Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: Is there room for dual blockade in the cardiorenal continuum?

Journal of Hypertension

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 647-654

  Volpe, Massimo ^a,b   Danser, A H Jan ^c   Menard, Joël ^d,e,f   Waeber, Bernard ^g   Mueller, Dominik N ^h,i   Maggioni, Aldo P ^j   Ruilope, Luis M ^k  

^a SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^b IRCCS NEUROMED   (Italy)

^c ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^d UNIVERSITÉ PARIS DESCARTES   (France)

^e HÔPITAL EUROPÉEN GEORGES POMPIDOU   (France)

^f INSERM   (France)

^g LAUSANNE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

^h MAX DELBRÜCK CENTER FOR MOLECULAR MEDICINE   (Germany)

ⁱ Experimental and Clinical Research Center   (Germany)

^j ANMCO RESEARCH CENTER   (Italy)

^k HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO 12 DE OCTUBRE   (Spain)

more..

Author keywords

aldosterone antagonists; angiotensin II; angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonists; angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; cardiovascular complications; cardiovascular risk; diabetes; hypertension; renal diseases; renin inhibitors

Indexed keywords

ALDOSTERONE; ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST; ALISKIREN; ANGIOTENSIN 1 RECEPTOR; ANGIOTENSIN II; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; ATENOLOL; CALCIUM ANTAGONIST; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; DIURETIC AGENT; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; IRBESARTAN; LOSARTAN; OLMESARTAN; PLACEBO; PRORENIN; RAMIPRIL; RENIN; TELMISARTAN; VALSARTAN;

ALBUMINURIA; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME INHIBITION; FOLLOW UP; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE MASS; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE VOLUME; HEART PROTECTION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTENSION; KIDNEY DISEASE; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY FUNCTION; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MONOTHERAPY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEINURIA; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RENAL PROTECTION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SIDE EFFECT; STROKE; SYNCOPE; TREATMENT DURATION; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

