When east meets west: An exploratory study on Chinese outbound tourists' travel expectations

Tourism Management

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 741-749

  Li, Xiang ^a   Lai, Chengting ^a   Harrill, Rich ^a   Kline, Sheryl ^a   Wang, Liangyan ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b Shanghai Jiao Tong University   (China)

Author keywords

China; Chinese outbound tourism; Focus group; Service expectations; Travel behavior; United States

Indexed keywords

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT; TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT; TRAVEL BEHAVIOR; TRAVEL TIME;

CHINA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84858746238     PISSN: None     EISSN: 02615177     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2010.06.009     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Arlt, C. W. (2006). China's outbound tourism. New York, NY: Routledge.
2. Bernard, H. R. (2000). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. California: Sage Publications, Inc.
3. Boulding, W., Kalra, A., Staelin. R., & Zeithaml, V. A. (1993). A dynamic process model of service quality: from expectations to behavioral intentions. Journal of Marketing Research. 30(1), 7-27.
4. Burnett T., Cook, S., & Li, X. (2008). Emerging international travel markets: China (2007 edition). Washington. DC: Travel Industry Association.
5. Calder, B. J. (1977). Focus groups and the nature of qualitative marketing research. Journal of Marketing Research, 14(3), 353-364.
6. Canadian Tourism Commission (CTC). (2008). Tourism snapshot Retrieved 27.04.09.09, from. http://www.corporate.canada.travel/docs/research-and- sutistics/stats-and-figures/snapshot-YearInReview-2007-eng.pdf.
7. Catterall, M., & Maclaran, P. (2006). Focus groups in marketing research. In R. W. Belt (Ed.), Handbook of qualitative research methods in marketing (pp. 255-267). Northampton. MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
8. Cowley, J. C. P. (2000). Strategic qualitative focus group research-define and articulate our skills or we will be replaced by others. International Journal of Market Research, 42(1), 17-38.
9. Dai. B. (2008). [China's tourism economy under the influence of financial crisis: Trends and strategies]. Paper presented at the first Nankai international conference on tourism, Tianjin, China.
10. Guo, Y., Kim, S. S., & Timothy, D. J. (2007). Development characteristics and implications of Mainland Chinese outbound tourism. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 12(4), 313-332.
11. Huang. X. (2008). Tourism Science. 22(2), 44-48.
12. Japanese Tourism Marketing Co. (JTM). (2009). Statistics of visitors to Japan from overseas. Published 09.04.09, from, http://www.tourism.jp/english/ statistics/inbound.php.
13. Kaczynski, A. T. (2008). A more tenable marketing for leisure services and studies. Leisure Sciences. 30, 253-272.
14. Kanousi, A. (2005). An empirical investigation of the role of culture on service recovery expectations. Managing Service Quality, 15(1), 57-69.
15. Kueh, K., & Voon, B. H. (2007). Culture and service quality expectations: evidence from generation Y consumers in Malaysia. Managing Service Quality, 17 (6). 656-680.
16. Li, X., Harrill, R., Uysal, M., Burnett T., & Zhan, X. (2010). Estimating the size of the Chinese outbound travel market: a demand-side approach. Tourism Management. 31(2), 250-259.
17. Li, X., & Petrick, J. (2008). Tourism marketing in an era of paradigm shift Journal of Travel Research. 46(3), 235-244.
18. Lidén, S. B., & Edvardsson, B. (2003). Customer expectations on service guarantees. Managing Service Quality. 13(5), 338-348.
19. Lim. C., & Wang, Y. (2008). China's post-1978 experience in outbound tourism. Marhemarics and Computers in Simulation, 78(2-3), 450-458.
20. Miller, J. A. (1977). Studying satisfaction, modifying models, eliciting expectations, posing problems, and making meaningful measurements. In H. K. Hunt (Ed.), Conceptualization and measurement of consumer satisfaction and dissatisfaction (pp. 72-91). Bloomington: School of Business, Indiana University.
21. Mok. C., & DeFranco, A. L. (1999). Chinese cultural values: their implications for travel and tourism marketing. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 8(2), 99-114.
22. Moutinho, L. (1987). Consumer behavior in tourism. European Journal of Marketing 21(10), 5-44.
23. National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBSC). (1998). China statistical yearbook. Retrieved from. http://www.stats.gov. cn/english/statisticaIdata/ yearlydata/YB1998e/R011AF-htm.
24. National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBSC). (2004). China statistical yearbook. Retrieved from, http://www.stats.gov. cn/english/statisticaldata/ yearlydata/yb2004-e/indexeh.htra
25. National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBSC). (2008). China statistical yearbook. Retrieved from, http://www.stats.gov. cn/tjsj/ndsj/2008/indexeh.htm.
26. Office for National Statistics (ONS). (2008). Travel trends 2007. Retrieved 27.04.09, from. http://www.statistics.gov. uk/downloads/theme- transport/Travel-Trends-2007.pdf.
27. Oliver, R. L. (1980). A cognitive model of the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction decisions. Journal of Marketing Research. 17(4), 460-469.
28. Oliver, R. L (1981). Measurement and evaluation of satisfaction process in retail setting. Journal of Retailing 57(Fall), 25-48.
29. Pan, B., Li, X., Zhang, L., & Smith, W. (2007). An exploratory study on the satisfaction and barriers of online trip planning to china: American college students' experience. Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing 16(1/2), 203-226.
