The end of socialism and the reinvention of the self: A study of the East German psychotherapeutic community in transition

Theory and Society

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 255-280

  Leuenberger, Christine ^a  

^a Cornell University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0141626020     PISSN: 03042421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1015029006144     Document Type: Review

References (170)

1. Ian Hacking, "Making up People," in Thomas C. Heller, Morton Sosna, and David E. Wellbery, editors, Reconstructing Individualism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986), 222-236.
2. Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (London: Penguin, 1984); Peter Berger, Brigitte Berger, and Hansfried Kellner, The Homeless Mind (New York: Random House, 1973); Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1936); Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (London: Unwin University Books, 1930).
3. Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (London: Penguin, 1984); Peter Berger, Brigitte Berger, and Hansfried Kellner, The Homeless Mind (New York: Random House, 1973); Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1936); Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (London: Unwin University Books, 1930).
4. Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (London: Penguin, 1984); Peter Berger, Brigitte Berger, and Hansfried Kellner, The Homeless Mind (New York: Random House, 1973); Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1936); Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (London: Unwin University Books, 1930).
5. Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (London: Penguin, 1984); Peter Berger, Brigitte Berger, and Hansfried Kellner, The Homeless Mind (New York: Random House, 1973); Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1936); Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (London: Unwin University Books, 1930).
6. For an in-depth study of the links between professional developments in psychiatry and society at large, see Andrew Abbott, The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988). For historical treatises of such matters, see John Burnham, "From Avant-Garde to Specialism: Psychoanalysis in America," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 15/2 (1979):128-134; Georges Canhuilhem, The Normal and the Pathological (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991); Kurt Danziger, Die Rolle der psychiatrischen Forschungspraxis in der Geschichte: Eine kontextualistische Perspektive, in Angela Schorr and Ernst G. Wehner, editors, Psychologiegeschichte heute (Goettingen: Dr.C.J.Hogrefe, 1990), 12-25; Kurt Danziger, Constructing the Subject: Historical Origins of Psychological Research (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Elisabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Ellen Herman, The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Nathan G. Hale, Jr., Freud and the Americans (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); Nathan G. Hale, Jr. The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
7. For an in-depth study of the links between professional developments in psychiatry and society at large, see Andrew Abbott, The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988). For historical treatises of such matters, see John Burnham, "From Avant-Garde to Specialism: Psychoanalysis in America," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 15/2 (1979):128-134; Georges Canhuilhem, The Normal and the Pathological (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991); Kurt Danziger, Die Rolle der psychiatrischen Forschungspraxis in der Geschichte: Eine kontextualistische Perspektive, in Angela Schorr and Ernst G. Wehner, editors, Psychologiegeschichte heute (Goettingen: Dr.C.J.Hogrefe, 1990), 12-25; Kurt Danziger, Constructing the Subject: Historical Origins of Psychological Research (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Elisabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Ellen Herman, The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Nathan G. Hale, Jr., Freud and the Americans (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); Nathan G. Hale, Jr. The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
8. For an in-depth study of the links between professional developments in psychiatry and society at large, see Andrew Abbott, The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988). For historical treatises of such matters, see John Burnham, "From Avant-Garde to Specialism: Psychoanalysis in America," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 15/2 (1979):128-134; Georges Canhuilhem, The Normal and the Pathological (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991); Kurt Danziger, Die Rolle der psychiatrischen Forschungspraxis in der Geschichte: Eine kontextualistische Perspektive, in Angela Schorr and Ernst G. Wehner, editors, Psychologiegeschichte heute (Goettingen: Dr.C.J.Hogrefe, 1990), 12-25; Kurt Danziger, Constructing the Subject: Historical Origins of Psychological Research (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Elisabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Ellen Herman, The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Nathan G. Hale, Jr., Freud and the Americans (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); Nathan G. Hale, Jr. The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
9. For an in-depth study of the links between professional developments in psychiatry and society at large, see Andrew Abbott, The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988). For historical treatises of such matters, see John Burnham, "From Avant-Garde to Specialism: Psychoanalysis in America," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 15/2 (1979):128-134; Georges Canhuilhem, The Normal and the Pathological (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991); Kurt Danziger, Die Rolle der psychiatrischen Forschungspraxis in der Geschichte: Eine kontextualistische Perspektive, in Angela Schorr and Ernst G. Wehner, editors, Psychologiegeschichte heute (Goettingen: Dr.C.J.Hogrefe, 1990), 12-25; Kurt Danziger, Constructing the Subject: Historical Origins of Psychological Research (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Elisabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Ellen Herman, The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Nathan G. Hale, Jr., Freud and the Americans (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); Nathan G. Hale, Jr. The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
10. For an in-depth study of the links between professional developments in psychiatry and society at large, see Andrew Abbott, The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988). For historical treatises of such matters, see John Burnham, "From Avant-Garde to Specialism: Psychoanalysis in America," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 15/2 (1979):128-134; Georges Canhuilhem, The Normal and the Pathological (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991); Kurt Danziger, Die Rolle der psychiatrischen Forschungspraxis in der Geschichte: Eine kontextualistische Perspektive, in Angela Schorr and Ernst G. Wehner, editors, Psychologiegeschichte heute (Goettingen: Dr.C.J.Hogrefe, 1990), 12-25; Kurt Danziger, Constructing the Subject: Historical Origins of Psychological Research (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Elisabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Ellen Herman, The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Nathan G. Hale, Jr., Freud and the Americans (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); Nathan G. Hale, Jr. The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
11. For an in-depth study of the links between professional developments in psychiatry and society at large, see Andrew Abbott, The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988). For historical treatises of such matters, see John Burnham, "From Avant-Garde to Specialism: Psychoanalysis in America," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 15/2 (1979):128-134; Georges Canhuilhem, The Normal and the Pathological (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991); Kurt Danziger, Die Rolle der psychiatrischen Forschungspraxis in der Geschichte: Eine kontextualistische Perspektive, in Angela Schorr and Ernst G. Wehner, editors, Psychologiegeschichte heute (Goettingen: Dr.C.J.Hogrefe, 1990), 12-25; Kurt Danziger, Constructing the Subject: Historical Origins of Psychological Research (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Elisabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Ellen Herman, The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Nathan G. Hale, Jr., Freud and the Americans (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); Nathan G. Hale, Jr. The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
