Validation of a gas chromatography-ion trap-tandem mass spectrometry assay for the simultaneous quantification of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene, morphine, codeine, and 6-acetylmorphine in aqueous solution, blood, and skeletal muscle tissue

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

Volumn 36, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 1-11

  Rees, Kelly A ^a   McLaughlin, Poppy A ^a   David Osselton, M ^a  

^a BOURNEMOUTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BENZOYLECGONINE; COCAINE; CODEINE; HOMOCOCAINE; MORPHINE 6 ACETATE; WATER; 6-O-MONOACETYLMORPHINE; DRUG DERIVATIVE; MORPHINE; MORPHINE DERIVATIVE;

ACCURACY; ANIMAL TISSUE; AQUEOUS SOLUTION; ARTICLE; BLOOD; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; HYDROLYSIS; ION TRAP MASS SPECTROMETRY; LIMIT OF QUANTITATION; MUSCLE TISSUE; NONHUMAN; REPRODUCIBILITY; SKELETAL MUSCLE; SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION; TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY; VALIDATION STUDY; ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; DEER; HORSE; MASS FRAGMENTOGRAPHY; METHODOLOGY; SOLUTION AND SOLUBILITY;

ANIMALS; COCAINE; CODEINE; DEER; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; HORSES; MORPHINE; MORPHINE DERIVATIVES; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; SOLUTIONS; TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY;

