Stimuli Responsive Ionogels for Sensing Applications-An Overview

Membranes

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 16-39

  Kavanagh, Andrew ^a   Byrne, Robert ^a   Diamond, Dermot ^a   Fraser, Kevin J ^a  

^a DUBLIN CITY UNIVERSITY   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Hybrid materials; Ionic liquids; Ionogels; Molecular photoswitches; Solid state electrolytes; Stimuli responsive polymers

Indexed keywords

FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS; HYBRID MATERIALS; IONIC LIQUIDS; LIQUIDS; POSITIVE IONS; SOLID ELECTROLYTES;

ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSING; INTERCONNECTED NETWORK; IONOGELS; MOLECULAR PHOTOSWITCHES; POLYMERIC STRUCTURES; SOLID-STATE ELECTROLYTE; STIMULI-RESPONSIVE MATERIALS; STIMULI-RESPONSIVE POLYMER;

DENSITY OF LIQUIDS;

EID: 84858843122     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20770375     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/membranes2010016     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Diamond, D.; Coyle, S.; Scarmagnani, S.; Hayes, J. Wireless sensor networks and chemo-biosensing. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 652-679.
2. Bobacka, J.; Ivaska, A.; Lewenstam, A. Potentiometric ion sensors based on conducting polymers. Electroanal 2003, 15, 366-374.
3. Singh, N.; Mulrooney, R.C.; Kaur, N.; Callan, J.F. A nanoparticle based chromogenic chemosensor for the simultaneous detection of multiple analytes. Chem. Commun. 2008, 4900-4902.
4. Schmittel, M.; Lin, H.W. Quadruple-channel sensing: A molecular sensor with a single type of receptor site for selective and quantitative multi-ion analysis. Angew. Chem.-Inter. Ed. 2007, 46, 893-896.
5. Bakker, E.; Diamond, D.; Lewenstam, A.; Pretsch, E. Ion sensors: Current limits and new trends. Anal. Chim. Acta 1999, 393, 11-18.
6. Diamond, D. Internet-scale sensing. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 278A-286A.
7. Park, C.O.; Fergus, J.W.; Miura, N.; Park, J.; Choi, A. Solid-state electrochemical gas sensors. Ionics 2009, 15, 261-284.
8. Anastasova-Ivanova, S.; Mattinen, U.; Radu, A.; Bobacka, J.; Lewenstam, A.; Migdalski, J.; Danielewskic, M.; Diamond, D. Development of miniature all-solid-state potentiometric sensing system. Sensor. Actuator. B-Chem. 2010, 146, 199-205.
9. Ahn, S.-K.; Kasi, R.M.; Kim, S.-C.; Sharma, N.; Zhou, Y. Stimuli-responsive polymer gels. Soft Matter 2008, 4, 1151-1157.
10. Osada, Y.; Gong, J.P. Soft and wet materials: Polymer gels. Adv. Mater 1998, 10, 827-837.
11. Neouze, M.A.; Le Bideau, J.; Gaveau, P.; Bellayer, S.; Vioux, A. Ionogels, new materials arising from the confinement of ionic liquids within silica-derived networks. Chem. Mater 2006, 18, 3931-3936.
12. Susan, M.A.; Kaneko, T.; Noda, A.; Watanabe, M. Ion gels prepared by in situ radical polymerization of vinyl monomers in an ionic liquid and their characterization as polymer electrolytes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 4976-4983.
13. Le Bideau, J.; Viau, L.; Vioux, A. Ionogels, ionic liquid based hybrid materials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011, 40, 907-925.
14. Ueki, T.; Watanabe, M. Macromolecules in ionic liquids: Progress, challenges, and opportunities. Macromolecules 2008, 41, 3739-3749.
15. Kavanagh, A.; Byrne, R.; Diamond, D.; Radu, A. A two-component polymeric optode membrane based on a multifunctional ionic liquid. Analyst 2011, 136, 348-353.
16. Kavanagh, A.; Hilder, M.; Clark, N.; Radu, A.; Diamond, D. Wireless radio frequency detection of greatly simplified polymeric membranes based on a multifunctional ionic liquid. Electrochim. Acta 2011, 56, 8947-8953.