12. For an in-depth study of the links between professional developments in psychiatry and society at large, see Andrew Abbott, The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988). For historical treatises of such matters, see John Burnham, "From Avant-Garde to Specialism: Psychoanalysis in America," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 15/2 (1979):128-134; Georges Canhuilhem, The Normal and the Pathological (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991); Kurt Danziger, Die Rolle der psychiatrischen Forschungspraxis in der Geschichte: Eine kontextualistische Perspektive, in Angela Schorr and Ernst G. Wehner, editors, Psychologiegeschichte heute (Goettingen: Dr.C.J.Hogrefe, 1990), 12-25; Kurt Danziger, Constructing the Subject: Historical Origins of Psychological Research (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Elisabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Ellen Herman, The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Nathan G. Hale, Jr., Freud and the Americans (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); Nathan G. Hale, Jr. The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
13. For an in-depth study of the links between professional developments in psychiatry and society at large, see Andrew Abbott, The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988). For historical treatises of such matters, see John Burnham, "From Avant-Garde to Specialism: Psychoanalysis in America," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 15/2 (1979):128-134; Georges Canhuilhem, The Normal and the Pathological (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991); Kurt Danziger, Die Rolle der psychiatrischen Forschungspraxis in der Geschichte: Eine kontextualistische Perspektive, in Angela Schorr and Ernst G. Wehner, editors, Psychologiegeschichte heute (Goettingen: Dr.C.J.Hogrefe, 1990), 12-25; Kurt Danziger, Constructing the Subject: Historical Origins of Psychological Research (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Elisabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Ellen Herman, The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Nathan G. Hale, Jr., Freud and the Americans (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); Nathan G. Hale, Jr. The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
14. For an in-depth study of the links between professional developments in psychiatry and society at large, see Andrew Abbott, The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988). For historical treatises of such matters, see John Burnham, "From Avant-Garde to Specialism: Psychoanalysis in America," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 15/2 (1979):128-134; Georges Canhuilhem, The Normal and the Pathological (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991); Kurt Danziger, Die Rolle der psychiatrischen Forschungspraxis in der Geschichte: Eine kontextualistische Perspektive, in Angela Schorr and Ernst G. Wehner, editors, Psychologiegeschichte heute (Goettingen: Dr.C.J.Hogrefe, 1990), 12-25; Kurt Danziger, Constructing the Subject: Historical Origins of Psychological Research (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Elisabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Ellen Herman, The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Nathan G. Hale, Jr., Freud and the Americans (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); Nathan G. Hale, Jr. The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
15. Berger and Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality; Peter Berger, "Towards a Sociological Understanding of Psychoanalysis," Social Research 1 (1965): 26-41; Peter Berger, "Identity as a Problem in the Sociology of Knowledge," in James E. Curtis and John W. Petras, editors, The Sociology of Knowledge (New York: Praeger, 1970), 373-384; Jeff Coulter, The Social Mind (London: Macmillan, 1979); Alfred Schuetz and Thomas Luckmann, The Structures of the Life-World Vol I (Evanston: Northwestern University, 1973); Alfred Schuetz and Thomas Luckmann, The Structures of the Life-World Vol II (Evanston: Northwestern University, 1989); John Shotter and Kenneth J. Gergen, editors, Texts of Identity (London: Sage, 1992); Kenneth J. Gergen and Keith E. Davis, editors, The Social Construction of the Person (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1985).
16. Berger and Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality; Peter Berger, "Towards a Sociological Understanding of Psychoanalysis," Social Research 1 (1965): 26-41; Peter Berger, "Identity as a Problem in the Sociology of Knowledge," in James E. Curtis and John W. Petras, editors, The Sociology of Knowledge (New York: Praeger, 1970), 373-384; Jeff Coulter, The Social Mind (London: Macmillan, 1979); Alfred Schuetz and Thomas Luckmann, The Structures of the Life-World Vol I (Evanston: Northwestern University, 1973); Alfred Schuetz and Thomas Luckmann, The Structures of the Life-World Vol II (Evanston: Northwestern University, 1989); John Shotter and Kenneth J. Gergen, editors, Texts of Identity (London: Sage, 1992); Kenneth J. Gergen and Keith E. Davis, editors, The Social Construction of the Person (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1985).
17. Berger and Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality; Peter Berger, "Towards a Sociological Understanding of Psychoanalysis," Social Research 1 (1965): 26-41; Peter Berger, "Identity as a Problem in the Sociology of Knowledge," in James E. Curtis and John W. Petras, editors, The Sociology of Knowledge (New York: Praeger, 1970), 373-384; Jeff Coulter, The Social Mind (London: Macmillan, 1979); Alfred Schuetz and Thomas Luckmann, The Structures of the Life-World Vol I (Evanston: Northwestern University, 1973); Alfred Schuetz and Thomas Luckmann, The Structures of the Life-World Vol II (Evanston: Northwestern University, 1989); John Shotter and Kenneth J. Gergen, editors, Texts of Identity (London: Sage, 1992); Kenneth J. Gergen and Keith E. Davis, editors, The Social Construction of the Person (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1985).
18. Berger and Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality; Peter Berger, "Towards a Sociological Understanding of Psychoanalysis," Social Research 1 (1965): 26-41; Peter Berger, "Identity as a Problem in the Sociology of Knowledge," in James E. Curtis and John W. Petras, editors, The Sociology of Knowledge (New York: Praeger, 1970), 373-384; Jeff Coulter, The Social Mind (London: Macmillan, 1979); Alfred Schuetz and Thomas Luckmann, The Structures of the Life-World Vol I (Evanston: Northwestern University, 1973); Alfred Schuetz and Thomas Luckmann, The Structures of the Life-World Vol II (Evanston: Northwestern University, 1989); John Shotter and Kenneth J. Gergen, editors, Texts of Identity (London: Sage, 1992); Kenneth J. Gergen and Keith E. Davis, editors, The Social Construction of the Person (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1985).
19. Berger and Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality; Peter Berger, "Towards a Sociological Understanding of Psychoanalysis," Social Research 1 (1965): 26-41; Peter Berger, "Identity as a Problem in the Sociology of Knowledge," in James E. Curtis and John W. Petras, editors, The Sociology of Knowledge (New York: Praeger, 1970), 373-384; Jeff Coulter, The Social Mind (London: Macmillan, 1979); Alfred Schuetz and Thomas Luckmann, The Structures of the Life-World Vol I (Evanston: Northwestern University, 1973); Alfred Schuetz and Thomas Luckmann, The Structures of the Life-World Vol II (Evanston: Northwestern University, 1989); John Shotter and Kenneth J. Gergen, editors, Texts of Identity (London: Sage, 1992); Kenneth J. Gergen and Keith E. Davis, editors, The Social Construction of the Person (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1985).