EID: 84858796489     PISSN: 01464760     EISSN: 19452403     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkr006     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Davies, C.; English, L.; Lodwick, A.; McVeigh, J.; Bellis, M.A. United Kingdom drug situation: Annual report to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) 2010. London, 2010.
2. Seymour, A.; Oliver, J.S.; Black, M. Drug-related deaths among recently released prisoners in the Strathclyde region of Scotland. J. Forensic Sci. 2000, 45, 649-654.
3. Coffin, P.O.; Galea, S.; Ahern, J.; Leon, A.C.; Vlahov, D.; Tardiff, K. Opiates, cocaine and alcohol combinations in accidental drug overdose deaths in New York City, 1990-98. Addiction 2003, 98, 739-747.
4. Oliver, P.; Keen, J. Concomitant drugs of misuse and drug using behaviours associated with fatal opiate-related poisonings in Sheffield, UK, 1997-2000. Addiction 2002, 98, 191-197.
5. Beswick, T.; Best, D.; Rees, S.; Coomber, R.; Gossop, M.; Strang, J. Multiple drug use: Patterns and practices of heroin and crack use in a population of opiate addicts in treatment. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2001, 20, 201-204.
6. Gossop, M.; Marsden, J.; Stewart, D.; Kidd, T. The national treatment outcome research study: 4-5 year follow-up results. Addiction 2003, 98, 291-303.
7. Meadway, C.; George, S.; Braithwaite, R. Opiate concentrations following the ingestion of poppy seed products-evidence for 'the poppy seed defence'. Forensic Sci. Int. 1998, 96, 29-38.
8. Salmon, A.Y.; Goren, Z.; Avissar, Y.; Soreq, H. Human erythrocyte but not brain acetylcholinesterase hydrolyses heroin to morphine. Clin. Exp. Pharm. Physiol. 1999, 26, 596-600.
9. Kamendulis, L.M.; Brzezinski, M.R.; Pindel, E.V.; Bosron, W.F.; Dean, R.A. Metabolism of cocaine and heroin is catalyzed by the same human liver carboxylesterases. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1996, 279, 713-717.
10. Rook, E.J.; Huitema, A.D.R.; Van Den Brink, W.; Van Ree, J.M.; Beijnen, J.H. Population pharmacokinetics of heroin and its major metabolites. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 2006, 45, 401-417.
11. Lin, D.L.; Chen, C.Y.; Shaw, K.P.; Havier, R.; Lin, R.L. Distribution of codeine, morphine, and 6-acetylmorphine in vitreous humor. J. Anal Toxicol. 1997, 21, 258-261.
12. Gill, J.R.; Graham, S.M. Ten years of "Body packers" in New York city: 50 deaths. J. Forensic Sci. 2002, 47, 843-846.
13. Spiehler, V.; Brown, R. Unconjugated morphine in blood by radioimmunoassay and gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry. J. Forensic Sci. 1987, 32, 906-916.
14. Goldberger, B.A. Disposition of heroin and its metabolites in heroin-related deaths. J. Anal. Toxicol., 1994, 18, 22-28.
15. Baselt, R.C. Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 7th ed. Biomedical Publications: Foster City, CA, 2004; p 256.
16. Stewart, D.J.; Inaba, T.; Tang, B.K.; Kalow, W. Hydrolysis of cocaine in human-plasma by cholinesterase. Life Sci. 1977, 20, 1557-1564.
17. Baselt, R.C. Stability of cocaine in biological fluids. J. Chromatogr. 1983, 268, 502-505.
18. Isenschmid, D.S.; Levine, B.S.; Caplan, Y.H. A comprehensive study of the stability of cocaine and its metabolites. J. Anal. Toxicol. 1989, 13, 250-256.
19. Dean, R.A.; Christian, C.D.; Sample, R.H.B.; Bosron, W.F. Human liver cocaine esterases-ethanol-mediated formation of ethylcocaine. Faseb J. 1991, 5, 2735-2739.
20. Bourland, J.A.; Martin, D.K.; Mayersohn, M. In vitro transesterification of cocaethylene (ethylcocaine) in the presence of ethanol-esterase-mediated ethyl ester exchange. Drug Metab. Disp. 1998, 26, 203-206.
21. Farre, M.; Delatorre, R.; Gonzalez, M.L.; Teran, M.T.; Roset, P.N.; Menoyo, E.; Cami, J. Cocaine and alcohol interactions in humans: Neuroendocrine effects and cocaethylene metabolism. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1997, 283, 164-176.
22. McCance-Katz, E.F.; Kosten, T.R.; Jatlow, P. Concurrent use of cocaine and alcohol is more potent and potentially more toxic than use of either alone-a multiple dose study. Biol. Psychiat. 44, 250-259 (1998).
23. Christensen, H.; Steentoft, A.; Worm, K. Muscle as an autopsy material for evaluation of fatal cases of drug overdose. J. Forensic Sci. Soc. 1985, 25, 191-206.
24. Rees, K.A.; Jones, N.S.; Seulin, S.; Leyton, V.; Yonamine, M.; Munoz, D.R.; Osselton, M.D. The effect of storage temperature and sodium fluoride preservative on the stability of cocaine in horse blood, vitreous humour and muscle tissue. Forensic Sci. Int. (in press) doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.11.001.
25. Rees, K.A.; Jones, N.S.; McLaughlin, P.A.; Osselton, M.D. The effect of storage temperature and sodium fluoride preservative on the stability of 6-monoacetylmorphine in horse blood, vitreous humour and muscle tissue. Forensic Sci. Int. (in press) doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.11.002.
26. Wyman, J.; Bultman, S. Postmortem distribution of heroin metabolites in femoral blood, liver, cerebrospinal fluid, and vitreous humour. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2004, 28, 260-263.
27. Scott, K.S.; Oliver, J.S. Vitreous humour as an alternative sample to blood for the supercritical fluid extraction of morphine and 6-monoacetylmorphine. Med. Sci. Law. 1999, 39, 77-81.