17. Kavanagh, A.; Copperwhite, R.; Oubaha, M.; Owens, J.; McDonagh, C.; Diamond, D.; Byrne, R. Photo-patternable hybrid ionogels for electrochromic applications. J. Mater Chem. 2011, 21, 8687-8693.
18. Benito-Lopez, F.; Byrne, R.; Raduta, A.M.; Vrana, N.E.; McGuinness, G.; Diamond, D. Ionogel-based light-actuated valves for controlling liquid flow in micro-fluidic manifolds. Lab Chip 2010, 10, 195-201.
19. Cicmil, D.; Anastasova, S.; Kavanagh, A.; Diamond, D.; Mattinen, U.; Bobacka, J.; Lewenstam, A.; Radu, A. Ionic liquid-based, liquid-junction-free reference electrode. Electroanalysis 2011, 23, 1881-1890.
20. Khodagholy, D.; Curto, V.F.; Fraser, K.J.; Gurfinkel, M.; Byrne, R.; Diamond, D.; Benito-Lopez, F.; Owens, R.M. Organic electrochemical transistor incorporating an ionogel as solid state electolyte for lactate sensing. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, DOI: 10.1039/C2JM15716K
21. Welton, T. Room-temperature ionic liquids. Solvents for synthesis and catalysis. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2071-2083.
22. Fraser, K.J.; MacFarlane, D.R. Phosphonium-based ionic liquids: An overview. Aust. J. Chem. 2009, 62, 309-321.
23. Zhao, C.; Burrell, G.; Torriero, A.A.J.; Separovic, F.; Dunlop, N.F.; MacFarlane, D.R.; Bond, A.M. Electrochemistry of room temperature protic ionic liquids. J. Phys. Chem. B 2008, 112, 6923-6936.
24. Plechkova, N.V.; Seddon, K.R. Applications of ionic liquids in the chemical industry. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2008, 37, 123-150.
25. Xue, H.; Gao, Y.; Twamley, B.; Shreeve, J.M. New energetic salts based on nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 191-198.
26. MacFarlane, D.R.; Forsyth, M.; Izgorodina, E.I.; Abbott, A.P.; Annat, G.; Fraser, K. On the concept of ionicity in ionic liquids. Pccp. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2009, 11, 4962-4967.
27. Bradaric, C.J.; Downard, A.; Kennedy, C.; Robertson, A.J.; Zhou, Y.H. Industrial preparation of phosphonium ionic liquids. Green Chem. 2003, 5, 143-152.
28. Ermolaev, V.; Miluykov, V.; Rizvanov, I.; Krivolapov, D.; Zvereva, E.; Katsyuba, S.; Sinyashin, O.; Schmutzler, R. Phosphonium ionic liquids based on bulky phosphines: Synthesis, structure and properties. Dalton Trans. 2010, 39, 5564-5571.
29. Busi, S.; Lahtinen, M.; Mansikkamaki, H.; Valkonen, J.; Rissanen, K. Synthesis, characterization and thermal properties of small R2R'2N+X- type quaternary ammonium halides. J. Solid State Chem. 2005, 178, 1722-1737.
30. MacFarlane, D.R.; Golding, J.; Forsyth, S.; Forsyth, M.; Deacon, G.B. Low viscosity ionic liquids based on organic salts of the dicyanamide anion. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1430-1431.
31. MacFarlane, D.R.; Pringle, J.M.; Johansson, K.M.; Forsyth, S.A.; Forsyth, M. Lewis base ionic liquids. Chem. Commun. 2006, 1905-1917.
32. Ercole, F.; Davis, T.P.; Evans, R.A. Photo-responsive systems and biomaterials: photochromic polymers, light-triggered self-assembly, surface modification, fluorescence modulation and beyond. Polym. Chem. 2010, 1, 37-54.
33. Mortimer, R.J. Electrochromic materials. In Annual Review of Materials Research; Clarke, D.R.F.P., Ed.; Annual Reviews: Palo Alto, CA, USA, 2011; Volume 41, pp. 241-268.