20. Berger and Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality; Peter Berger, "Towards a Sociological Understanding of Psychoanalysis," Social Research 1 (1965): 26-41; Peter Berger, "Identity as a Problem in the Sociology of Knowledge," in James E. Curtis and John W. Petras, editors, The Sociology of Knowledge (New York: Praeger, 1970), 373-384; Jeff Coulter, The Social Mind (London: Macmillan, 1979); Alfred Schuetz and Thomas Luckmann, The Structures of the Life-World Vol I (Evanston: Northwestern University, 1973); Alfred Schuetz and Thomas Luckmann, The Structures of the Life-World Vol II (Evanston: Northwestern University, 1989); John Shotter and Kenneth J. Gergen, editors, Texts of Identity (London: Sage, 1992); Kenneth J. Gergen and Keith E. Davis, editors, The Social Construction of the Person (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1985).
21. Berger and Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality; Peter Berger, "Towards a Sociological Understanding of Psychoanalysis," Social Research 1 (1965): 26-41; Peter Berger, "Identity as a Problem in the Sociology of Knowledge," in James E. Curtis and John W. Petras, editors, The Sociology of Knowledge (New York: Praeger, 1970), 373-384; Jeff Coulter, The Social Mind (London: Macmillan, 1979); Alfred Schuetz and Thomas Luckmann, The Structures of the Life-World Vol I (Evanston: Northwestern University, 1973); Alfred Schuetz and Thomas Luckmann, The Structures of the Life-World Vol II (Evanston: Northwestern University, 1989); John Shotter and Kenneth J. Gergen, editors, Texts of Identity (London: Sage, 1992); Kenneth J. Gergen and Keith E. Davis, editors, The Social Construction of the Person (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1985).
22. Berger and Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality; Peter Berger, "Towards a Sociological Understanding of Psychoanalysis," Social Research 1 (1965): 26-41; Peter Berger, "Identity as a Problem in the Sociology of Knowledge," in James E. Curtis and John W. Petras, editors, The Sociology of Knowledge (New York: Praeger, 1970), 373-384; Jeff Coulter, The Social Mind (London: Macmillan, 1979); Alfred Schuetz and Thomas Luckmann, The Structures of the Life-World Vol I (Evanston: Northwestern University, 1973); Alfred Schuetz and Thomas Luckmann, The Structures of the Life-World Vol II (Evanston: Northwestern University, 1989); John Shotter and Kenneth J. Gergen, editors, Texts of Identity (London: Sage, 1992); Kenneth J. Gergen and Keith E. Davis, editors, The Social Construction of the Person (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1985).
23. Joerg Bergmann, "Veiled Morality: Notes on Discretion in Psychiatry" in Paul Drew and John Heritage, editors, Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 137-162; Harold Garfinkel, Studies in Ethnomethodology (Englewood Cliffs/New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1967); Terry Walker, "Whose Discourse?," in Steve Woolgar, editor, Knowledge and Reflexivity (London: Sage, 1988), 55-79; Emanuel A. Schegloff, "Toward a Reading of Psychiatric Theory," Berkeley Journal of Sociology 8 (1963):61-91; Paul ten Have, "The Consultation as a Genre," in Brian Torode, editor, Text and Talk as Social Practice (Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1989), 115-135; George Psathas, editor, Interaction Competence (Lanham: University Press of America, 1989); Ivana Markova and Klaus Foppa, editors, Asymmetries in Dialogue (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991); John Heritage, Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1984).
24. Joerg Bergmann, "Veiled Morality: Notes on Discretion in Psychiatry" in Paul Drew and John Heritage, editors, Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 137-162; Harold Garfinkel, Studies in Ethnomethodology (Englewood Cliffs/New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1967); Terry Walker, "Whose Discourse?," in Steve Woolgar, editor, Knowledge and Reflexivity (London: Sage, 1988), 55-79; Emanuel A. Schegloff, "Toward a Reading of Psychiatric Theory," Berkeley Journal of Sociology 8 (1963):61-91; Paul ten Have, "The Consultation as a Genre," in Brian Torode, editor, Text and Talk as Social Practice (Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1989), 115-135; George Psathas, editor, Interaction Competence (Lanham: University Press of America, 1989); Ivana Markova and Klaus Foppa, editors, Asymmetries in Dialogue (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991); John Heritage, Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1984).
25. Joerg Bergmann, "Veiled Morality: Notes on Discretion in Psychiatry" in Paul Drew and John Heritage, editors, Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 137-162; Harold Garfinkel, Studies in Ethnomethodology (Englewood Cliffs/New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1967); Terry Walker, "Whose Discourse?," in Steve Woolgar, editor, Knowledge and Reflexivity (London: Sage, 1988), 55-79; Emanuel A. Schegloff, "Toward a Reading of Psychiatric Theory," Berkeley Journal of Sociology 8 (1963):61-91; Paul ten Have, "The Consultation as a Genre," in Brian Torode, editor, Text and Talk as Social Practice (Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1989), 115-135; George Psathas, editor, Interaction Competence (Lanham: University Press of America, 1989); Ivana Markova and Klaus Foppa, editors, Asymmetries in Dialogue (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991); John Heritage, Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1984).
26. Joerg Bergmann, "Veiled Morality: Notes on Discretion in Psychiatry" in Paul Drew and John Heritage, editors, Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 137-162; Harold Garfinkel, Studies in Ethnomethodology (Englewood Cliffs/New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1967); Terry Walker, "Whose Discourse?," in Steve Woolgar, editor, Knowledge and Reflexivity (London: Sage, 1988), 55-79; Emanuel A. Schegloff, "Toward a Reading of Psychiatric Theory," Berkeley Journal of Sociology 8 (1963):61-91; Paul ten Have, "The Consultation as a Genre," in Brian Torode, editor, Text and Talk as Social Practice (Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1989), 115-135; George Psathas, editor, Interaction Competence (Lanham: University Press of America, 1989); Ivana Markova and Klaus Foppa, editors, Asymmetries in Dialogue (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991); John Heritage, Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1984).
