 80:155-164.
115. Dettmeyer R, Schmidt P, Musshoff F, Dreisvogt C, Madea B. Pulmonary edema in fatal heroin overdose: immunohistological investigations with IgE, collagen IV and laminin - no increase of defects of alveolar-capillary membranes. Forensic Sci Int 2000; 110:87-96. (Pubitemid 30243183)
116. Fineschi V, Cecchi R, Centini F, Reattelli LP, Turillazzi E. Immunohistochemical quantification of pulmonary mast-cells and post-mortem blood dosages of tryptase and eosinophil cationic protein in 48 heroin-related deaths. Forensic Sci Int 2001; 120:189-194. (Pubitemid 32680917)
117. Fisher MM, Baldo BA. Mast cell tryptase in anaesthetic anaphylactoid reactions. Br J Anaesth 1998; 80:26-29. (Pubitemid 28029719)
118. Veien M, Szlam F, Holden JT, Yamaguchi K, Denson DD, Levy JH. Mechanisms of nonimmunological histamine and tryptase release from human cutaneous mast cells. Anesthesiology 2000; 92:1074-1081. (Pubitemid 30180985)
119. U ehlinger C, Hauser C. Allergic reactions from injectable methadone. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:973.
120. Waisbren BA, Smith MB. Hypersensitivity to pethidine. Jama 1978; 239:1395.
121. Butler EB. A case of hypersensitivity to pethidine in a woman in labour. Br Med J 1951; 2:715-716.
122. Levy JH, Rockoff MA. Anaphylaxis to pethidine. Anesth Analg 1982; 61:301-303.
123. Anibarro B, Vila C, Seoane FJ. Urticaria induced by pethidine allergy. Allergy 2000; 55:305-306.
124. Baldo BA, Pham NH, Zhao Z. Chemistry of drug allergenicity. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 1:327-335.
125. Pevny I, Danhauser I. Anaphylaktisher schock wahrend der narkose mit positivem hauttest auf fentanyl und alloferin. Anaesthesist 1981; 30:400-404. (Pubitemid 11034222)
126. Fukuda T, Dohi S. Anaphylactic reaction to fentanyl or preservative. Can Anaesth Soc J 1986; 33:826-827.
127. Joo J, Bae H, Lee J. Intraoperative allergic reaction to fentanyl - a case report. Korean J Anesthesiol 2009; 57:776-779.
128. Belso N, Kui R, Szegesdi I, Kakuja M, Kapitany K, Kemeny L et al. Propofol and fentanyl induced perioperative anaphylaxis. Br J Anaesth 2011; 106:283-284.
129. Bennett MJ, Anderson LK, McMillan JC, Ebertz JM, Hanifin JM, Hirshman CA. Anaphylactic reaction during anaesthesia associated with positive intradermal skin test to fentanyl. Can Anaesth Soc J 1986; 33:75-78. (Pubitemid 16148237)
130. Milojevic IA, Simic D, Markovic M, Atanaskovic-Markovic M, Milosevic K, Trifunovic B. Anaphylactic reaction during general anaesthesia associated with positive skin test to fentanyl. Anaesth Intensive Care 2009; 37:502-503.
131. Cummings KC, Arnaut K. Case report: fentanyl-associated intraoperative anaphylaxis with pulmonary edema. Can J Anesth 2007; 54:301-306. (Pubitemid 46851235)
132. Dhonneur G, Combes X, Chassard D, Merle JC. Skin sensitivity to rocuronium and vecuronium: a randomized controlled prick-testing study in healthy volunteers. Anesth Analg 2004; 98:986-989. (Pubitemid 38405407)
133. Porri F, Lemiere C, Birnbaum J, Guilloux L, Lanteaume A, Didelot R et al. Prevalence of muscle relaxant sensitivity in a general population: implications for preoperative screening. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29:72-75. (Pubitemid 29067654)
134. Baldo BA, Fisher MM . Anaphylaxis to muscle relaxant drugs: cross-reactivity and molecular basis of binding of IgE antibodies detected by radioimmunoassay. Mol Immunol 1983; 20:1393-1400. (Pubitemid 14215494)
135. Baldo BA, Fisher MM, Pham NH. On the origin and specificity of antibodies to neuromuscular blocking (muscle relaxant) drugs: an immunochemical perspective. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:325-344.