34. Zhang, H.X.; Meng, X.; Li, P. Light and thermal-stimuli responsive materials. Prog. Chem. 2008, 20, 657-672.
35. Einaga, Y. Photo-switching magnetic materials. J. Photochem. Photobiol. C-Photo 2006, 7, 69-88.
36. Roy, D.; Cambre, J.N.; Sumerlin, B.S. Future perspectives and recent advances in stimuli-responsive materials. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2010, 35, 278-301.
37. Scarmagnani, S.; Walsh, Z.; Slater, C.; Alhashimy, N.; Paull, B.; Macka, M.; Diamond, D. Polystyrene bead-based system for optical sensing using spiropyran photoswitches. J. Mater Chem. 2008, 18, 5063-5071.
38. Stitzel, S.; Byrne, R.; Diamond, D. LED switching of spiropyran-doped polymer films. J. Mater Sci. 2006, 41, 5841-5844.
39. Radu, A.; Byrne, R.; Alhashimy, N.; Fusaro, M.; Scarmagnani, S.; Diamond, D. Spiropyran-based reversible, light-modulated sensing with reduced photofatigue. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A-Chem. 2009, 206, 109-115.
40. Earle, M.J.; Gordon, C.M.; Plechkova, N.V.; Seddon, K.R.; Welton, T. Decolorization of ionic liquids for spectroscopy. Anal. Chem. 2007, 79, 758.
41. Miljanic, S.; Frkanec, L.; Meic, Z.; Zinic, M. Photoinduced gelation by stilbene oxalyl amide compounds. Langmuir 2005, 21, 2754-2760.
42. Sanchez, A.M.; Barra, M.; de Rossi, R.H. On the mechanism of the acid/base-catalyzed thermal cis-trans isomerization of methyl orange. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 1604-1609.
43. Bazarnik, M.; Henzl, J.; Czajka, R.; Morgenstern, K. Light driven reactions of single physisorbed azobenzenes. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 7764-7766.
44. Ichimura, K.; Oh, S.K.; Nakagawa, M. Light-driven motion of liquids on a photoresponsive surface. Science 2000, 288, 1624-1626.
45. Hanabusa, K.; Hiratsuka, K.; Kimura, M.; Shirai, H. Easy preparation and useful character of organogel electrolytes based on low molecular weight gelator. Chem. Mater. 1999, 11, 649-655.
46. Terech, P.; Weiss, R.G. Low molecular mass gelators of organic liquids and the properties of their gels. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 3133-3159.
47. Murata, K.; Aoki, M.; Suzuki, T.; Harada, T.; Kawabata, H.; Komori, T.; Ohseto, F.; Ueda, K.; Shinkai, S. Thermal and light control of the sol-gel phase transition in cholesterol-based organic gels. Novel helical aggregation modes as detected by circular dichroism and electron microscopic observation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 6664-6676.
48. Ahmed, S.A.; Sallenave, X.; Fages, F.; Mieden-Gundert, G.; Mueller, W.M.; Mueller, U.; Voegtle, F.; Pozzo, J.-L. Multiaddressable self-assembling organogelators based on 2Hchromene and N-Acyl-1,w-amino acid units. Langmuir 2002, 18, 7096-7101.
49. Minkin, V.I. Photo-, thermo-, solvato-, and electrochromic spiroheterocyclic compounds. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 2751-2776.
50. Rosario, R.; Gust, D.; Garcia, A.A.; Hayes, M.; Taraci, J.L.; Clement, T.; Dailey, J.W.; Picraux, S.T. Lotus effect amplifies light-induced contact angle switching. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 12640-12642.
51. Athanassiou, A.; Lygeraki, M.I.; Pisignano, D.; Lakiotaki, K.; Varda, M.; Mele, E.; Fotakis, C.; Cingolani, R.; Anastasiadis, S.H. Photocontrolled variations in the wetting capability of photochromic polymers enhanced by surface nanostructuring. Langmuir 2006, 22, 2329-2333.
