Introduction: The self as project: Politics and the human sciences in the twentieth century

Osiris

Volumn 22, Issue , 2007, Pages 1-25

  Eghigian, Greg ^a   Killen, Andreas ^b   Leuenberger, Christine ^c  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b CITY COLLEGE OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^c Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84858369618     PISSN: 03697827     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/521740     Document Type: Review

References (360)

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7. Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust (Ithaca, N.Y., 1991).
8. Christine Leuenberger, "Constructions of the Berlin Wall: How Material Culture Is Used in Psychological Theory," Social Problems 53 (2006): 18-37;
9. Jerrold E. Seigel, The Idea of the Self: Thought and Experience in Western Europe since the Seventeenth Century (New York, 2005);
10. Kurt Danziger, Naming the Mind: How Psychology Found Its Language (London, 1997);
11. Roy Porter, ed., Rewriting the Self: Histories from the Renaissance to the Present (London, 1997);
12. Ian Hacking, Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory (Princeton, N.J., 1995);
13. G. M. Erchak, The Anthropology of Self and Behavior (New Brunswick, N.J., 1992);
14. Anthony Giddens, Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age (Palo Alto, Calif., 1991);
15. John Shotter and Kenneth J. Gergen, eds., Texts of Identity (London, 1989);
16. Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity (Cambridge, Mass., 1989);
17. Michel Foucault et al., Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault (Amherst, Mass., 1988);
18. Ian Hacking, "Making Up People," in Reconstructing Individualism: Autonomy, Individuality, and the Self in Western Thought, ed. Thomas C. Heller and Christine Brooke-Rose (Palo Alto, Calif., 1986), 222-36;
19. Michel Foucault, Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason (New York, 1965).
20. Paul Heelas and Andrew Lock, eds., Indigenous Psychologies: The Anthropology of the Self (London, 1981).
21. Jeroen Jansz and Peter van Drunen, A Social History of Psychology (Maiden, Mass., 2004);
22. Arnold Davidson, The Emergence of Sexuality: Historical Epistemology and the Formation of Concepts (Cambridge, Mass., 2001);
23. Roger Smith, The Norton History of the Human Sciences (New York, 1997);
24. Nikolas Rose, Inventing Our Selves: Psychology, Power, and Personhood (New York, 1996);
25. Hacking, Rewriting the Soul (cit. n. 4);
26. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York, 1977);
27. Giddens, Modernity and Self-Identity (cit. n. 4).
28. Theodore R. Schatzki, Karin Knorr Cetina, and Eike von Savigny, eds., The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory (London, 2001);
29. Monica Flacke, ed., Mythen der Nationen: Ein Europäisches Panorama (Berlin, 1998);
30. Geoff Eley and Ronald Grigor Suny, eds., Becoming National: A Reader (New York, 1996);
31. Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge, Mass., 1992);
32. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London, 1991).
33. Michael Geyer and Charles Bright, "World History in a Global Age," American Historical Review 100 (1995): 1034-60.
34. Sheila Jasanoff, Designs on Nature: Science and Democracy in Europe and the United States (Princeton, N.J., 2005);
35. as well as her essays, Jasanoff, "Beyond Epistemology: Relativism and Engagement in the Politics of Science," Social Studies of Science 26 (1996): 393-418;
36. and Jasanoff, "Technology as a Site and Object of Politics," in The Oxford Handbook of Contextual Political Analysis, ed. Charles Tilly and Robert E. Goodin (Oxford, 2006), 745-63.
37. See also Bruno Latour and Catherine Porter, Politics of Nature: How to Bring the Sciences into Democracy (Boston, 2004);
38. Karin Knorr Cetina, Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge (Cambridge, Mass., 1999);
39. Nikolas Rose, Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought (Cambridge, 1999);
40. Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life (Princeton, N.J., 1985);
41. John S. Nelson, Allan Megill, and Donald N. McCloskey, eds., The Rhetoric of the Human Sciences: Language and Argument in Scholarship and Public Affairs (Madison, Wis., 1987).
42. Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914-1991 (New York, 1994).
43. See Ian Hacking, "The Invention of Split Personalities," in Human Nature and Natural Knowledge, ed. Alan Donagan, Anthony N. Perovich, and Michael V. Wedin (Boston, 1986), 63-85;
44. as well as Hacking, Mad Travellers: Reflections on the Reality of Transient Mental Illness (London, 1989);
45. Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process (Oxford, 2000);
46. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality: An Introduction (New York, 1990);
47. and Foucault, Discipline and Punish (cit. n. 6).
48. George Herbert Mead, Mind, Self, and Society: From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist (Chicago, 1967);
49. Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Garden City, N.Y., 1959).
50. Jan Goldstein, The Post-Revolutionary Self: Politics and Psyche in France, 1750-1850 (Cambridge, Mass., 2005);
51. Seigel, The Idea of the Self(cit. n. 4).
52. Giddens, Modernity and Self-Identity (cit. n. 4);
53. Peter Berger, Brigitte Berger, and Hansfried Keller, The Homeless Mind: Modernization and Consciousness (New York, 1973).
54. Nikolas Rose, The Psychological Complex: Psychology, Politics, and Society in England, 1869-1959 (London, 1985), 12.
55. Foucault, Discipline and Punish (cit. n. 6).
56. Rose, The Psychological Complex (cit. n. 15), 30.
57. Jan Goldstein, "Saying T : Victor Cousin, Caroline Angebert, and the Politics of Selfhood in 19th Century France," in Rediscovering History: Culture, Politics, and the Psyche, ed. Michael Roth (Palo Alto, Calif., 1994), 321.