28. Antonides, H.M.; Kiely, E.R.; Marinetti, L.J. Vitreous fluid quantification of opiates, cocaine, and benzoylecgonine: Comparison of calibration curves in both blood and vitreous matrices with corresponding concentrations in blood. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2007, 31, 469-476.
29. Mackey-Bojack, S.; Kloss, J.; Apple, F. Cocaine, cocaine metabolite, and ethanol concentrations in post-mortem blood and vitreous humour. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2000, 24, 59-65.
30. Moriya, F.; Hashimoto, Y. Post-mortem stability of cocaine and cocaethylene in blood and tissues of humans and rabbits. J. Forensic Sci. 1996, 41, 612-616.
31. Juhascik, M.P.; Jenkins, A.J. Comparison of liquid/liquid and solid-phase extraction for alkaline drugs. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 2009, 47, 553-557.
32. De Letter, E.A.; Lambert, W.E.; Bouche, M.; Cordonnier, J.; Van Bocxlaer, J.F.; Piette, M.H.A. Postmortem distribution of 3,4-methylenedioxy-n,n-dimethyl-amphetamine (MDDM or MDDA) in a fatal MDMA overdose. Int. J. Legal Med. 2007, 121, 303-307.
33. Giroud, C.; Michaud, K.; Sporkert, F.; Eap, C.; Augsburger, M.; Cardinal, P.; Mangin, P. A fatal overdose of cocaine associated with coingestion of marijuana, buprenorphine, and fluoxetine. Body fluid and tissue distribution of cocaine and its metabolites determined by hydrophilic interaction chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2004, 28, 464-474.
34. Langford, A.M.; Taylor, K.K.; Pounder, D.J. Drug concentration in selected skeletal muscles. J. Forensic Sci. 1998, 43, 22-27.
35. Garriott, J.C. Skeletal-muscle as an alternative specimen for alcohol and drug analysis. J. Forensic Sci. 1991, 36, 60-69.
36. Klingmann, A.; Skopp, G.; Pedal, I.; Poetsch, L.; Aderjan, R. Morphine and morphine glucuronide distribution in body tissue and liquor: Post-mortem findings after rapid death. Archiv fuer Kriminologie. 206: 38-49 (2000).
37. Cardona, P.S.; Chaturvedi, A.K.; Soper, J.W.; Canfield, D.V. Simultaneous analyses of cocaine, cocaethylene, and their possible metabolic and pyrolytic products. Forensic Sci. Int. 2006, 157, 46-56.
38. Wyman, J.F.; Dean, D.E.; Yinger, R.; Simmons, A.; Brobst, D.; Bissell, M.; Silveira, F.; Kelly, N.; Shott, R.; Ohr, J.; Howard, R.; Lewis, B. The temporal fate of drugs in decomposing porcine tissue. J. Forensic Sci. 2011, 56, 694-699.
39. Paterson, S.; Cordero, R.; Burlinson, S. Screening and semiquantitative analysis of post-mortem blood for basic drugs using gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B 2004, 813, 323-330.
40. Da Matta Chasin, A.A.; Midio, A.F. Validation of an ion-trap gas chromatographic-mass spectometric method for the determination of cocaine and metabolites and cocaethylene in post-mortem whole blood. Forensic Sci. Int. 2000, 109, 1-13.
41. th September (2002).
42. Bogusz, M.J.; Maier, R.D.; Schiwy-Bochat, K.H.; Kohls, U. Applicability of various brands of mixed-phase extraction columns for opiate extraction from blood and serum. J. Chromatogr. B 1996, 683, 177-188.
43. Vorce, S.P.; Sklerov, J.H.; Kalasinsky, K.S. Assessment of the ion-trap mass spectrometer for routine qualitative and quantitative analysis of drugs of abuse extracted from urine. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2000, 24, 595-601.
44. Hernandez, A.; Andollo, W.; Hearn, W.L. Analysis of cocaine and metabolites in brain using solid-phase extraction and full-scanning gas-chromatography ion-trap mass-spectrometry. Forensic Sci. Int. 1994, 65, 149-156.
45. Stimpfl, T.; Vycudilik, W. Identification of the general unknown. Application of mass selective detectors in forensic toxicology. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2000, 24, 32-36.
46. Cognard, E.; Bouchonnet, S.; Staub, C. Validation of a gas chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous analysis of cocaine and its metabolites in saliva. J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. 2006, 41, 925-934.
47. Cognard, E.; Rudaz, S.; Bouchonnet, S.; Staub, C. Analysis of cocaine and three of its metabolites in hair by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using ion-trap detection for CI/MS/MS. J. Chromatogr. B 2005, 826, 17-25.
48. Pichini, S.; Pacifici, R.; Altieri, I.; Pellegrini, M.; Zuccaro, P. Determination of opiates and cocaine in hair as trimethylsilyl derivatives using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Toxicol. 1999, 23, 343-348.
49. Dadgar, D.; Burnett, P.E.; Choc, M.G.; Gallicano, K.; Hooper, J.W. Application issues in bioanalytical method validation, sample analysis and data reporting. J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. 1995, 13, 89-97.
50. Hubert, P.; Nguyen-Huu, J.J.; Boulanger, B.; Chapuzet, E.; Chiap, P.; Cohen, N.; Compagnon, P.A.; Dewe, W.; Feinberg, M.; Lallier, M.; Laurentie, M.; Mercier, N.; Muzard, G.; Nivet, C.; Valat, L. Harmonisation of strategies for the validation of quantitative analytical procedures-a SFSTP proposal-part i. J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. 2004, 36, 579-586.
51. Hartmann, C.; Smeyers-Verbeke, J.; Massart, D.L.; McDowall, R.D. Validation of bioanalytical chromatographic methods. J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. 1998, 17, 193-218.