136. Fisher MM, Merefield D, Baldo B. Failure to prevent an anaphylactic reaction to a second neuromuscular blocking drug during anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1999; 82:770-773. (Pubitemid 29199757)
137. Dewachter P, Lefebvre D, Kalaboka S, Bloch-Morot E. An anaphylactyic reaction to transdermal delivered fentanyl. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53:1092-1093.
138. Hallberg P, Brenning G. Angioedema induced by tramadol - a potentially life-threatening condition. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 60:901-903. (Pubitemid 40386162)
139. Lopez-Marina V, Pizarro-Romero G, Costa-Bardaji N. [Hypersensitivity pneumonitis associated to tramadol]. Med Clin (Barc) 2006; 126:77-78.
140. Ghislain PD, Wiart T, Bouhassoun N, Legout L, Alcaraz I, Caron J et al. Toxicodermie au tramadol. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1999; 126:38-40.
141. Mockenhaupt M, Viboud C, Dunant A, Naldi L, Halevys S, Bouwes Bavinck JN et al. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: assessment of medication risk with emphasis on recently marketed drugs. The EuroSCAR-study. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:35-44. (Pubitemid 350249390)
142. Atkins PC, Rosenblum F, Dunsky EH, Coffey R, Zweiman B. Comparison of plasma histamine and cyclic nucleotides after antigen and methacholine inhalation in man. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1980; 66:478-485. (Pubitemid 11207456)
143. van der Linden PW, Hack CE, Poortman J, Vivie-Kipp YC, Struyvenberg A, van der Zwan JK. Insect-sting challenge in 138 patients: relation between clinical severity of anaphylaxis and mast cell activation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992; 90:110-118.
144. Beaven MA. Letter. Reply to Hirshman, Downes, Butler, see ref. 59. Anesthesiology 1982; 57:425-426.
145. Ward JM, McGrath RL, Weil JV. Effects of morphine on peripheral vascular response to sympathetic stimulation. Am J Cardiol 1972; 29:659-666.
146. Lowenstein E, Whiting RB, Bittar DA, Sanders CA, Powell WJ. Local and neurally mediated effects of morphine on skeletal muscle vascular resistance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1972; 180:359-367.
147. Beaven MA. Anaphylactoid reactions to anesthetic drugs. Anesthesiology 1981; 55:3-5. (Pubitemid 11085509)
148. Ogawa Y, Grant JA. Mediators of anaphylaxis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2007; 27:249-260, vii. (Pubitemid 46705479)
149. Fisher MM, Baldo BA. Role of IgE in anaphylactoid reactions during anaesthesia. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1985; 4:133-136. (Pubitemid 15112871)
150. Mertes PM, Laxenaire MC, Alla F. Anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions occurring during anesthesia in France in 1999-2000. Anesthesiology 2003; 99:536-545. (Pubitemid 37051967)
151. Landsteiner K: The Specificity of Serological Reactions. Dover Publications, New York 1962.
152. Spector S, Parker CW. Morphine: radioimmunoassay. Science 1970; 168:1347-1348.
153. Wainer BH, Fitch FW, Rothberg RM, Fried J. Morphine-3-succinyl-bovine serum albumin: An immunogenic haptenprotein conjugate. Science 1972; 176:1143-1145.
154. Van Vunakis H, Wasserman E, Levine L. Specificities of antibodies to morphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1972; 180:514-521.
155. Wainer BH, Fitch FW, Fried J, Rothberg RM. A measurement of the specificities of antibodies to morphine-6-succinyl-BSA by competitive of 14C-morphine binding. J Immunol 1973; 110:667-673.
156. Findlay JWA, Butz RF, Welch RM. Specific radioimmunoassays for codeine and morphine. Metabolism of codeine to morphine in the rat. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1977; 17:595-603. (Pubitemid 8174331)
157. Findlay JWA, Butz RF, Jones EC. Relationships between immunogen structure and antisera specificity in the narcotic alkaloid series. Clin Chem 1981; 27:1524-1535. (Pubitemid 11013469)
158. Wainer BH, Fitch FW, Fried J, Rothberg RM. Immunochemical studies of opioids: specificities of antibodies against codeine and hydromorphone. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1974; 3:155-170.
159. Berkowitz BA, Ngai SH, Hempstead J, Spector S. Disposition of naloxone: use of a new radioimmunoassay. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1975; 195:499-504.
160. Dixon R, Crews T, Mochacsi E, Inturrisi, Foley K. Levorphanol: radioimmunoassay and plasma concentration profiles in dog and man. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1980; 29:535-547. (Pubitemid 10055752)
161. Catlin DH, Schaeffer JC, Fischer JF. Production and characterization of antibodies to pethidine. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1975; 11:245-256.