58. Theodore Porter, Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life (Princeton, N.J., 1995);
59. Porter, The Rise of Statistical Thinking, 1820-1900 (Princeton, N.J., 1986);
60. Ian Hacking, "Biopower and the Avalanche of Printed Numbers," Humanities in Society 5 (1982): 279-95.
61. Georges Canguilhem, The Normal and the Pathological (New York, 1991).
62. Olaf Breidbach, Die Materialisierung des Ichs: Zur Geschichte der Hirnforschung im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Frankfurt, 1997);
63. Michael Hagner and Hans-Jörg Rheinberger, eds., Die Experimentalisierung des Lebens: Experimentalsysteme in den biologischen Wissenschaften, 1850-1950 (Berlin, 1993);
64. Anne Harrington, Medicine, Mind, and the Double Brain: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Thought (Princeton, N.J., 1989).
65. Simon Schaffer, "Self-Evidence," Critical Inquiry 18 (1992): 56-91.
66. Kurt Danziger, Constructing the Subject: Historical Origins of Psychological Research (Cambridge, 1990).
67. Roy Porter, introduction to Porter, Rewriting the Self (cit. n. 4), 1-14;
68. Lawrence Rothfield, Vital Signs: Medical Realism in Nineteenth-Century Fiction (Princeton, N.J., 1992).
69. J. W. Burrow, The Crisis of Reason: European Thought, 1848-1914 (New Haven, Conn., 2000).
70. Lynn Hunt, "The Affective Revolution in 1790s Britain," Eighteenth-Century Studies 34 (2001): 491-521;
71. Peter Gay, The Bourgeois Experience, vols. 1-5 (New York, 1984-1998);
72. Philippe Ariès and Georges Duby, eds., A History of Private Life, vols. 4 and 5 (Cambridge, Mass., 1990-1991).
73. Paul Rabinow, French Modern: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment (Cambridge, Mass., 1989).
74. Mark S. Micale and Paul Lerner, eds., Traumatic Pasts: History, Psychiatry, and Trauma in the Modern Age, 1870-1930 (Cambridge, 2001);
75. Marcel Gauchet and Gladys Swain, Le vrai Charcot: Les chemins imprévus de l'inconscient (Paris, 1997);
76. Ralph Harrington, "The Neuroses of the Railways," History Today 44(7) (1994): 15-21;
77. Christopher G. Goetz, Michel Bonduelle, and Toby Gelfand, Charcot: Constructing Neurology (Oxford, 1995).
78. Paul V. Dutton, Origins of the French Welfare State: The Struggle for Social Reform in France, 1914-1947 (New York, 2002);
79. Anson Rabinbach, The Human Motor: Energy, Fatigue, and the Origins of Modernity (New York, 1990);
80. Francois Ewald, L'Etat Providence (Paris, 1986).
81. Greg Eghigian, Making Security Social: Disability, Insurance, and the Birth of the Social Entitlement State in Germany (Ann Arbor, Mich., 2000).
82. Manfred Berg and Geoffrey Cocks, eds., Medicine and Modernity: Public Health and Medical Care in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Germany (New York, 1997);
83. Alfons Labisch, Homo Hygienicus: Gesundheit und Medizin in der Neuzeit (Frankfurt, 1992).
84. Michael Hau, The Cult of Health and Beauty in Germany: A Social History (Chicago, 2003);
85. Philipp Sarasin, Reizbare Maschinen: Eine Geschichte des Körpers, 1765-1914 (Frankfurt, 2001).
86. John P. Jackson Jr. and Nadine M. Weidman, Race, Racism, and Science: Social Impact and Interaction (New Brunswick, N.J., 2006);
87. Mike Hawkins, Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860-1945: Nature as Model and Nature as Threat (Cambridge, 1997).
88. Roy Porter and Mikulás Teich, eds., Sexual Knowledge, Sexual Science: The History of Attitudes to Sexuality (New York, 1994);
89. Foucault, History of Sexuality (cit. n. 11);
90. Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge, Mass., 1990);
91. George Mosse, Nationalism and Sexuality: Respectability and Abnormal Sexuality in Modern Europe (New York, 1985).
92. Peter Becker and Richard Wetzell, eds., Criminals and Their Scientists: Essays on the History of Criminology (New York, 2005);
93. Laurent Mucchielli, ed., Histoire de la criminologie française (Paris, 1995);
94. Daniel Pick, Faces of Degeneration: A European Disorder, 1848-1918 (New York, 1989);
95. Robert Nye, Crime, Madness, and Politics in Modern France: The Medical Concept of National Decline (Princeton, N.J., 1984).
96. Mark Adams, The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia (New York, 1993);
97. Sheila Faith Weiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley, Calif., 1987);
98. Daniel J. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (New York, 1985).
99. Paul Julian Weindling, Health, Race, and German Politics between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (New York, 1989).
100. Chandak Sengoopta, Otto Weininger: Sex, Science, and Self in Imperial Vienna (Chicago, 2000);
101. Émile Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society (New York, 1997);
102. Jacques Le Rider, Modernity and Crises of Identity (New York, 1993);
103. Carl Schorske, Fin de Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture (New York, 1981);
104. Max Weber, Economy and Society (San Francisco, 1978).
105. James Holstein and Jaber Gubrium, The Self We Live By: Narrative Identity in a Postmodern World (New York, 2000).
106. Carl Degler, In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought (Oxford, 1992).
107. Holstein and Gubrium, The Self We Live By (cit. n. 39), x.
108. Elizabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion: Knowledge, Gender, and Power in Modern America (Princeton, N.J., 1994).
109. Mark S. Micale, ed., The Mind of Modernism: Medicine, Psychology, and the Cultural Arts in Europe and America, 1880-1940 (Palo Alto, Calif., 2004).