27. Joerg Bergmann, "Veiled Morality: Notes on Discretion in Psychiatry" in Paul Drew and John Heritage, editors, Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 137-162; Harold Garfinkel, Studies in Ethnomethodology (Englewood Cliffs/New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1967); Terry Walker, "Whose Discourse?," in Steve Woolgar, editor, Knowledge and Reflexivity (London: Sage, 1988), 55-79; Emanuel A. Schegloff, "Toward a Reading of Psychiatric Theory," Berkeley Journal of Sociology 8 (1963):61-91; Paul ten Have, "The Consultation as a Genre," in Brian Torode, editor, Text and Talk as Social Practice (Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1989), 115-135; George Psathas, editor, Interaction Competence (Lanham: University Press of America, 1989); Ivana Markova and Klaus Foppa, editors, Asymmetries in Dialogue (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991); John Heritage, Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1984).
28. Joerg Bergmann, "Veiled Morality: Notes on Discretion in Psychiatry" in Paul Drew and John Heritage, editors, Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 137-162; Harold Garfinkel, Studies in Ethnomethodology (Englewood Cliffs/New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1967); Terry Walker, "Whose Discourse?," in Steve Woolgar, editor, Knowledge and Reflexivity (London: Sage, 1988), 55-79; Emanuel A. Schegloff, "Toward a Reading of Psychiatric Theory," Berkeley Journal of Sociology 8 (1963):61-91; Paul ten Have, "The Consultation as a Genre," in Brian Torode, editor, Text and Talk as Social Practice (Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1989), 115-135; George Psathas, editor, Interaction Competence (Lanham: University Press of America, 1989); Ivana Markova and Klaus Foppa, editors, Asymmetries in Dialogue (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991); John Heritage, Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1984).
29. Joerg Bergmann, "Veiled Morality: Notes on Discretion in Psychiatry" in Paul Drew and John Heritage, editors, Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 137-162; Harold Garfinkel, Studies in Ethnomethodology (Englewood Cliffs/New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1967); Terry Walker, "Whose Discourse?," in Steve Woolgar, editor, Knowledge and Reflexivity (London: Sage, 1988), 55-79; Emanuel A. Schegloff, "Toward a Reading of Psychiatric Theory," Berkeley Journal of Sociology 8 (1963):61-91; Paul ten Have, "The Consultation as a Genre," in Brian Torode, editor, Text and Talk as Social Practice (Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1989), 115-135; George Psathas, editor, Interaction Competence (Lanham: University Press of America, 1989); Ivana Markova and Klaus Foppa, editors, Asymmetries in Dialogue (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991); John Heritage, Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1984).
30. Joerg Bergmann, "Veiled Morality: Notes on Discretion in Psychiatry" in Paul Drew and John Heritage, editors, Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 137-162; Harold Garfinkel, Studies in Ethnomethodology (Englewood Cliffs/New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1967); Terry Walker, "Whose Discourse?," in Steve Woolgar, editor, Knowledge and Reflexivity (London: Sage, 1988), 55-79; Emanuel A. Schegloff, "Toward a Reading of Psychiatric Theory," Berkeley Journal of Sociology 8 (1963):61-91; Paul ten Have, "The Consultation as a Genre," in Brian Torode, editor, Text and Talk as Social Practice (Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1989), 115-135; George Psathas, editor, Interaction Competence (Lanham: University Press of America, 1989); Ivana Markova and Klaus Foppa, editors, Asymmetries in Dialogue (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991); John Heritage, Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1984).
31. In approaches, these approaches, macro features are only seen as relevant inasmuch as they are oriented to and reproduced by the participants in interaction. See Markova and Foppo, Asymmetries in Dialogue, 1991; Heritage, Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology.
32. In approaches, these approaches, macro features are only seen as relevant inasmuch as they are oriented to and reproduced by the participants in interaction. See Markova and Foppo, Asymmetries in Dialogue, 1991; Heritage, Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology.
33. Likewise, the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK) (see Steven Shapin, "Here and Everywhere: Sociology of Scientific Knowledge," Annual Review of Sociology 21 (1995):289-321; Michael Mulkay, Science and the Sociology of Knowledge (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1979); Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen, and Trevor Pinch, editors, Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (London: Sage, 1995); Harry Collins, "The Meaning of Data: Open and Closed Evidential Cultures in the Search for Gravitational Waves," American Journal of Sociology 104/2 (1998):293-338) while having made substantial contributions to how knowledge claims are embedded in, shaped, and informed by a wider scientific community tends to under-theorize the influence of wider societal formations on scientific practices (for a notable exception see Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985)). See also Dick Pels, "Karl Mannheim and the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge: Toward a New Agenda," Sociological Theory 14/1 (1996):30-48. In Organizational Theory neo-institutionalism (e.g., Paul DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, "Introduction," in Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, editors, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991),1-38), while having made important strides in analyzing the rise and transformation of institutional forms, also faces a similar problem of linking institutional transformation to the experience of the actors involved. In this case, however, the concern is that actors are treated as being overly passive and thus too much subject to their environment (see, e.g., Walter W. Powell, "Expanding the Scope of Institutional Analysis," in The New Institutionalism, 183-203; Paul Colomy, "Neofunctionalism and Neoinstitutionalism Human Agency and Interest in Institutional Change," Sociological Forum 13/2 (1998):265-300; Michele A. Bowring, " De/Constructing Theory: A Look at the Institutional Theory that Positivism built, "Journal of management Inquiry 9/3 (2000):258-270.
34. Likewise, the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK) (see Steven Shapin, "Here and Everywhere: Sociology of Scientific Knowledge," Annual Review of Sociology 21 (1995):289-321; Michael Mulkay, Science and the Sociology of Knowledge (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1979); Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen, and Trevor Pinch, editors, Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (London: Sage, 1995); Harry Collins, "The Meaning of Data: Open and Closed Evidential Cultures in the Search for Gravitational Waves," American Journal of Sociology 104/2 (1998):293-338) while having made substantial contributions to how knowledge claims are embedded in, shaped, and informed by a wider scientific community tends to under-theorize the influence of wider societal formations on scientific practices (for a notable exception see Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985)). See also Dick Pels, "Karl Mannheim and the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge: Toward a New Agenda," Sociological Theory 14/1 (1996):30-48. In Organizational Theory neo-institutionalism (e.g., Paul DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, "Introduction," in Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, editors, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991),1-38), while having made important strides in analyzing the rise and transformation of institutional forms, also faces a similar problem of linking institutional transformation to the experience of the actors involved. In this case, however, the concern is that actors are treated as being overly passive and thus too much subject to their environment (see, e.g., Walter W. Powell, "Expanding the Scope of Institutional Analysis," in The New Institutionalism, 183-203; Paul Colomy, "Neofunctionalism and Neoinstitutionalism Human Agency and Interest in Institutional Change," Sociological Forum 13/2 (1998):265-300; Michele A. Bowring, " De/Constructing Theory: A Look at the Institutional Theory that Positivism built, "Journal of management Inquiry 9/3 (2000):258-270.