52. Rosario, R.; Gust, D.; Hayes, M.; Jahnke, F.; Springer, J.; Garcia, A.A. Photon-modulated wettability changes on spiropyran-coated surfaces. Langmuir 2002, 18, 8062-8069.
53. Radu, A.; Scarmagnani, S.; Byrne, R.; Slater, C.; Lau, K.T.; Diamond, D. Photonic modulation of surface properties: A novel concept in chemical sensing. J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys. 2007, 40, 7238-7244.
54. Coleman, S.; Byrne, R.; Minkovska, S.; Diamond, D. Thermal reversion of spirooxazine in ionic liquids containing the [NTf2](-) anion. Pccp. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2009, 11, 5608-5614.
55. Byrne, R.; Coleman, S.; Fraser, K.J.; Raduta, A.; MacFarlane, D.R.; Diamond, D. Photochromism of nitrobenzospiropyran in phosphonium based ionic liquids. Pccp. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2009, 11, 7286-7291.
56. Wagner, K.; Byrne, R.; Zanoni, M.; Gambhir, S.; Dennany, L.; Breukers, R.; Higgins, M.; Wagner, P.; Diamond, D.; Wallace, G.G.; et al. A multiswitchable poly(terthiophene) bearing a spiropyran functionality: Understanding photo- and electrochemical control. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 5453-5462.
57. Szilagyi, A.; Sumaru, K.; Sugiura, S.; Takagi, T.; Shinbo, T.; Zrinyi, M.; Kanamori, T. Rewritable microrelief formation on photoresponsive hydrogel layers. Chem. Mater 2007, 19, 2730-2732.
58. Byrne, R.; Ventura, C.; Lopez, F.B.; Walther, A.; Heise, A.; Diamond, D. Characterisation and analytical potential of a photo-responsive polymeric material based on spiropyran. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2010, 26, 1392-1398.
59. Brazel, C.S.; Peppas, N.A. Synthesis and characterization of thermomechanically and chemomechanically responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) hydrogels. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 8016-8020.
60. Schild, H.G.; Tirrell, D.A. Interaction of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) with sodium normal-alkyl sulfates in aqueous-solution. Langmuir 1991, 7, 665-671.
61. Bakker, E.; Buehlmann, P.; Pretsch, E. Carrier-based ion-selective electrodes and bulk optodes. 1. General Characteristics. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 3083-3132.
62. Bakker, E.; Xu, A.P.; Pretsch, E. Optimum composition of neutral carrier based Ph electrodes. Anal. Chim. Acta 1994, 295, 253-262.
63. Malon, A.; Radu, A.; Qin, W.; Qin, Y.; Ceresa, A.; Maj-Zurawska, M.; Bakker, E.; Pretsch, E. Improving the detection limit of anion-selective electrodes: An iodide-selective membrane with a nanomolar detection limit. Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 3865-3871.
64. Sutter, J.; Radu, A.; Peper, S.; Bakker, E.; Pretsch, E. Solid-contact polymeric membrane electrodes with detection limits in the subnanomolar range. Anal. Chim. Acta 2004, 523, 53-59.
65. Ceresa, A.; Radu, A.; Peper, S.; Bakker, E.; Pretsch, E. Rational design of potentiometric trace level ion sensors. A Ag+-selective electrode with a 100 ppt detection limit. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 4027-4036.
66. Del Sesto, R.E.; Corley, C.; Robertson, A.; Wilkes, J.S. Tetraalkylphosphonium-based ionic liquids. J. Organomet. Chem. 2005, 690, 2536-2542.
67. Peng, B.; Zhu, J.W.; Liu, X.J.; Qin, Y. Potentiometric response of ion-selective membranes with ionic liquids as ion-exchanger and plasticizer. Sensor. Actuator. B-Chem. 2008, 133, 308-314.
68. Shvedene, N.V.; Chernyshov, D.V.; Khrenova, M.G.; Formanovsky, A.A.; Baulin, V.E.; Pletnev, I.V. Ionic liquids plasticize and bring ion-sensing ability to polymer membranes of selective electrodes. Electroanalysis 2006, 18, 1416-1421.