EID: 84858680846     PISSN: 02636352     EISSN: 14735598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32834f6e00     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. Case DB, Atlas SA, Laragh JH, Sealey JE, Sullivan PA, McKinstry DN. Clinical experience with blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by an oral converting-enzyme inhibitor (SQ 14 225, captopril) in hypertensive patients. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1978; 21:195-206. (Pubitemid 9068240)
2. Turini GA, Brunner HR, Gribic M, Waeber B, Gavras H. Improvement of chronic congestive heart-failure by oral captopril. Lancet 1979; 1:1213-1215.
3. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003; 289:2560-2572. (Pubitemid 37430158)
4. Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Cifkova R, Fagard R, Germano G, et al. 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens 2007; 25:1105-1187. (Pubitemid 46924065)
5. Volpe M, Ruilope LM, McInnes GT, Waeber B, Weber MA. Angiotensin-II receptor blockers: benefits beyond blood pressure reduction? J Hum Hypertens 2005; 19:331-339. (Pubitemid 40662853)
6. Oparil S, Haber E. The renin-angiotensin system (first of two parts). N Engl J Med 1974; 291:389-401.
7. Paul M, Poyan Mehr A, Kreutz R. Physiology of local renin-angiotensin systems. Physiol Rev 2006; 86:747-803. (Pubitemid 44033382)
8. Bader M, Ganten D. Update on tissue renin-angiotensin systems. J Mol Med 2008; 86:615-621.
9. Fyhrquist F, Saijonmaa O. Renin-angiotensin system revisited. J Intern Med 2008; 264:224-236.
10. Carey RM. Aldosterone and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2010; 17:194-198.
11. Ljungman S, Aurell M, Hartford M, Wikstrand J, Berglund G. Blood pressure in relation to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Acta Med Scand 1982; 211:351-360. (Pubitemid 12127824)
12. Dzau VJ, Antman EM, Black HR, Hayes DL, Manson JE, Plutzky J, et al. The cardiovascular disease continuum validated: clinical evidence of improved patient outcomes. Part I. Pathophysiology and clinical trial evidence (risk factors through stable coronary artery disease). Circulation 2006; 114:2850-2870. (Pubitemid 46018288)
13. Ruilope LM, Bakris GL. Renal function and target organ damage in hypertension. Eur Heart J 2011; 32:1599-1604.
14. Mancia G, Laurent S, Agabiti-Rosei E, Ambrosioni E, Burnier M, Caulfield MJ, et al. Reappraisal of European guidelines on hypertension management: a European Society of Hypertension Task Force document. J Hypertens 2009; 27:2121-2158.
15. Turnbull F, Neal B, Algert C, Chalmers J, Chapman N, Cutler J, et al. Effects of different blood pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165:1410-1419. (Pubitemid 40973424)
16. Khosla N, Kalaitzidis R, Bakris GL. The kidney, hypertension, and remaining challenges. Med Clin North Am 2009; 93:697-715.
17. Zanchetti A. Bottom blood pressure or bottom cardiovascular risk? How far can cardiovascular risk be reduced? J Hypertens 2009; 27:1509-1520.
18. Van kats JP, Duncker DJ, Haitsma DB, Schuijt MP, Niebuur R, Stubenitsky R, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade prevent cardiac remodeling in pigs after myocardial infarction: a role of tissue angiotensin II. Circulation 2000; 102:1556-1563.
19. Klotz S, Burkhoff D, Garreids IM, Boomsma F, Danser AH. The impact of left ventricular assist device-induced left ventricular unloading on the myocardial renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: therapeutic consequences? Eur Heart J 2009; 30:805-812.
20. Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ 2009; 338:b1665.
21. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, Keane WF, Mitch WE, Parving HH, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:861-869.
22. Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP. Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1990; 322:1561-1566. (Pubitemid 20176696)
23. Ruilope LM, Rodicio JL. Renal participation in cardiovascular risk in essential hypertension. Blood Press 2001; 10:322-326. (Pubitemid 34086903)
24. Schmieder RE, Schlaide MP, Klingbeil AU, Martus P. Update on reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension (a metaanalysis of all randomized double-blind studies until December 1996). Transplant 1998; 13:564-569. (Pubitemid 28119033)
25. Klingbeil AU, Schneider M, Martus P, Messerli FH, Schmieder RE. A meta-analysis of the effects of treatment on left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Am J Med 2003; 115:41-46. (Pubitemid 36831120)
26. Okin PM, Devereux RB, Jern S, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Nieminen MS, et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy during antihypertensive treatment and the prediction of major cardiovascular events. JAMA 2004; 292:2343-2349. (Pubitemid 39491918)
27. Wachtell K, Lehto M, Gerdts E, Olsen MH, HornestamB, Dahlof B, et al. Angiotensin II receptor blockade reduces new-onset atrial fibrillation and subsequent stroke compared to atenolol: the Losartan Intervention For End Point Reduction in Hypertension (LIFE) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45:712-719. (Pubitemid 40282586)
28. Strippoli GF, Craig M, Deeks JJ, Schena FP, Craig JC. Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists on mortality and renal outcomes in diabetic nephropathy: systematic review. BMJ 2004; 329:828-839.
29. Menne J, Chatzikyrkou C, Haller H. Microalbuminuria as a risk factor: the influence of renin-angiotensin system blockade. J Hypertens 2010; 28:1983-1994.