35. Likewise, the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK) (see Steven Shapin, "Here and Everywhere: Sociology of Scientific Knowledge," Annual Review of Sociology 21 (1995):289-321; Michael Mulkay, Science and the Sociology of Knowledge (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1979); Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen, and Trevor Pinch, editors, Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (London: Sage, 1995); Harry Collins, "The Meaning of Data: Open and Closed Evidential Cultures in the Search for Gravitational Waves," American Journal of Sociology 104/2 (1998):293-338) while having made substantial contributions to how knowledge claims are embedded in, shaped, and informed by a wider scientific community tends to under-theorize the influence of wider societal formations on scientific practices (for a notable exception see Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985)). See also Dick Pels, "Karl Mannheim and the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge: Toward a New Agenda," Sociological Theory 14/1 (1996):30-48. In Organizational Theory neo-institutionalism (e.g., Paul DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, "Introduction," in Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, editors, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991),1-38), while having made important strides in analyzing the rise and transformation of institutional forms, also faces a similar problem of linking institutional transformation to the experience of the actors involved. In this case, however, the concern is that actors are treated as being overly passive and thus too much subject to their environment (see, e.g., Walter W. Powell, "Expanding the Scope of Institutional Analysis," in The New Institutionalism, 183-203; Paul Colomy, "Neofunctionalism and Neoinstitutionalism Human Agency and Interest in Institutional Change," Sociological Forum 13/2 (1998):265-300; Michele A. Bowring, " De/Constructing Theory: A Look at the Institutional Theory that Positivism built, "Journal of management Inquiry 9/3 (2000):258-270.
36. Likewise, the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK) (see Steven Shapin, "Here and Everywhere: Sociology of Scientific Knowledge," Annual Review of Sociology 21 (1995):289-321; Michael Mulkay, Science and the Sociology of Knowledge (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1979); Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen, and Trevor Pinch, editors, Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (London: Sage, 1995); Harry Collins, "The Meaning of Data: Open and Closed Evidential Cultures in the Search for Gravitational Waves," American Journal of Sociology 104/2 (1998):293-338) while having made substantial contributions to how knowledge claims are embedded in, shaped, and informed by a wider scientific community tends to under-theorize the influence of wider societal formations on scientific practices (for a notable exception see Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985)). See also Dick Pels, "Karl Mannheim and the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge: Toward a New Agenda," Sociological Theory 14/1 (1996):30-48. In Organizational Theory neo-institutionalism (e.g., Paul DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, "Introduction," in Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, editors, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991),1-38), while having made important strides in analyzing the rise and transformation of institutional forms, also faces a similar problem of linking institutional transformation to the experience of the actors involved. In this case, however, the concern is that actors are treated as being overly passive and thus too much subject to their environment (see, e.g., Walter W. Powell, "Expanding the Scope of Institutional Analysis," in The New Institutionalism, 183-203; Paul Colomy, "Neofunctionalism and Neoinstitutionalism Human Agency and Interest in Institutional Change," Sociological Forum 13/2 (1998):265-300; Michele A. Bowring, " De/Constructing Theory: A Look at the Institutional Theory that Positivism built, "Journal of management Inquiry 9/3 (2000):258-270.
37. Likewise, the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK) (see Steven Shapin, "Here and Everywhere: Sociology of Scientific Knowledge," Annual Review of Sociology 21 (1995):289-321; Michael Mulkay, Science and the Sociology of Knowledge (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1979); Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen, and Trevor Pinch, editors, Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (London: Sage, 1995); Harry Collins, "The Meaning of Data: Open and Closed Evidential Cultures in the Search for Gravitational Waves," American Journal of Sociology 104/2 (1998):293-338) while having made substantial contributions to how knowledge claims are embedded in, shaped, and informed by a wider scientific community tends to under-theorize the influence of wider societal formations on scientific practices (for a notable exception see Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985)). See also Dick Pels, "Karl Mannheim and the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge: Toward a New Agenda," Sociological Theory 14/1 (1996):30-48. In Organizational Theory neo-institutionalism (e.g., Paul DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, "Introduction," in Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, editors, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991),1-38), while having made important strides in analyzing the rise and transformation of institutional forms, also faces a similar problem of linking institutional transformation to the experience of the actors involved. In this case, however, the concern is that actors are treated as being overly passive and thus too much subject to their environment (see, e.g., Walter W. Powell, "Expanding the Scope of Institutional Analysis," in The New Institutionalism, 183-203; Paul Colomy, "Neofunctionalism and Neoinstitutionalism Human Agency and Interest in Institutional Change," Sociological Forum 13/2 (1998):265-300; Michele A. Bowring, " De/Constructing Theory: A Look at the Institutional Theory that Positivism built, "Journal of management Inquiry 9/3 (2000):258-270.
38. Likewise, the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK) (see Steven Shapin, "Here and Everywhere: Sociology of Scientific Knowledge," Annual Review of Sociology 21 (1995):289-321; Michael Mulkay, Science and the Sociology of Knowledge (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1979); Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen, and Trevor Pinch, editors, Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (London: Sage, 1995); Harry Collins, "The Meaning of Data: Open and Closed Evidential Cultures in the Search for Gravitational Waves," American Journal of Sociology 104/2 (1998):293-338) while having made substantial contributions to how knowledge claims are embedded in, shaped, and informed by a wider scientific community tends to under-theorize the influence of wider societal formations on scientific practices (for a notable exception see Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985)). See also Dick Pels, "Karl Mannheim and the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge: Toward a New Agenda," Sociological Theory 14/1 (1996):30-48. In Organizational Theory neo-institutionalism (e.g., Paul DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, "Introduction," in Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, editors, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991),1-38), while having made important strides in analyzing the rise and transformation of institutional forms, also faces a similar problem of linking institutional transformation to the experience of the actors involved. In this case, however, the concern is that actors are treated as being overly passive and thus too much subject to their environment (see, e.g., Walter W. Powell, "Expanding the Scope of Institutional Analysis," in The New Institutionalism, 183-203; Paul Colomy, "Neofunctionalism and Neoinstitutionalism Human Agency and Interest in Institutional Change," Sociological Forum 13/2 (1998):265-300; Michele A. Bowring, " De/Constructing Theory: A Look at the Institutional Theory that Positivism built, "Journal of management Inquiry 9/3 (2000):258-270.