69. Buhlmann, P.; Pretsch, E.; Bakker, E. Carrier-based ion-selective electrodes and bulk optodes. 2. Ionophores for potentiometric and optical sensors. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1593-1687.
70. Chernyshov, D.V.; Shuedene, N.V.; Antipova, E.R.; Pletnev, I.V. Ionic liquid-based miniature electrochemical sensors for the voltammetric determination of catecholamines. Anal. Chim. Acta 2008, 621, 178-184.
71. Nadherna, M.; Opekar, F.; Reiter, J. Ionic liquid-polymer electrolyte for amperometric solid-state NO(2) sensor. Electrochim. Acta 2011, 56, 5650-5655.
72. Bird, C.L.; Kuhn, A.T. Electrochemistry of the viologens. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1981, 10, 49-82.
73. Mortimer, R.J.; Dyer, A.L.; Reynolds, J.R. Electrochromic organic and polymeric materials for display applications. Displays 2006, 27, 2-18.
74. Rosseinsky, D.R.; Mortimer, R.J. Electrochromic systems and the prospects for devices. Adv. Mater 2001, 13, 783-793.
75. Wishart, J.F. Energy applications of ionic liquids. Energy Environ. Sci. 2009, 2, 956-961.
76. Ahmad, S.; Deepa, M. Ionogels encompassing ionic liquid with liquid like performance preferable for fast solid state electrochromic devices. Electrochem. Commun. 2007, 9, 1635-1638.
77. Kavanagh, A.; Fraser, K.; Byrne, R.; Diamond, D. An electrochromic ionic liquid: Design, characterisation and incorporation into a solid-state device. Chem. Mater 2011, Submitted.
78. Deepa, M.; Ahmad, S.; Sood, K.N.; Alam, J.; Ahmad, S.; Srivastava, A.K. Electrochromic properties of polyaniline thin film nanostructures derived from solutions of ionic liquid/polyethylene glycol. Electrochim. Acta 2007, 52, 7453-7463.
79. Ahmad, S.; Singh, S. Electrochromic device based on carbon nanotubes functionalized poly(methyl pyrrole) synthesized in hydrophobic ionic liquid medium. Electrochem. Commun. 2008, 10, 895-898.
80. Deepa, M.; Awadhia, A.; Bhandari, S. Electrochemistry of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)- polyaniline/Prussian blue electrochromic devices containing an ionic liquid based gel electrolyte film. Pccp. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2009, 11, 5674-5685.
81. Oehme, I.; Wolfbeis, O.S. Optical sensors for determination of heavy metal ions. Mikrochim. Acta 1997, 126, 177-192.
82. Zhu, J.W.; Zhai, J.Y.; Li, X.; Qin, Y. Applications of hydrophobic room temperature ionic liquids in ion-selective optodes. Sensor. Actuator. B-Chem. 2011, 159, 256-260.
83. Topal, S.Z.; Ertekin, K.; Gurek, A.G.; Yenigul, B.; Ahsen, V. Tuning pH sensitivities of zinc phthalocyanines in ionic liquid modified matrices. Sensor. Actuator. B-Chem. 2011, 156, 236-244.
84. Lunstroot, K.; Driesen, K.; Nockemann, P.; Gorller-Walrand, C.; Binnemans, K.; Bellayer, S.; Bideau, J.L.; Vioux, A. Luminescent ionogels based on europium-doped ionic liquids confined within silica-derived networks. Chem. Mater 2006, 18, 5711-5715.
85. Lunstroot, K.; Driesen, K.; Nockemann, P.; Van Hecke, K.; Van Meervelt, L.; Goerller-Walrand, C.; Binnemans, K.; Bellayer, S.; Viau, L.; Le Bideau, J.; et al. Lanthanide-doped luminescent ionogels. Dalton. Trans. 2009, 298-306.
86. Cheminet, N.; Jarrosson, T.; Lere-Porte, J.-P.; Serein-Spirau, F.; Cury, L.; Moreau, J.; Viau, L.; Vioux, A. One pot synthesis of fluorescent pi-conjugated materials: Immobilization of phenylene-ethynylene polyelectrolytes in silica confined ionogels. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 13588-13593.