110. The literature on this subject is vast. Among some recent works, see Hans Pols, Psychiatric Utopias: Masterminding American Mental Hygiene, 1910-1950 (Cambridge, Mass., forthcoming);
111. Andreas Killen, Berlin Electropolis: Shock, Nerves, and German Modernity (Berkeley, Calif., 2006);
112. Eric Engstrom, Clinical Psychiatry in Imperial Germany: A. History of Psychiatric Practice (Ithaca, N.Y., 2004);
113. Andrew Zimmerman, Anthropology and Antihumanism in Imperial Germany (Chicago, 2001);
114. Harry Oosterhuis, Stepchildren of Nature: Krafft-Ebing, Psychiatry, and the Making of Sexual Identity (Chicago, 2000);
115. Ian Dowbiggin, Keeping America Sane: Psychiatry and Eugenics in the United States and Canada (Ithaca, N.Y., 1997);
116. Anne Harrington, Reenchanted Science: Holism in German Culture from Wilhelm II to Hitler (Princeton, N.J., 1997);
117. Angus McLaren, The Trials of Masculinity: Policing Sexual Boundaries, 1870-1930 (Chicago, 1997);
118. Nathan G. Hale, The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States: Freud and the Americans, 1917-1985 (New York, 1995);
119. Sander L. Gilman, The Case of Sigmund Freud: Medicine and Identity at the Fin de Siècle (Baltimore, 1993),
120. as well as Gilman, Freud, Race, and Gender (Princeton, N.J., 1994);
121. Mark S. Micale and Roy Porter, eds., Discovering the History of Psychiatry (New York, 1994);
122. Sander L. Gilman and Roy Porter, eds., Hysteria beyond Freud (Berkeley, Calif., 1993);
123. Laura Engelstein, The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-Siècle Russia (Ithaca, N. Y., 1992).
124. Theodore Kornweibel, Investigate Everything: Federal Efforts to Compel Black Loyalty during World War I (Bloomington, Ind., 2002);
125. Roger Cooter, Mark Harrison, and Steve Sturdy, eds., War, Medicine, and Modernity (Phoenix Mill, UK, 1998);
126. Joanna Bourke, Dismembering the Male: Men's Bodies, Britain, and the Great War (Chicago, 1996).
127. Paul Lerner, Hysterical Men: War, Psychiatry, and the Politics of Trauma in Germany, 1890-1930 (Ithaca, N. Y., 2003);
128. Ben Shephard, A War of Nerves: Soldiers and Psychiatrists in the Twentieth Cen tury (Cambridge, Mass., 2001);
129. Doris Kauffmann, "Science as Cultural Practice: Psychiatry in the First World War and Weimar Germany," Journal of Contemporary History 34 (1999): 125-44;
130. Eric Leed, No Man's Land: Combat and Identity in World War I (Cambridge, 1979).
131. John Carson, "Army Alpha, Army Brass, and the Search for Army Intelligence," Isis 84 (1993): 278-309;
132. Michael Sokal, ed., Psychological Testing and American Society, 1890-1930 (New Brunswick, N.J., 1990).
133. Lutz Sauerteig, "Sex, Medicine, and Morality during the First World War," in Cooter, Harrison, and Sturdy, War, Medicine, and Modernity (cit. n. 45), 167-88.
134. Peter Fritzsche, "Landscape of Danger, Landscape of Design: Crisis and Modernism in Weimar Germany," in Dancing on the Volcano: Essays on the Culture of the Weimar Republic, ed. Thomas W. Kniesche and Stephen Brockmann (Columbia, S.C., 1994), 29-46.
135. On youth welfare from this period, for instance, see Sarah Fishman, The Battle for Children: World War II, Youth Crime, and Juvenile Justice in Twentieth-Century France (Cambridge, Mass., 2002);
136. Corinna Kuhr-Korolev and Stefan Plaggenborg, Sowjetjugend, 1917-1941: Generation zwischen Revolution und Resignation (Essen, Germany, 2001);
137. Jon Lawrence and Pat Starkey, eds., Child Welfare and Social Action in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: International Perspectives (Liverpool, 2001);
138. Elizabeth Harvey, Youth and the Welfare State in Weimar Germany (Oxford, 1993);
139. Susan Pedersen, Family, Dependence, and the Origins of the Welfare State in Britain and France, 1914-1945 (Cambridge, 1993);
140. Victor Bailey, Delinquency and Citizenship: Reclaiming the Young Offender, 1914-1948 (Oxford, 1987).
141. Ruth Ben-Ghiat, Fascist Modernities: Italy, 1922-1945 (Berkeley, Calif., 2001);
142. Katerina Clark, The Soviet Novel: History as Ritual (Bloomington, Ind., 2000);
143. Jay W. Baird, To Die for Germany: Heroes in the Nazi Pantheon (Bloomington, Ind., 1990).
144. Christina Kiaer and Eric Naiman, eds., Everyday Subjects: Formations of Identity in Early Soviet Culture (Bloomington, Ind., forthcoming);
145. Torsten Rüting, Pavlov und der Neue Mensch: Diskurse liber Disziplinierung in Sowjetrussland (Munich, 2002);
146. Mabel Berezin, Making the Fascist Self: The Political Culture of Interwar Italy (Ithaca, N. Y., 1997);
147. Jeannine Fiedler, Social Utopias of the Twenties: Bauhaus, Kibbutz, and the Dream of the New Man (Wuppertal, Germany, 1995).
148. Michael S. Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York, 1997);
149. Stephen Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as Civilization (Berkeley, Calif., 1997);
150. George Mosse, The Image of Man: The Creation of Modern Masculinity (New York, 1996);
151. Lynne Attwood, The New Soviet Man and Woman: Sex-Role Socialization in the USSR (Bloomington, Ind., 1990).
152. Klaus Theweleit, Male Fantasies, vols. 1 and 2 (Minneapolis, 1987, 1989).
153. Andreas Killen, "Psychiatrists, Telephone Operators, and Traumatic Neurosis in Germany, 1900-1926," J. Contemp. Hist. 38 (2003): 201-20;
154. Lynne Attwood, Creating the New Soviet Woman: Women's Magazines as Engineers of Female Identity, 1922-1953 (New York, 1999);
155. Cornelie Usborne, Frauenkörper-Volkskörper: Geburtenkontrolle und Bevölkerungspolitik in der Weimarer Republik (Münster, Germany, 1994).