39. Likewise, the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK) (see Steven Shapin, "Here and Everywhere: Sociology of Scientific Knowledge," Annual Review of Sociology 21 (1995):289-321; Michael Mulkay, Science and the Sociology of Knowledge (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1979); Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen, and Trevor Pinch, editors, Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (London: Sage, 1995); Harry Collins, "The Meaning of Data: Open and Closed Evidential Cultures in the Search for Gravitational Waves," American Journal of Sociology 104/2 (1998):293-338) while having made substantial contributions to how knowledge claims are embedded in, shaped, and informed by a wider scientific community tends to under-theorize the influence of wider societal formations on scientific practices (for a notable exception see Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985)). See also Dick Pels, "Karl Mannheim and the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge: Toward a New Agenda," Sociological Theory 14/1 (1996):30-48. In Organizational Theory neo-institutionalism (e.g., Paul DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, "Introduction," in Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, editors, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991),1-38), while having made important strides in analyzing the rise and transformation of institutional forms, also faces a similar problem of linking institutional transformation to the experience of the actors involved. In this case, however, the concern is that actors are treated as being overly passive and thus too much subject to their environment (see, e.g., Walter W. Powell, "Expanding the Scope of Institutional Analysis," in The New Institutionalism, 183-203; Paul Colomy, "Neofunctionalism and Neoinstitutionalism Human Agency and Interest in Institutional Change," Sociological Forum 13/2 (1998):265-300; Michele A. Bowring, " De/Constructing Theory: A Look at the Institutional Theory that Positivism built, "Journal of management Inquiry 9/3 (2000):258-270.
40. Likewise, the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK) (see Steven Shapin, "Here and Everywhere: Sociology of Scientific Knowledge," Annual Review of Sociology 21 (1995):289-321; Michael Mulkay, Science and the Sociology of Knowledge (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1979); Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen, and Trevor Pinch, editors, Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (London: Sage, 1995); Harry Collins, "The Meaning of Data: Open and Closed Evidential Cultures in the Search for Gravitational Waves," American Journal of Sociology 104/2 (1998):293-338) while having made substantial contributions to how knowledge claims are embedded in, shaped, and informed by a wider scientific community tends to under-theorize the influence of wider societal formations on scientific practices (for a notable exception see Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985)). See also Dick Pels, "Karl Mannheim and the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge: Toward a New Agenda," Sociological Theory 14/1 (1996):30-48. In Organizational Theory neo-institutionalism (e.g., Paul DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, "Introduction," in Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, editors, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991),1-38), while having made important strides in analyzing the rise and transformation of institutional forms, also faces a similar problem of linking institutional transformation to the experience of the actors involved. In this case, however, the concern is that actors are treated as being overly passive and thus too much subject to their environment (see, e.g., Walter W. Powell, "Expanding the Scope of Institutional Analysis," in The New Institutionalism, 183-203; Paul Colomy, "Neofunctionalism and Neoinstitutionalism Human Agency and Interest in Institutional Change," Sociological Forum 13/2 (1998):265-300; Michele A. Bowring, " De/Constructing Theory: A Look at the Institutional Theory that Positivism built, "Journal of management Inquiry 9/3 (2000):258-270.
41. Likewise, the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK) (see Steven Shapin, "Here and Everywhere: Sociology of Scientific Knowledge," Annual Review of Sociology 21 (1995):289-321; Michael Mulkay, Science and the Sociology of Knowledge (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1979); Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen, and Trevor Pinch, editors, Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (London: Sage, 1995); Harry Collins, "The Meaning of Data: Open and Closed Evidential Cultures in the Search for Gravitational Waves," American Journal of Sociology 104/2 (1998):293-338) while having made substantial contributions to how knowledge claims are embedded in, shaped, and informed by a wider scientific community tends to under-theorize the influence of wider societal formations on scientific practices (for a notable exception see Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985)). See also Dick Pels, "Karl Mannheim and the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge: Toward a New Agenda," Sociological Theory 14/1 (1996):30-48. In Organizational Theory neo-institutionalism (e.g., Paul DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, "Introduction," in Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, editors, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991),1-38), while having made important strides in analyzing the rise and transformation of institutional forms, also faces a similar problem of linking institutional transformation to the experience of the actors involved. In this case, however, the concern is that actors are treated as being overly passive and thus too much subject to their environment (see, e.g., Walter W. Powell, "Expanding the Scope of Institutional Analysis," in The New Institutionalism, 183-203; Paul Colomy, "Neofunctionalism and Neoinstitutionalism Human Agency and Interest in Institutional Change," Sociological Forum 13/2 (1998):265-300; Michele A. Bowring, " De/Constructing Theory: A Look at the Institutional Theory that Positivism built, "Journal of management Inquiry 9/3 (2000):258-270.
42. Likewise, the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK) (see Steven Shapin, "Here and Everywhere: Sociology of Scientific Knowledge," Annual Review of Sociology 21 (1995):289-321; Michael Mulkay, Science and the Sociology of Knowledge (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1979); Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen, and Trevor Pinch, editors, Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (London: Sage, 1995); Harry Collins, "The Meaning of Data: Open and Closed Evidential Cultures in the Search for Gravitational Waves," American Journal of Sociology 104/2 (1998):293-338) while having made substantial contributions to how knowledge claims are embedded in, shaped, and informed by a wider scientific community tends to under-theorize the influence of wider societal formations on scientific practices (for a notable exception see Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985)). See also Dick Pels, "Karl Mannheim and the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge: Toward a New Agenda," Sociological Theory 14/1 (1996):30-48. In Organizational Theory neo-institutionalism (e.g., Paul DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, "Introduction," in Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, editors, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991),1-38), while having made important strides in analyzing the rise and transformation of institutional forms, also faces a similar problem of linking institutional transformation to the experience of the actors involved. In this case, however, the concern is that actors are treated as being overly passive and thus too much subject to their environment (see, e.g., Walter W. Powell, "Expanding the Scope of Institutional Analysis," in The New Institutionalism, 183-203; Paul Colomy, "Neofunctionalism and Neoinstitutionalism Human Agency and Interest in Institutional Change," Sociological Forum 13/2 (1998):265-300; Michele A. Bowring, " De/Constructing Theory: A Look at the Institutional Theory that Positivism built, "Journal of management Inquiry 9/3 (2000):258-270.
43. Wolfgang Zapf, Modernisierung und Modernisierungstheorien, in Die Modernisierung moderner Gesellschaften (Frankfurt: Campus, 1990), 23-39.