87. Wassercheid, P.; Welton, T. Ionic Liquids in Synthesis; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2003.
88. Liu, Y.; Wang, M.; Li, J.; Li, Z.; He, P.; Liu, H.; Li, J. Highly active horseradish peroxidase immobilized in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate room-temperature ionic liquid based sol-gel host materials. Chem. Commun. 2005,1778-1780.
89. Ohno, H.; Suzuki, C.; Fukumoto, K.; Yoshizawa, M.; Fujita, K. Electron transfer process of poly(ethylene oxide)-modified Cytochrome C in imidazolium type ionic liquid. Chem. Lett. 2003, 32, 450-451.
90. Baker, S.N.; McCleskey, T.M.; Pandey, S.; Baker, G.A. Fluorescence studies of protein thermostability in ionic liquids. Chem. Commun. 2004, 940-941.
91. Pernak, A.; Iwanik, K.; Majewski, P.; Grzymislawski, M.; Pernak, J. Ionic liquids as an alternative to formalin in histopathological diagnosis. Acta Histochem. 2005, 107, 149-156.
92. Fujita, K.; MacFarlane, D.R.; Forsyth, M. Protein solubilising and stabilising ionic liquids. Chem. Commun. 2005, 4804-4806.
93. Laszlo, J.A.; Compton, D.L. Comparison of peroxidase activities of hemin, cytochrome c and microperoxidase-11 in molecular solvents and imidazolium-based ionic liquids. J. Mol. Catal. B Enzym. 2002, 18, 109-120.
94. Yang, Z.; Pan, W. Ionic liquids: Green solvents for nonaqueous biocatalysis. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 2005, 37, 19-28.
95. Zhao, H. Methods for stabilizing and activating enzymes in ionic liquids-A review. J. Chem. Tech. Biotech. 2010, 85, 891-907.
96. Abe, Y.; Yoshiyama, K.; Yagi, Y.; Hayase, S.; Kawatsura, M.; Itoh, T. A rational design of phosphonium salt type ionic liquids for ionic liquid coated-lipase catalyzed reaction. Green Chem. 2010, 12, 1976-1980.
97. Zhang, Y.; Zheng, J. Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of myoglobin immobilized in hyaluronic acid and room temperature ionic liquids composite film. Electrochem. Commun. 2008, 10, 1400-1403.
98. Zhang, J.; Lei, J.; Liu, Y.; Zhao, J.; Ju, H. Highly sensitive amperometric biosensors for phenols based on polyaniline-ionic liquid-carbon nanofiber composite. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2009, 24, 1858-1863.
99. Torimoto, T.; Tsuda, T.; Okazaki, K.-I.; Kuwabata, S. New frontiers in materials science opened by ionic liquids. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 1196-1221.
100. Ohno, K.-I.; Tachikawa, K.; Manz, A. Microfluidics: Applications for analytical purposes in chemistry and biochemistry. Electrophoresis 2008, 29, 4443-4453.
101. Brady, S.; Dunne, L.E.; Lynch, A.; Smyth, B.; Diamond, D. Personalised Health Management Systems: The Integration of Innovative Sensing, Textile, Information and Communication Technologies; IOS Press: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2005; Volume 117.
102. Bhandari, P.; Narahari, T.; Dendukuri, D. 'Fab-chips': A versatile, fabric-based platform for low-cost, rapid and multiplexed diagnostics. Lab Chip 2011, 11, 2493-2499.
103. Schmid-Wendtner, M.H.; Korting, H.C. The pH of the skin surface and its impact on the barrier function. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 2006, 19, 296-302.
104. Patterson, M.J.; Galloway, S.D.R.; Nimmo, M.A. Effect of induced metabolic alkalosis on sweat composition in men. Acta Physiol. Scand. 2002, 174, 41-46.
105. Granger, D.; Marsolais, M.; Burry, J.; Laprade, R. Na+/H+ exchangers in the human eccrine sweat duct. Amer. J. Physiol.-Cell Physiol. 2003, 285, C1047-C1058.