156. Jochen Hellbeck and Klaus Heller, eds., Autobiographical Practices in Russia/Autobiographische Praktiken in Russland (Göttingen, Germany, 2004);
157. Laura Engelstein and Stephanie Sandler, eds., Seif and Story in Russian History (Ithaca, N.Y., 2000).
158. Manfred Kappeler, Der schreckliche Traum vom vollkommenen Menschen: Rassenhygiene und Eugenik in der sozialen Arbeit (Marburg, Germany, 2000);
159. Nicola Lepp, Martin Roth, and Klaus Vogel, eds., Der neue Mensch: Obsessionen des 20. Jahrhunderts (Ostfildern-Ruit, Germany, 1999);
160. Alex Kozulin, Psychology in Utopia: Towards a Social History of Soviet Psychology (Cambridge, Mass., 1984);
161. Raymond Bauer, The New Man in Soviet Psychology (Cambridge, Mass., 1952).
162. Michael Burleigh, Death and Deliverance: "Euthanasia" in Germany, c. 1900-1945 (New York, 1994);
163. Hans-Walter Schmuhl, Rassenhygiene, Nationalsozialismus, Euthanasie: Von der Verhütung zur Vernichtung "lebensunwerten Lebens," 1890-1945 (Göttingen, Germany, 1992).
164. Matthias Willing, Das Bewahrungsgesetz (1918-1967): Eine rechtshistorische Studie zur Geschichte der deutschen Fürsorge (Tübingen, Germany, 2003).
165. Sheila Fitzpatrick, Tear off the Masks! Identity and Imposture in Twentieth-Century Russia (Princeton, N.J., 2005);
166. Robert Gellately and Nathan Stoltzfuss, eds., Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany (Princeton, N.J., 2001);
167. Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann, The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945 (New York, 1991).
168. Anne Applebaum, Gulag: A History (New York, 2003);
169. Karin Orth, Das System der national-sozialistischen Konzentrationslager: Eine politische Organisationsgeschichte (Hamburg, Germany, 1999).
170. Jochen Hellbeck, Revolution on My Mind: Writing a Diary under Stalin (Cambridge, Mass., 2006);
171. Anna Krylova, "The Tenacious Liberal Subject in Soviet Studies," Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 1 (Winter 2000): 119-46.
172. See, e.g., Moritz Foellmer, "The Problem of National Solidarity in Interwar Germany," German History 23 (2005): 202-31,
173. and his unpublished paper, Foellmer, "Nazism and the Politics of the Self in Berlin"; Dagmar Herzog, "Hubris and Hypocrisy, Incitement and Disavowal: Sexuality and German Fascism," in Sexuality and German Fascism, ed. Dagmar Herzog (New York, 2004), 1-20.
174. Claudia Koonz, The Nazi Conscience (Cambridge, Mass., 2003);
175. Richard Steigmann-Gall, The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919-1945 (New York, 2003);
176. Harry Oosterhuis, "Medicine, Male Bonding, and Homosexuality in Nazi Germany," J. Contemp. Hist. 32 (1997): 187-205.
177. Detlev Peukert, "The Genesis of the 'Final Solution' from the Spirit of Science," in Nazism and German Society, ed. David Crew (New York, 1994), 274-99;
178. Jacques Donzelot, The Policing of Families (New York, 1979).
179. See also Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust (cit. n. 3).
180. Young-Sun Hong, Welfare, Modernity, and the Weimar State, 1919-1933 (Princeton, N.J., 1998);
181. Edward Ross Dickinson, The Politics of German Child Welfare from the Empire to the Federal Republic (Cambridge, Mass., 1996).
182. Charles S. Maier, "Consigning the Twentieth Century to History: Alternative Narratives for the Modern Era," Amer. Hist. Rev. 105 (2000): 807-31.
183. Beatrice Heuser, "Wars since 1945: An Introduction," Zeithistorische Forschungen/Studies in Contemporary History, Online-Ausgabe 2 (2005): H1, http://www.zeithistorische-forschungen.de/ 16126041-Heuser-1-2005;
184. EricD.Weitz, A Century of Genocide: Utopias ofRace and Nation (Princeton, N.J., 2003);
185. Mark Mazower, Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century (New York, 2000).
186. Paul Koistinen, Arsenal of WorldWar II: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1940-1945 (Lawrence, Kans., 2004);
187. Mark Harrison, ed., The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison (Cambridge, 1998);
188. John Barber and Mark Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, 1941-1945: A Social and Economic History of the USSR in World War II (London, 1991).
189. Klaus Blassneck, Militärpsychiatrie im Nationalsozialismus: Kriegsneurotiker im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Würzburg, Germany, 2000);
190. Ben Shephard, " 'Pitiless Psychology' : The Role of Prevention in British Military Psychiatry in the Second World War," History of Psychiatry 10 (1999): 491-524;
191. Albert R. Gilgen et al., Soviet and American Psychology during World War II (Westport, Conn., 1997);
192. Martin L. Levitt, "The Psychology of Children: Twisting the Hull-Birmingham. Survey to Influence British Aerial Strategy in World War II," Psychologie und Geschichte 7 (1995): 44-59;
193. Mitchell Wilson, "DSM-in and the Transformation of American Psychiatry: A History," American Journal of Psychiatry 150 (1993): 399-410;
194. Ulfried Geuter, The Professionalization of Psychology in Nazi Germany (New York, 1992);
195. Virgina Yans-McLaughlin, "Science, Democracy, and Ethics: Mobilizing Culture and Personality for World War II," in Malinowski, Rivers, Benedict, and Others: Essays on Culture and Personality, ed. George Stocking (Madison, Wis., 1986), 184-217.