44. Ivan Szelenyi, Katherine Beckett, and Lawrence P. King, "The Socialist Economic System," in Neil J. Smelser and Richard Swedberg, editors, The Handbook of Economic Sociology (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 234-251; Victor Nee and David Stark, editors, Remaking the Economic Institutions of State Socialism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989); Walter W. Powell, "The Transformation of Organizational Forms: How Useful is Organizational Theory in Accounting for Social Change," in Roger Friedland and A. F. (Sandy) Robertson, editors, Beyond the Marketplace: Rethinking Economy and Society (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1990), 301-329; Andrzej K. Kazminski, "Market and State in Centrally Planned Economies," in Alberto Martinelli and Neil J. Smelser, editors, Economy and Society: Overviews in Economic Sociology (London: Sage, 1990), 133-155. Piotr Sztompka ["Looking Back: The Year 1989 as a Cultural and Civilizational break," Communist and Post-Communist Studies 29/2 (1996):115-129] points out that, despite the scholarly attention given to the transformations in East European societies, the cultural underpinnings necessary for these transformations to occur have been neglected.
45. Ivan Szelenyi, Katherine Beckett, and Lawrence P. King, "The Socialist Economic System," in Neil J. Smelser and Richard Swedberg, editors, The Handbook of Economic Sociology (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 234-251; Victor Nee and David Stark, editors, Remaking the Economic Institutions of State Socialism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989); Walter W. Powell, "The Transformation of Organizational Forms: How Useful is Organizational Theory in Accounting for Social Change," in Roger Friedland and A. F. (Sandy) Robertson, editors, Beyond the Marketplace: Rethinking Economy and Society (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1990), 301-329; Andrzej K. Kazminski, "Market and State in Centrally Planned Economies," in Alberto Martinelli and Neil J. Smelser, editors, Economy and Society: Overviews in Economic Sociology (London: Sage, 1990), 133-155. Piotr Sztompka ["Looking Back: The Year 1989 as a Cultural and Civilizational break," Communist and Post-Communist Studies 29/2 (1996):115-129] points out that, despite the scholarly attention given to the transformations in East European societies, the cultural underpinnings necessary for these transformations to occur have been neglected.
46. Ivan Szelenyi, Katherine Beckett, and Lawrence P. King, "The Socialist Economic System," in Neil J. Smelser and Richard Swedberg, editors, The Handbook of Economic Sociology (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 234-251; Victor Nee and David Stark, editors, Remaking the Economic Institutions of State Socialism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989); Walter W. Powell, "The Transformation of Organizational Forms: How Useful is Organizational Theory in Accounting for Social Change," in Roger Friedland and A. F. (Sandy) Robertson, editors, Beyond the Marketplace: Rethinking Economy and Society (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1990), 301-329; Andrzej K. Kazminski, "Market and State in Centrally Planned Economies," in Alberto Martinelli and Neil J. Smelser, editors, Economy and Society: Overviews in Economic Sociology (London: Sage, 1990), 133-155. Piotr Sztompka ["Looking Back: The Year 1989 as a Cultural and Civilizational break," Communist and Post-Communist Studies 29/2 (1996):115-129] points out that, despite the scholarly attention given to the transformations in East European societies, the cultural underpinnings necessary for these transformations to occur have been neglected.
47. Ivan Szelenyi, Katherine Beckett, and Lawrence P. King, "The Socialist Economic System," in Neil J. Smelser and Richard Swedberg, editors, The Handbook of Economic Sociology (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 234-251; Victor Nee and David Stark, editors, Remaking the Economic Institutions of State Socialism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989); Walter W. Powell, "The Transformation of Organizational Forms: How Useful is Organizational Theory in Accounting for Social Change," in Roger Friedland and A. F. (Sandy) Robertson, editors, Beyond the Marketplace: Rethinking Economy and Society (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1990), 301-329; Andrzej K. Kazminski, "Market and State in Centrally Planned Economies," in Alberto Martinelli and Neil J. Smelser, editors, Economy and Society: Overviews in Economic Sociology (London: Sage, 1990), 133-155. Piotr Sztompka ["Looking Back: The Year 1989 as a Cultural and Civilizational break," Communist and Post-Communist Studies 29/2 (1996):115-129] points out that, despite the scholarly attention given to the transformations in East European societies, the cultural underpinnings necessary for these transformations to occur have been neglected.
48. Ivan Szelenyi, Katherine Beckett, and Lawrence P. King, "The Socialist Economic System," in Neil J. Smelser and Richard Swedberg, editors, The Handbook of Economic Sociology (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 234-251; Victor Nee and David Stark, editors, Remaking the Economic Institutions of State Socialism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989); Walter W. Powell, "The Transformation of Organizational Forms: How Useful is Organizational Theory in Accounting for Social Change," in Roger Friedland and A. F. (Sandy) Robertson, editors, Beyond the Marketplace: Rethinking Economy and Society (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1990), 301-329; Andrzej K. Kazminski, "Market and State in Centrally Planned Economies," in Alberto Martinelli and Neil J. Smelser, editors, Economy and Society: Overviews in Economic Sociology (London: Sage, 1990), 133-155. Piotr Sztompka ["Looking Back: The Year 1989 as a Cultural and Civilizational break," Communist and Post-Communist Studies 29/2 (1996):115-129] points out that, despite the scholarly attention given to the transformations in East European societies, the cultural underpinnings necessary for these transformations to occur have been neglected.
49. The issues examined sociologically range from changes in demographic and professional structures, social attitudes and behaviors to rising social problems. These studies either deal with institutional transfer or changes in attitudes and behaviors without investigating how the former relates to the latter. See Renate Mayntz, Die deutsche Vereinigung als Pruefstein fuer die Leistungsfaehigkeit der Sozialwissenschaften, Biss public 13/4 (1994); see also Karl U. Mayer, Martin Diewald, and Heike Solga "Social Change and Transformation - Findings and Lessons from the East German Case," Arbeitsbericht aus dem Projeck: Ostdeutsche Lebenslaeufe im Transformationsprozess 4 (Berlin: Max-Planck-Institut fuer Bildungsforschung, 1997). There are only a few efforts to summarize studies of the transformation. See Mayntz, Die deutsche Vereinigung als Pruefstein fuer die Leistungsfaehigkeit der Sozialwissenschaften, 1994; Wolfgang Zapf, Zwei Geschwindigkeiten in Ost- und Westdeutschland, in Martin Diewald and Karl U. Mayer, editors, Zwischenbilanz der Wiedervereinigung (Opladen: Leske and Budrich, 1996), 317-328; Helmut Wiesenthal, Sozio-oekonomische Transformation und Interessenvertretung, 1996, 279-288; Rolf Reissig, "Transformation Research of the East German Experience Obstacles and Chances of Theoretical Innovation," Soziologische Revue 18/2 (1995):147-153.