30. Parasuraman, A., Berry. L., & Zeithaml, V. A. (1991). Understanding customer expectations of service. Sloan Management Review, 32(3), 39-48.
31. Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L L. (1985). A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research. Journal of Marketing 49(Fall), 41-50.
32. Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L L. (1988). SERVQUAL: a multiple-item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality. Journal of Retailing, 64(1), 12-40.
33. Philippine Department of Tourism (2009). Visitor arrivals to the Philippines by country of residence for the month of January-December 2008. Retrieved 23.04.09, from. http://www.tourism.gov. ph/dot/download s.asp?file=dec2008.xls.
34. Pizam, A., Neumann, Y., & Reichel, A. (1978). Dimensions of tourism satisfaction with a destination area. Annals of Tourism Research, 5, 314-322.
35. Prakash, V. (1984). Validity and reliability of the confirmation of expectations paradigm as a determinant of consumer satisfaction. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 12(Fall), 63-76.
36. Project Team. (2003). An analysis on the tourism expenditure evaluation and relationship between host and guest for Mainland Chinese outbound market Journal of Beijing Second Foreign Language Institute, 1, 1-18.
37. Qian. C (2010). Retrieved 08.02.010, from http://www.gov.cn/fwxx/ly/2010- 01/25/content-1518913.htm.
38. Qu, H., & Lam, S. (1997). A travel demand model for Mainland Chinese tourists to Hong Kong. Tourism Management, 18(8), 593-597.
39. Reisinger. Y. (2009). International tourism: Cultures and behavior. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann.
40. Robledo, M. A. (2001). Measuring and managing service quality: integrating customer expectations. Managing Service Quality, 11(1), 22-31.
41. Roy, A., Walters, P. C. P., & Luk, S. T. K. (2001). Chinese puzzles and paradoxes: conducting business research in China. Journal of Business Research, 52, 203-210.
42. Ryan, C., & Cu, H. (2008). Tourism in China: Destination, cultures and communities.
43. Sheatsley, D. W, Li, X., & Harrill, R. (2009). Emerging international travel markets: China-Part II (2008 edition). Washington, DC: The US. Travel Association.
44. Shoemaker, S., Lewis, R. C., & Yesawich, P. C (2007). Marketing leadership in hospitality and tourism: Strategies and tactics for competitive advantage (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
45. Singapore Department of Statistics. (2009). Yearbook of statistics Singapore 2008. Retrieved 23.04.09, from, http://www.singstatgov. sg/pubn/reference/yos/yos2008.pdf.
46. Spreng, R. A., MacKenzie, S. B., & Olshavsky, R. W (1996). A reexamination of the determinants of consumer satisfaction. Journal of Marketing 60(3), 15-32.
47. Swan, J. L., & Trawik, I. F. (1980). Satisfaction related to predictive vs. desired expectations. In H. K. Hunt & R. L Day (Eds.), Refining concepts and measures of consumer satisfaction and complaining behavior (pp. 7-12). Bloomington: Indiana University.
48. Tse, D. K., & Wilton, P. C. (1988). Models of consumer satisfaction formation: an extension. Journal of Marketing Research, 25(May), 204-212.
49. Turner, L W., Reisinger, Y., & McQuilken, L. (2001). How cultural differences cause dimensions of tourism satisfaction. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 11(1), 79-101.
50. Wang, K.-C., Hsieh, A.-T., & Huan, T.-C. (2000). Critical service features in group package tour an exploratory research. Tourism Management, 21, 177-189.
51. Wang, Y., & Pearson, T. E. (2002). Measuring personal service quality: an analysis of hotels in the People's Republic of China. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 3(2), 3-27.
52. Wang, Y., & Sheldon, P. J. (1995). The sleeping dragon awakes: the outbound Chinese travel market. Journal of Travel Er Tourism Marketing 4(4), 41-54.
53. Wang, Y., Vela, M. R., & Tyler, K. (2008). Cultural perspectives: Chinese perceptions of UK hotel service quality. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research. 2(4), 312-324.
54. Wong, C. S., & Kwong, W. Y. Y. (2004). Outbound tourists' selection criteria for choosing all-inclusive package tours. Tourism Management, 25, 581-592.
55. Wong, S., & Lau, E (2001). Understanding the behavior of Hong Kong Chinese tourists on group tour packages. Journal of Travel Research, 40(1), 57-67.
56. Woodruff, R., Cadotte, E. & Jenkins, R. (1987). Expectations and norms in models of consumer satisfaction. Journal of Marketing Research, 24(August), 305-314.
57. Yao, H. (2006). Group Economy, 29, 78-80.
58. Yau, O. H. M. (1988). Chinese cultural values: their dimensions and marketing implications. European Journal of Marketing 22(5), 44-57.
59. Yu, X., & Weiler, B. (2001). Mainland Chinese pleasure travelers to Australia: a leisure behavior analysis. Tourism, Culture & Communication, 3, 81-91.
60. Zeithaml, V. A. (1988). Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: a meansend model and synthesis of evidence. Journal of Marketing 52(3), 2-22.
61. Zeithaml, V. A., Berry, L L., & Parasuraman, A. (1993). The nature and determinants of customer expectations of service. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 21(1), 1-12.
62. Zhang, H. Q., & Heung, V. C. S. (2001). The emergence of the Mainland Chinese outbound travel market and its implications for tourism marketing. Journal of vacation Marketing 8(1), 7-12.
63. Zhu. Y. (2005). Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 129, 103-113.