196. Shephard, A War of Nerves (cit. n. 46);
197. Hans Binneveld, From Shell Shock to Combat Stress: A Comparative History of Military Psychiatry (Amsterdam, 1997);
198. Allan Young, The Harmony of Illusions: Inventing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Princeton, N.J., 1995).
199. On the postwar interest in personality, see David G. Winter and Nicole B. Barenbaum, "History of Modern Personality Theory and Research" in Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, ed. Lawrence A. Pervin and Oliver P. John (New York, 2001), 3-27.
200. See also Warren I. Susman, "Personality and the Meaning of Twentieth Century Culture," in New Directions in American Intellectual History, ed. John Higham (Baltimore, 1979), 212-26.
201. Mitchell Ash and Alfons Söllner, eds., Forced Migration and Scientific Change: Émigré German-Speaking Scientists and Scholars after 1933 (New York, 1996).
202. Martin Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research, 1923-1950 (Berkeley, Calif., 1996);
203. Claus-Dieter Krohn, Intellectuals in Exile: Refugee Scholars and the New School for Social Research (Amherst, Mass., 1993).
204. Silvano Franco, Legislazione e politica sanitaria del fascismo (Rome, 2001);
205. Elizabeth Dixon, Measuring Mamma's Milk: Fascism and the Medicalization of Maternity in Italy (Ann Arbor, Mich., 2000);
206. Giorgio Israel and Pietro Nastasi, Scienza e razza nell'Italia fascista (Bologna, Italy, 1998);
207. David Horn, Social Bodies: Science, Reproduction, and Italian Modernity (Princeton, N.J., 1995).
208. On developments in Spain, see Annette Mülberger and Ana Maria Jacó-Vilela, "Es mejor morir de pie que vivir de rodillas: Emilio Mira y López y la revolución social," Dynamis (forthcoming); Rafael Huertas and Carmen Ortiz, eds., Ciencia y fascismo (Madrid, 1998).
209. Götz Aly, Peter Chroust, and Christian Pross, Cleansing the Fatherland: Nazi Medicine and Racial Hygiene (Baltimore, 1994);
210. Burleigh and Wippermann, The Racial State (cit. n. 60);
211. Robert Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis (Cambridge, Mass., 1989).
212. Rainer Mackensen, Bevölkerungslehre und Bevölkerungspolitik im "Dritten Reich " (Opladen, Germany, 2004);
213. Winfried Süss, Der "Völkskörper" im Krieg: Gesundheitspolitik, Gesundheitsverhältnisse, und Krankenmord im nationalsozialistischen Deutschland, 1939-1945 (Munich, 2003);
214. Michael Kater, Das "Ahnenerbe" der SS 1935-1945: Ein Beitrag zur Kulturpolitik des Dritten Reiches (Munich, 2001);
215. Jill Stephenson, Women in Nazi Germany (New York, 2001);
216. Michael Burleigh, Germany Turns Eastward: A Study of Ostforschung in the Third Reich (Cambridge, 1988).
217. Weindling, Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials (cit. n. 1);
218. Till Bastian, Homosexuelle im Dritten Reich: Geschichte einer Verfolgung (Munich, 2000);
219. Guenter Lewy, The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies (Oxford, 2000);
220. Richard Wetzell, Inventing the Criminal: A History of German Criminology, 1880-1945 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2000);
221. Joachim S. Hohmann, Robert Ritter und die Erben der Kriminalbiologie: "Zigeunerforschung" im Nationalsozialismus und in Westdeutschland im Zeichen des Rassismus (Frankfurt, 1991).
222. Henry Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1997);
223. Burleigh, Death and Deliverance (cit. n. 58).
224. Paul Julian Weindling, Epidemics and Genocide in Eastern Europe, 1890-1945 (Oxford, 2000).
225. Uta Gerhardt, "A Hidden Agenda of Recovery: The Psychiatric Conceptualization of Reeducation for Germany in the United States during World War II," Germ. Hist. 14 (1996): 297-324.
226. Steven P. Remy, The Heidelberg Myth: The Nazification and Denazification of a German University (Cambridge, 2002);
227. Richard L. Merritt, Democracy Imposed: U.S. Occupation Policy and the German Public, 1945-1949 (New Haven, Conn., 1995).
228. Arie Nadler, "The Victim and the Psychologist: Changing Perceptions of Israeli Holocaust Survivors by the Mental Health Community in the Past Fifty Years," History of Psychology 12 (2001): 159-81;
229. Robert Krell, Marc Sherman, and Elie Wiesel, Medical and Psychological Effects of Concentration Camps on Holocaust Survivors (New Brunswick, N.J., 1997).
230. Frank Biess, "Survivors of Totalitarianism: Returning POWs and the Reconstruction of Masculine Citizenship in West Germany, 1945-1955," in The Miracle Years Revisited: A. Cultural History of West Germany, ed. Hanna Schissler (Princeton, N.J., 2001), 57-82;
231. Svenja Goltermann, "Im Wahn der Gewalt: Massentod, Opferdiskurs, und Psychiatrie 1945-1956," in Nachkrieg in Deutschland, ed. Klaus Naumann (Hamburg, Germany, 2001), 343-63,
232. as well as Naumann, "Verletzte Körper oder 'Building National Bodies': Kriegsheimkehrer, 'Krankheit,' und Psychiatrie in der westdeutschen Nachkriegsgesellschaft, 1945-1955," WerkstattGeschichte 8 (1999): 83-98.