106. Patterson, M.J.; Galloway, S.D.R.; Nimmo, M.A. Variations in regional sweat composition in normal human males. Exp. Physiol. 2000, 85, 869-875.
107. Morgan, R.M.; Patterson, M.J.; Nimmo, M.A. Acute effects of dehydration on sweat composition in men during prolonged exercise in the heat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 2004, 182, 37-43.
108. O'Toole, M.; Shepherd, R.; Wallace, G.G.; Diamond, D. Inkjet printed LED based pH chemical sensor for gas sensing. Anal. Chim. Acta 2009, 652, 308-314.
109. Smyth, C.N.; Lau, K.T.; Shepherd, R.L.; Diamond, D.; Wu, Y.; Spinks, G.M.; Wallace, G.G. Self-maintained colorimetric acid/base sensor using polypyrrole actuator. Sensor. Actuator. B Chem. 2008, 129, 518-524.
110. Benito-Lopez, F.; Coyle, S.; Byrne, R.; O'Toole, C.; Barry, C.; Diamond, D. Simple barcode system based on inonogels for real time pH-sweat monitoring. Body Sensor Networks (BSN) 2010, 291-296.
111. Coyle, S.; Benito-Lopez, F.; Radu, T.; Lau, K.T.; Diamond, D. Fibers and fabrics for chemical and biological sensing. J. Text. App. 2010, 14, 64.
112. Nilsson, D.; Kugler, T.; Svensson, P.-O.; Berggren, M. An all-organic sensor-transistor based on a novel electrochemical transducer concept printed electrochemical sensors on paper. Sensor. Actuator. B Chem. 2002, 86, 193-197.
113. Chaubey, A.; Pande, K.K.; Singh, V.S.; Malhotra, B.D. Co-immobilization of lactate oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase on conducting polyaniline films. Anal. Chim. Acta 2000, 407, 97-103.
114. Weber, J.; Kumar, A.; Kumar, A.; Bhansali, S. Novel lactate and pH biosensor for skin and sweat analysis based on single walled carbon nanotubes. Sensor. Actuator. B Chem. 2006, 117, 308-313.
115. Yashina, E.I.; Borisova, A.V.; Karyakina, E.E.; Shchegolikhina, O.I.; Vagin, M.Y.; Sakharov, D.A.; Tonevitsky, A.G.; Karyakin, A.A. Sol-gel immobilization of lactate oxidase from organic solvent: Toward the advanced lactate biosensor. Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 1601-1604.
116. Cai, X.; Yan, J.; Chu, H.; Wu, M.; Tu, Y. An exercise degree monitoring biosensor based on electrochemiluminescent detection of lactate in sweat. Sensor. Actuator. B Chem. 2010, 143, 655-659.
117. Wang, Y.; Xu, H.; Zhang, J.M.; Li, G. Electrochemical sensors for clinic analysis. Sensors 2008, 8, 2043-2081.
118. Weil, M.H.; Afifi, A.A. Experimental and clinical studies on lactate and pyruvate as indicators of the severity of acute circulatory failure (shock). Circulation 1970, 41, 989-1001.
119. Green, J.M.; Pritchett, R.C.; Crews, T.R.; McLester, J.R.; Tucker, D.C. Sweat lactate response between males with high and low aerobic fitness. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2004, 91, 1-6.
120. Billat, L.V. Use of blood lactate measurements for prediction of exercise performance and for control of training: Recommendations for long-distance running. Sports Med. 1996, 22, 157-175.
121. Branco, L.C.; Pina, F. Intrinsically photochromic ionic liquids. Chem. Commun. 2009, 6204-6206.
122. Zhang, Q.; Zhang, S.; Liu, S.; Ma, X.; Lu, L.; Deng, Y. Ionic liquid-modified dyes and their sensing performance toward acids in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. Analyst 2011, 136, 1302-1304.
123. Branco, A.; Branco, L.C.; Pina, F. Electrochromic and magnetic ionic liquids. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 2300-2302.