30. Stehouwer CD, Smulders YM. Microalbuminuria and risk for cardiovascular disease: analysis of potential mechanisms. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:2106-2111. (Pubitemid 44141899)
31. Schmieder RE, Mann JF, Schumacher H, Gao P, Mancia G, Weber MA, et al., On behalf of the ONTARGET Investigators. Changes in albuminuria predict mortality and morbidity in patients with vascular disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22:1353-1364.
32. Ibsen H, Olsen MH, Wachtell K, Borch-Johnsen K, Lindholm LH, Mogensen CE, et al. Reduction in albuminuria translates to reduction in cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients: losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study. Hypertension 2005; 45:198-202. (Pubitemid 40179960)
33. Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J, Gomis R, Andersen S, Arner P. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:870-878.
34. Persson F, Rossing P, Hovind P, Stehouwer CD, Schalkwijk C, Tarnow L, Parving HH. Irbesartan treatment reduces biomarkers of inflammatory activity in patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria: an IRMA 2 substudy. Diabetes 2006; 55:3550-3555. (Pubitemid 44923616)
35. Rossing K, Schjoedt KJ, Jensen BR, Boomsma F, Parving HH. Enhanced renoprotective effects of ultrahigh doses of irbesartan in patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria. Kidney Int 2005; 68:1190-1198. (Pubitemid 43246436)
36. Schjoedt KJ, Astrup AS, Persson F, Frandsen E, Boomsma F, Rossing K, et al. Optimal dose of lisinopril for renoprotection in type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy: a randomised crossover trial. Diabetologia 2009; 52:46-49.
37. Hollenberg NK, Parving HH, Viberti G, Remuzzi G, Ritter S, Zelenkofske S, et al. Albuminuria response to very high-dose valsartan in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Hypertens 2007; 25:1921-1926. (Pubitemid 47356634)
38. Weinberg AJ, Zappe DH, Ramadugu R, Weinberg MS. Long-term safety of high-dose angiotensin receptor blocker therapy in hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease. J Hypertens 2006; 24:S95-S99. (Pubitemid 44336830)
39. Gerstein HC, Bosch J, Pogue J, Taylor DW, Zinman B, Yusuf S. Rationale and design of a large study to evaluate the renal and cardiovascular effects of an ACE inhibitor and vitamin E in high-risk patients with diabetes. The MICRO-HOPE Study. Microalbuminuria, cardiovascular, and renal outcomes. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation. Diabetes Care 1996; 19:1225-1228.
40. van Paassen P, de Zeeuw D, Navis G, de Jong PE. Renal and systemic effects of continued treatment with renin inhibitor remikiren in hypertensive patients with normal and impaired renal function. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15:637-643. (Pubitemid 30242981)
41. Haller H, Ito S, Izzo JL Jr, Januszewicz A, Katayama S, Menne J, Mimran A, Rabelink TJ, Ritz E, Ruilope LM, Rump LC, Viberti G. Olmesartan for the delay or prevention of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2011; 364:907-917.
42. Volpe M, Tocci G. Redefining blood pressure targets in high risk patients? Lessons from coronary endpoints in recent randomized clinical trials. Am J Hypertens 2011; 24:1060-1068.
43. Zanchetti A. Blood pressure targets of antihypertensive treatment: up and down the J-shaped curve. Eur Heart J 2010; 31:2837-2840.
44. Waeber B, Aschwanden R, Sadecky L, Ferber P. Combination of hydrochlorothiazide or benazepril with valsartan in hypertensive patients unresponsive to valsartan alone. J Hypertens 2001; 19:2097-2104. (Pubitemid 33035816)
45. Mogensen CE, Neldam S, Tikkanen I, Oren S, Viskoper R, Watts RW, Cooper ME. Randomised controlled trial of dual blockade of reninangiotensin system in patients with hypertension, microalbuminuria, and noninsulin dependent diabetes: the candesartan and lisinopril microalbuminuria (CALM) study. BMJ 2000; 321:1440-1444.
46. Kunz R, Friedrich C, Wolbers M, Mann JF. Meta-analysis: effect of monotherapy and combination therapy with inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system on proteinuria in renal disease. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148:30-48. (Pubitemid 351688350)
47. Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J, Dyal L, Copland I, Schumacher H, et al. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med 2008; 358:1547-1559. (Pubitemid 351522739)
48. Mann JF, Schmieder RE, McQueen M, Dyal L, Schumacher H, Pogue J, et al. Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 372:547-553.
49. Menard J, Campbell DJ, Azizi M, Gonzales MF. Synergistic effects of ACE inhibition and Ang II antagonism on blood pressure, cardiac weight, and renin in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circulation 1997; 96:3072-3078. (Pubitemid 27500110)
50. Schoolwerth AC, Sica DA, Ballermann BJ, Wilcox CS. Renal considerations in angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapy: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease and the Council for High Blood Pressure Research of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2001; 104:1985-1991. (Pubitemid 32983246)
51. Rossing K, Jacobsen P, Pietraszek L, Parving HH. Renoprotective effects of adding angiotensin II receptor blocker to maximal recommended doses of ACE inhibitor in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 2003; 26:2268-2274. (Pubitemid 36993311)
52. Jennings DL, Kalus JS, Coleman CI, Manierski C, Yee J. Combination therapy with an ACE inhibitor and an angiotensin receptor blocker for diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Med 2007; 24:486-493. (Pubitemid 46669317)