233. Konrad H. Jarausch and Hannes Siegrist, eds., Amerikanisierung und Sowjetisierung in Deutschland, 1945-1970 (Frankfurt, 1997).
234. Janina Lagneau, "Sciences sociales en U.R.S.S.: Institutions, publications, chercheurs," Revue des Etudes Slaves 57 (1985): 211-23.
235. Stefan Busse, Psychologie in der DDR: Die Verteidigung der Wissenschaft und die Formung der Subjekte (Weinheim, Germany, 2004);
236. Hubert Laitko, "Wissenschaftspolitik," in Die SED Geschichte - Organisation - Politik: Ein Handbuch, ed. Andreas Herbst, Gerd-Rüdiger Stephan, and Jürgen Winkler (Berlin, 1997), 405-20;
237. David Joravsky, Russian Psychology: A Critical History (Oxford, 1989).
238. Oleg Kharkhordin, The Collective and the Individual in Russia: A Study of Practices (Berkeley, Calif., 1999).
239. Greg Eghigian, "Homo Munitus: The East German Observed," in Socialist Modern, ed. Paul Betts and Katherine Pence (Ann Arbor, Mich., in press);
240. Konstantin Ivanov, "Science after Stalin: Forging a New Image of Soviet Science," Science in Context 15 (2002): 317-38.
241. Greg Eghigian, "The Psychologization of the Socialist Self: East German Forensic Psychology and Its Deviants, 1945-1975," Germ. Hist. 22 (2004): 181-205;
242. Christine Leuenberger, "Socialist Psychotherapy and Its Dissidents," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 37 (2001): 261-73.
243. Slava Gerovitch, From Newspeak to Cyberspeak: A History of Soviet Cybernetics (Cambridge, Mass., 2002).
244. Greg Eghigian, "Care and Control in a Communist State: The Place of Politics in East German Psychiatry," in Psychiatric Cultures Compared: Psychiatry and Mental Health Care in the Twentieth Century, ed. Marijke Gijswijt-Hofstra et al. (Amsterdam, 2005), 183-99;
245. Sonja Süß, Politisch mißbraucht? Psychiatrie und Staatssicherheit in der DDR (Berlin, 1999);
246. Theresa C. Smith, No Asylum: State Psychiatric Repression in the Former USSR (New York, 1996);
247. Klaus Behnke and Jürgen Fuchs, eds., Zersetzung der Seele: Psychologie und Psychiatrie im Dienste der Stasi (Hamburg, Germany, 1995).
248. Christopher Simpson, ed., Universities and Empire: Money and Politics in the Social Sciences during the Cold War (New York, 1998).
249. Ron Theodore Robin, The Making of the Cold War Enemy: Culture and Politics in the Military-Industrial Complex (Princeton, N.J., 2003);
250. Dorothy Ross, "Changing Contours of the Social Science Disciplines," in The Cambridge History of Science, vol. 7, ed. Theodore M. Porter and Dorothy Ross (Cambridge, 2003).
251. Paul N. Edwards, The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America (Cambridge, Mass., 1996). On similar developments in the USSR,
252. see Gerovitch, From Newspeak to Cyberspeak (cit. n. 91).
253. Gary S. Belkin, "Writing about Their Science: American Interest in Soviet Psychiatry during the Post-Stalin Cold War," Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 43 (1999): 31-46.
254. Pieter J. van Strien, "The American 'Colonization' of Northwest European Social Psychology after World War II," J. Hist. Behav. Sci. 33 (1997): 349-63.
255. David Macey, Frantz Fanon: A Life (London, 2000);
256. Hanafy Youssef, "Frantz Fanon and Political Psychiatry," Hist. Psychiat. 7 (1996): 525-32.
257. James D. LeSueur, Uncivil War: Intellectuals and Identity Politics during the Decolonization of Algeria (Philadelphia, 2001);
258. James Clifford and George E. Marcus, Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography (Berkeley, Calif., 1986);
259. Michael Carrithers, Steven Colins, and Steven Lukes, eds., The Category of the Person: Anthropology, Philosophy, History (New York, 1985).
260. Steven J. Heine, "Self as a Cultural Product: An Examination of East Asian and North American Selves," Journal of Personality 69 (2001): 881-906;
261. Charles Lindholm., Culture and Identity: The History, Theory, and Practice of Psychological Anthropology (Boston, 2000), 19-41;
262. Jonathan Hal Sadowsky, Imperial Bedlam: Institutions of Madness in Colonial Southwest Nigeria (Berkeley, Calif., 1999);
263. Arthur Kleinman, Writing at the Margins: Discourse between Anthropology and Medicine (Berkeley, Calif., 1997);
264. Jock McCullough, The Empire's New Clothes: Ethnopsychiatry in Colonial Africa (New York, 1995);
265. Melford E. Spiro, "Is the Western Conception of the Self 'Peculiar' within the Context of the World Cultures'?" Ethos 21 (1993): 107-53;
266. Kenneth J. Gergen and Keith E. Davis, eds., The Social Construction of the Person (New York, 1985).
267. Daphne Berdahl, Matti Bunzl, and Martha Lampland, eds., Altering States: Ethnographies of Transition in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (Ann Arbor, Mich., 2000);
268. Catherine Wanner, Burden of Dreams: History and Identity in Post-Soviet Ukraine (University Park, Pa., 1998).
269. Eghigian, "Homo Munitus" (cit. n. 89);
270. Christine Leuenberger, "The Berlin Wall on the Therapists's Couch," Human Studies 23 (2000): 99-121.
271. See also Ten Years after 1989: What Have We Learned! special issue, Slavic Review 58 (Winter 1999);
272. Daphne Berdahl, Where the World Ended: Re-Unification and Identity in the German Borderland (Berkeley, Calif., 1999);
273. John Borneman, "Narrative, Genealogy, and the Historical Consciousness: Selfhood in a Disintegrating State," in Culture/ Contexture: Explorations in Anthropology and Literary Studies, ed. E. Valentine Daniel and Jeffrey M. Peck (Berkeley, Calif., 1996).