162. Wainer BH, Wung WE, Hill JH, Fitch FW, Fried J, Rothberg RM. The production and characterization of antibodies reactive with pethidine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1976; 197:163-170.
163. Henderson GL, Frincke J, Leung CY, Torten M, Benjamini E. Antibodies to fentanyl. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1975; 192:489-496.
164. Liu C-T, Adler FL. Immunologic studies on drug addiction. I. Antibodies reactive with methadone and their use for detection of the drug. J Immunol 1973; 111:472-477.
165. Gamaleya NB. Antibodies to drugs as indicators of chronic drug use, an alternative to toxicological hair analysis. Forensic Sci Int 1993; 63:285-293. (Pubitemid 24045463)
166. Floorvaag E, Johansson SGO, Oman H, Venemalm L, Degerbeck F, Dybendal T et al. Prevalence of IgE antibodies to morphine. Relation to the high and low incidences of NMBA anaphylaxis in Norway and Sweden, respectively. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49:437-444. (Pubitemid 40488565)
167. Sacerdote P. Opioids and the immune system. Palliat Med 2006; 20 (Suppl 1):s9-15.
168. Eisenstein TK. Opioids and the immune system: what is their mechanism of action? Br J Pharmacol 2011; 164:1826-1828.
169. Vassou D, Bakogeorgou E, Kampa M, Dimitriou H, Hatzoglou A, Castanas E. Opioids modulate constitutive B-lymphocyte secretion. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:634-644.
170. Chavkin C, Goldstein A. Specific receptor for the opioid peptide dynorphin: Structure-activity relationships. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:6543-6547. (Pubitemid 12208179)
171. Portoghese PS. Impact of recombinant DNA technology and molecular modeling on the practice of medicinal chemistry: structure-activity analysis of opioid ligands. Am J Pharmaceutical Education 1999; 63:342-347.
172. Wu Z, Hruby VJ. Backbone alignment modeling of the structure-activity relationships of opioid ligands. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:1151-1164.
173. Boileau S, Hummer-Sigiel M, Moeller R, Drouet N. Reevaluation des risques respectifs d'anaphylaxie et d'histaminoliberation avec les substances anesthesiologiques. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1985; 4:195-204. (Pubitemid 15112884)
174. Gilbar PJ, Ridge AM. History of opioid allergy: what significance? J Oncol Pharm Practice 2004; 10:183-186. (Pubitemid 39406670)
175. Gilbar PJ, Ridge AM. Inappropriate labeling of patients as opioid allergic. J Oncol Pharm Practice 2004; 10:177-182. (Pubitemid 39406669)
176. Stutius LM, Pessach I, Lee J, Lo MS, Levy S, Schram P et al. Sublingual desensitization for buprenorphine hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:938-939.
177. VanArsdel PP. Pseudoallergic drug reactions. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 1991; 11:635-644.
178. Prieto-Lastra L, Iglesias-Cadarso A, Reano-Martos MM, Perez-Pimiento A, Rodriguez-Cabreros MI, Garcia-Cubero A. Pharmacological stimuli in asthma/urticaria. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2006; 34:224-227. (Pubitemid 44875060)
179. Baumann TJ. Analgesic selection when the patient is allergic to codeine. Clin Pharm 1991; 10:658.
180. Ginsberg GS. Managing a patient with morphine allergy. Drug Therapy 1985; 15:18-23.
181. Baldo BA, Fisher MM . Substituted ammonium ions as allergenic determinants in drug allergy. Nature 1983; 306:262-264. (Pubitemid 14232353)
182. Harle DG, Baldo BA, Fisher MM . Immunoassays employing substituted ammonium compounds other than neuromuscular blocking drugs to increase the detection of IgE antibodies to these drugs. Mol Immunol 1990; 27:1039-1045. (Pubitemid 20341208)
183. Fisher MM, Baldo BA. Immunoassays in the diagnosis of anaphylaxis to neuromuscular blocking drugs: The value of morphine for the detection of IgE antibodies in allergic subjects. Anaesth Intensive Care 2000; 28:167-170. (Pubitemid 30201232)
184. Fisher MM, Ramakrishnan N, Doig G, Rose M, Baldo B. The investigation of bronchospasm during induction of anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53:1006-1011.
185. Fisher MM. Direct histamine release in anaesthesia and surgery: unanswered questions. Theoretical Surg 1988; 3:145-147.