53. Bakris GL, Ruilope L, Locatelli F, Ptaszynska A, Pieske B, de Champlain J, et al. Treatment of microalbuminuria in hypertensive subjects with elevated cardiovascular risk: results of the IMPROVE trial. Kidney Int 2007; 72:879-885. (Pubitemid 47462081)
54. Freid L, Duckworth W, Zhang JH, for the VA Nephron-D Investigators. Combination angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy VA Nephron-D study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 4:361-368.
55. Parving HH, Brenner BM, McMurray JJ, De Zeeuw D, Haffner SM, Solomon SD. Aliskiren Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardio-Renal Endpoints (ALTITUDE): rationale and study design. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 5:1663-1671.
56. Cowan BR, Young AA, Anderson C, Doughty RN, Krittayaphong R, Lonn E, Marwick TH, et al. Left ventricular mass and volume with telmisartan, ramipril, or combination in patients with previous atherosclerotic events or with diabetes mellitus (from the ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination With Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial [ONTARGET]). Am J Cardiol 2009; 104:1484-1489.
57. Ruilope LM, Aldigier JC, Ponticelli C, Oddou-Stock P, Botteri F, Mann JF. Safety of the combination of valsartan and benazepril in patients with chronic renal disease. European Group for the Investigation of Valsartan in Chronic Renal Disease. J Hypertens 2000; 18:89-95. (Pubitemid 30093713)
58. McMurray JJ, Ostergren J, Swedberg K, Granger CB, Held P, Michelson EL, Olofsson B, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting- enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet 2003; 362:767-771. (Pubitemid 37093916)
59. Pool JL, Schmieder RE, Azizi M, Aldigier JC, Januszewicz A, Zidek W, Chiang Y, et al. Aliskiren, an orally effective renin inhibitor, provides antihypertensive efficacy alone and in combination with valsartan. Am J Hypertens 2007; 20:11-20. (Pubitemid 46014059)
60. Oparil S, Yarows SA, Patel S, Fang H, Zhang J, Satlin A. Efficacy and safety of combined use of aliskiren and valsartan in patients with hypertension: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet 2007; 370:221-229. (Pubitemid 47069535)
61. Uresin Y, Taylor AA, Kilo C, Tschope D, Santonastaso M, Ibram G, et al. Efficacy and safety of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren and ramipril alone or in combination in patients with diabetes and hypertension. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2007; 8:190-198. (Pubitemid 351166266)
62. Parving HH, Persson F, Lewis JB, Lewis EJ, Hollenberg NK. Aliskiren combined with losartan in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2008; 358:2433-2446. (Pubitemid 351793017)
63. Fisher NDL, Danser AHJ, Nussberger J, Dole WP, Hollenberg NK. Renal and hormonal responses to direct renin inhibition with aliskiren in healthy humans. Circulation 2008; 117:3199-3205.
64. Jia L, Simpson RD, Yuan J, Xu Z, Zhao W, Cacatian S, et al. Discovery of VTP-27999, an alkyl amine renin inhibitor with potential for clinical utility. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:747-751.
65. Luetscher JA, Kraemer FB, Wilson DM, Schwartz HC, Bryer-Ash M. Increased plasma inactive renin in diabetes mellitus. A marker of microvascular complications. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:1412-1417. (Pubitemid 15083658)
66. Deinum J, Ronn B, Mathiesen E, Derkx FH, Hop WC, Schalekamp MA. Increase in serum prorenin precedes onset of microalbuminuria in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1999; 42:1006-1010. (Pubitemid 29369610)
67. Menard J, Guyene TT, Peyrard S, Azizi M. Conformational changes in prorenin during renin inhibition in vitro and in vivo. J Hypertens 2006; 24:529-534. (Pubitemid 43261917)
68. Batenburg WW, de Bruin RJ, van Gool JM, Muller DN, Bader M, Nguyen G, Danser AH. Aliskiren-binding increases the half life of renin and prorenin in rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:1151-1157.
69. Nguyen G, Delarue F, Burckle C, Bouzhir L, Giller T, Sraer JD. Pivotal role of the renin/prorenin receptor in angiotensin II production and cellular responses to renin. J Clin Invest 2002; 109:1417-1427. (Pubitemid 34596167)
70. Jansen PM, Danser AH, Imholz BP, van den Meiracker AH. Aldosteronereceptor antagonism in hypertension. J Hypertens 2009; 27:680-691.
71. Pitt B. Escape of aldosterone production in patients with left ventricular dysfunction treated with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor: implication for therapy. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1995; 9:145-149.
72. Biollaz J, Brunner HR, Gavras I, Waeber B, Gavras H. Antihypertensive therapy with MK 421: angiotensin-renin relationship to evaluate efficacy of converting enzyme blockade. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1982; 4:966-972. (Pubitemid 13204034)
73. Epstein M. Aldosterone and the hypertensive kidney: its emerging role as a mediator of progressive renal dysfunction: a paradigm shift. J Hypertens 2001; 19:829-842. (Pubitemid 32436945)
74. Navaneethan SD, Nigwekar SU, Sehgal AR, Strippoli GF. Aldosterone antagonists for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 4:542-551.
75. Bomback AS, Kshirsagar AV, Amamoo MA, Klemmer PJ. Change in proteinuria after adding aldosterone blockers to ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers in CKD: a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis 2008; 51:199-211.