274. Christine Leuenberger, "The End of Socialism and the Reinvention of the Self: A Study of the East German Psychotherapeutic Community in Transition," Theory and Society 31 (2002): 257-82.
275. James C. Van Hook, Rebuilding Germany: The Creation of the Social Market Economy, 1945-1957 (New York, 2004);
276. Peter C. Caldwell, Dictatorship, State Planning, and Social Theory in the German Democratic Republic (New York, 2003);
277. Pekka Sutela, Economic Thought and Economic Reform in the Soviet Union (New York, 1991);
278. Peter A. Hall, Governing the Economy: The Politics of State Intervention in Britain and France (Oxford, 1986).
279. Peter Flora and Arnold J. Heidenheimer, The Development of Welfare States in Europe and America (New Brunswick, N.J., 1995);
280. Jacques Donzelot, "The Promotion of the Social," Economy and Society 17 (1988): 395-427.
281. Victoria de Grazia, Irresistible Empire: America's Advance through Twentieth-Century Europe (Cambridge, Mass., 2005);
282. Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumer's Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America (New York, 2003);
283. Gary Cross, An All-Cons uming Century: Why Commercialism Won in Modern America (New York, 2002);
284. Martin Daunton and Matthew Hilton, eds., The Politics of Consumption:
285. Susan Strasser, Charles McGovern, and Matthias Judt, eds., Getting and Spending: Consumer Society in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 1998).
286. Roy Porter, "Consumption: Disease of the Consumer Society?" in Consumption and the World of Goods, ed. John Brewer and Roy Porter (London, 1997);
287. Neil McKendrick, John Brewer and J. H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth Century England (London, 1982);
288. Joyce Appleby, Economic Thought in Seventeenth-Century England (Princeton, N.J., 1978).
289. Neil J. Smelser and Richard Swedberg, "The Sociological Perspective on the Economy," in The Handbook of Economic Sociology, ed. Neil J. Smelser and Richard Swedberg (Princeton, N.J., 1994).
290. See, e.g., Richard Olson, The Emergence of the Social Sciences, 1642-1792 (New York, 1993);
291. Dorothy Ross, The Origins of American Social Science (Cambridge, 1991);
292. Thomas L. Haskell, The Emergence of Professional Social Science: The American Social Science Association and the Nineteenth-Century Crisis of Authority (Chicago, 1977).
293. Lutz Raphael, "Die Verwissenschaftlichung des Sozialen als methodische und konzeptionelle Herausforderung für eine Sozialgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts," Geschichte und Gesellschaft 22 (1996): 165-93;
294. Giddens, Modernity and Self-Identity (cit. n. 4);
295. Michel Foucault, The Order of Things (New York, 1994).
296. Ellen Herman, The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts (Berkeley, Calif., 1995), 2-3.
297. See also James H. Capshew, Psychologists on the March: Science, Practice, and Professional Identity in America, 1929-1969 (New York, 1999).
298. Hans Spada, "Lage und Entwicklung der Psychologie in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz," Psychologische Rundschau 48 (1997): 1-15.
299. David Meskill, Human Economies: Labor Administration, Vocational Training, and Psychological Testing in Germany, 1914-1964 (PhD diss., Harvard Univ., 2003);
300. Roderick D. Buchanan, "On Not 'Giving Psychology Away': The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and Public Controversy over Testing in the '60s," Hist. Psychol. 5 (2002): 284-309;
301. Trudy Dehue, "Transforming Psychology in the Netherlands I: Why Methodology Changes," History of the Human Sciences 4 (1991): 335-49.
302. Greg Eghigian, "Was There a Communist Psychiatry? Politics and East German. Psychiatric Care, 1945-1989," Harvard Review of Psychiatry 10 (2002): 364-8.
303. Franz-Werner Kersting, ed., Psychiatrie als Gesellschaftsreform: Die Hypothek des National-sozialismus und der Aufbruch der sechziger Jahre (Paderborn, Germany, 2003);
304. Marijke Gijswijt-Hofstra and Roy Porter, eds., Cultures of Psychiatry and Mental Health Care in Postwar Britain and the Netherlands (Amsterdam, 1998);
305. Michael Donnelly, The Politics of Mental Health in Italy (London, 1992);
306. Gerald N. Grob, From Asylum to Community: Mental Health Policy in Modern America (Princeton, N.J., 1991).
307. On the origins of the maternalist welfare state, see Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, eds., Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York, 1993).
308. See also Viviana A. Zelizer, Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children (Princeton, N.J., 1994).
309. Beryl Satter, "The Sexual Abuse Paradigm in Historical Perspective: Passivity and Emotion in Mid-Twentieth-Century America," Journal of the History of Sexuality 12 (2003): 424-64.
310. Alexandra Minna Stern, ed., Formative Years: Children's Health in the United States, 1880-2000 (Ann Arbor, Mich., 2002);
311. Pat Starkey, Families and Social Workers: The Work of Family Service Units, 1940-1985 (Liverpool, 2000);
312. John Welshman, "In Search of the 'Problem Family': Public Health and Social Work in England and Wales, 1940-1970," Social History of Medicine 9 (1996): 447-65;
313. Agota Horvath, "Routes to Social Work," East Central Europe 20-23 (1993-1996): 147-70.
314. A. R. Roberts and P. Brownell, "A Century of Forensic Social Work: Bridging the Past to the Present," Social Work 44 (1999): 359-69.
315. Mimi Ajzenstadt, "Crime, Social Control, and the Process of Social Classification: Juvenile Delinquency/Justice Discourse in Israel, 1948-1970," Social Problems 49 (2002): 585-604;
316. Uta G. Poiger, Jazz, Rock, and Rebels: Cold War Politics and American Culture in a Divided Germany (Berkeley, Calif., 2000);
317. Simonetta Piccone Stella, "Rebels without a Cause': Male Youth in Italy Around 1960," History Workshop Journal 38 (1994): 157-78.
318. David Garland, The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society (Chicago, 2001).
319. Verena Zimmermann, "Den neuen Menschen schaffen": Die Umerziehung von schwererziehbaren und straffälligen Jugendlichen in der DDR, 1945-1990 (Cologne, Germany, 2004);
320. Karl-Michael Walz, Soziale Strafrechtspflege in Baden: Grundlagen, Entwicklung, und Arbeitsweisen der badischen Straffälligenhilfe in Geschichte und Gegenwart (Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, 1999);
321. Philip Jenkins, Moral Panic: Changing Concepts of the Child Molester in Modern America (New Haven, Conn., 1998).
322. James Q. Whitman, Harsh Justice: Criminal Punishment and the Widening Divide between America and Europe (Oxford, 2003);
323. Garland, Culture of Control (cit. n. 121);
324. Simon A. Cole, "From the Sexual Psychopath Statute to 'Megan's Law': Psychiatric Knowledge in the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Adjudication of Sex Criminals in New Jersey, 1949-1999," Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 55 (2000): 292-314;
325. Francis A. Allen, The Decline of the Rehabilitative Ideal: Penal Policy and Social Purpose (New Haven, Conn., 1981).
326. Herman, Romance of American Psychology (cit. n. 111);
327. Benjamin. Ziemann, "The Gospel of Psychology: Therapeutic Concepts and the Scientification of Pastoral Care in the West German Catholic Church, 1950-1980," Central European History 39 (2006): 79-106;
328. Rod Janzen, The Rise and Fall of Synanon: A. California Utopia (Baltimore, 2001);
329. Eva S. Moskowitz, In Therapy We Trust: America's Obsession with Self-Fulfillment (Baltimore, 2001);
330. Philip Cushman, Constructing the Self, Constructing America: A Cultural History of Psychotherapy (Boston, 1995);
331. Robert S. Wallerstein, The Talking Cures (New Haven, Conn., 1995);
332. Donald K. Freedheim, ed., History of Psychotherapy: A Century of Change (Washington, D.C., 1992).
333. David Healy, The Anti-Depressant Era (Cambridge, Mass., 1997).
334. Smith, Norton History of the Human Sciences (cit. n. 6), 575.
335. On changing public values over time, see Ronald Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies (Princeton, N.J., 1997).
336. Sarah Igo, America Surveyed: The Making of a Mass Public (Cambridge, Mass., 2006);
337. Christoph Conrad, "Observer les consommateurs: Etudes de marché et histoire de la consommation en Allemagne, des années 1930 aux années 1960," Mouvement Social 206 (2004): 17-39;
338. Jon Cowans, "Fear and Loathing in Paris: The Reception of Opinion Polling in France, 1938-1977," Social Science History 26 (2002): 71-104;
339. Anja Kruke and Benjamin Ziemann, "Meinungsumfragen in der Konkurrenzdemokratie: Auswirkungen der Demoskopie auf die Volksparteien und den politischen Massenmarkt 1945/49-1990," Historical Social Research 26 (2001): 171-9.
340. See, e.g., Ina Merkel, Utopie und Bedürfnis: Die Geschichte der Konsumkultur in der DDR (Cologne, Germany, 1999).
341. Richard H. King, Race, Culture, and the Intellectuals, 1940-1970 (Baltimore, 2004);
342. Daryl Michael Scott, Contempt and Pity: Social Policy and the Image of the Damaged Black Psyche, 1880-1996 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1997);
343. Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations (New York, 1979);
344. Richard Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style in American Politics and Other Essays (New York, 1965);
345. David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character (New Haven, Conn., 1950);
346. Theodor Adorno, The Authoritarian Personality (New York, 1950).
347. Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet (New York, 1995).
348. Philip Rieff, The Triumph of the Therapeutic: Uses of Faith after Freud (New York, 1966).
349. Robert A. Nye, "The Evolution of the Concept of Medicalization in the Late Twentieth Century," J. Hist. Behav. Sci. 39 (2003): 115-29;
350. Duncan B. Double, "The History of Anti-Psychiatry: An Essay Review," Hist. Psychiat. 13 (2002): 231-6;
351. Nick Crossley, "R. D. Laing and the British Anti-Psychiatry Movement: A Socio-Historical Analysis," Social Science and Medicine 47 (1998): 877-89;
352. Janet Vice, From Patients to Persons: The Psychiatric Critiques of Thomas Szasz, Peter Sedgwick, and R. D. Laing (New York, 1992);
353. Norman Dain, "Critics and Dissenters: Relections on 'Anti-Psychiatry' in the United States," J. Hist. Behav. Sci. 25 (1989): 3-25.
354. Herb Kutchins and Stuart A. Kirk, Making Us Crazy: DSM-The Psychiatric Bible and the Creation of Mental Disorders (New York, 1997);
355. Hacking, Rewriting the Soul (cit. n. 4).
356. Scott O. Lilienfeld, "When Worlds Collide: Social Science, Politics, and the Rind et al. (1998). Child Sexual Abuse Meta-Analysis," American Psychologist 57 (2002): 176-88;
357. Edward O. Laumann, The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States (Chicago, 1994).
358. Trevor Pinch, "Scientific Controversies," in The International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, ed. Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes (Oxford, 2001);
359. Steven Epstein, Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge (Berkeley, Calif., 1998);
360. Brian Wynne, "Public Understanding of Science," in Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, ed. Sheila Jasanoff et al. (London, 1995).