50. The issues examined sociologically range from changes in demographic and professional structures, social attitudes and behaviors to rising social problems. These studies either deal with institutional transfer or changes in attitudes and behaviors without investigating how the former relates to the latter. See Renate Mayntz, Die deutsche Vereinigung als Pruefstein fuer die Leistungsfaehigkeit der Sozialwissenschaften, Biss public 13/4 (1994); see also Karl U. Mayer, Martin Diewald, and Heike Solga "Social Change and Transformation - Findings and Lessons from the East German Case," Arbeitsbericht aus dem Projeck: Ostdeutsche Lebenslaeufe im Transformationsprozess 4 (Berlin: Max-Planck-Institut fuer Bildungsforschung, 1997). There are only a few efforts to summarize studies of the transformation. See Mayntz, Die deutsche Vereinigung als Pruefstein fuer die Leistungsfaehigkeit der Sozialwissenschaften, 1994; Wolfgang Zapf, Zwei Geschwindigkeiten in Ost- und Westdeutschland, in Martin Diewald and Karl U. Mayer, editors, Zwischenbilanz der Wiedervereinigung (Opladen: Leske and Budrich, 1996), 317-328; Helmut Wiesenthal, Sozio-oekonomische Transformation und Interessenvertretung, 1996, 279-288; Rolf Reissig, "Transformation Research of the East German Experience Obstacles and Chances of Theoretical Innovation," Soziologische Revue 18/2 (1995):147-153.
51. The issues examined sociologically range from changes in demographic and professional structures, social attitudes and behaviors to rising social problems. These studies either deal with institutional transfer or changes in attitudes and behaviors without investigating how the former relates to the latter. See Renate Mayntz, Die deutsche Vereinigung als Pruefstein fuer die Leistungsfaehigkeit der Sozialwissenschaften, Biss public 13/4 (1994); see also Karl U. Mayer, Martin Diewald, and Heike Solga "Social Change and Transformation - Findings and Lessons from the East German Case," Arbeitsbericht aus dem Projeck: Ostdeutsche Lebenslaeufe im Transformationsprozess 4 (Berlin: Max-Planck-Institut fuer Bildungsforschung, 1997). There are only a few efforts to summarize studies of the transformation. See Mayntz, Die deutsche Vereinigung als Pruefstein fuer die Leistungsfaehigkeit der Sozialwissenschaften, 1994; Wolfgang Zapf, Zwei Geschwindigkeiten in Ost- und Westdeutschland, in Martin Diewald and Karl U. Mayer, editors, Zwischenbilanz der Wiedervereinigung (Opladen: Leske and Budrich, 1996), 317-328; Helmut Wiesenthal, Sozio-oekonomische Transformation und Interessenvertretung, 1996, 279-288; Rolf Reissig, "Transformation Research of the East German Experience Obstacles and Chances of Theoretical Innovation," Soziologische Revue 18/2 (1995):147-153.
52. The issues examined sociologically range from changes in demographic and professional structures, social attitudes and behaviors to rising social problems. These studies either deal with institutional transfer or changes in attitudes and behaviors without investigating how the former relates to the latter. See Renate Mayntz, Die deutsche Vereinigung als Pruefstein fuer die Leistungsfaehigkeit der Sozialwissenschaften, Biss public 13/4 (1994); see also Karl U. Mayer, Martin Diewald, and Heike Solga "Social Change and Transformation - Findings and Lessons from the East German Case," Arbeitsbericht aus dem Projeck: Ostdeutsche Lebenslaeufe im Transformationsprozess 4 (Berlin: Max-Planck-Institut fuer Bildungsforschung, 1997). There are only a few efforts to summarize studies of the transformation. See Mayntz, Die deutsche Vereinigung als Pruefstein fuer die Leistungsfaehigkeit der Sozialwissenschaften, 1994; Wolfgang Zapf, Zwei Geschwindigkeiten in Ost- und Westdeutschland, in Martin Diewald and Karl U. Mayer, editors, Zwischenbilanz der Wiedervereinigung (Opladen: Leske and Budrich, 1996), 317-328; Helmut Wiesenthal, Sozio-oekonomische Transformation und Interessenvertretung, 1996, 279-288; Rolf Reissig, "Transformation Research of the East German Experience Obstacles and Chances of Theoretical Innovation," Soziologische Revue 18/2 (1995):147-153.
53. The issues examined sociologically range from changes in demographic and professional structures, social attitudes and behaviors to rising social problems. These studies either deal with institutional transfer or changes in attitudes and behaviors without investigating how the former relates to the latter. See Renate Mayntz, Die deutsche Vereinigung als Pruefstein fuer die Leistungsfaehigkeit der Sozialwissenschaften, Biss public 13/4 (1994); see also Karl U. Mayer, Martin Diewald, and Heike Solga "Social Change and Transformation - Findings and Lessons from the East German Case," Arbeitsbericht aus dem Projeck: Ostdeutsche Lebenslaeufe im Transformationsprozess 4 (Berlin: Max-Planck-Institut fuer Bildungsforschung, 1997). There are only a few efforts to summarize studies of the transformation. See Mayntz, Die deutsche Vereinigung als Pruefstein fuer die Leistungsfaehigkeit der Sozialwissenschaften, 1994; Wolfgang Zapf, Zwei Geschwindigkeiten in Ost- und Westdeutschland, in Martin Diewald and Karl U. Mayer, editors, Zwischenbilanz der Wiedervereinigung (Opladen: Leske and Budrich, 1996), 317-328; Helmut Wiesenthal, Sozio-oekonomische Transformation und Interessenvertretung, 1996, 279-288; Rolf Reissig, "Transformation Research of the East German Experience Obstacles and Chances of Theoretical Innovation," Soziologische Revue 18/2 (1995):147-153.
54. The issues examined sociologically range from changes in demographic and professional structures, social attitudes and behaviors to rising social problems. These studies either deal with institutional transfer or changes in attitudes and behaviors without investigating how the former relates to the latter. See Renate Mayntz, Die deutsche Vereinigung als Pruefstein fuer die Leistungsfaehigkeit der Sozialwissenschaften, Biss public 13/4 (1994); see also Karl U. Mayer, Martin Diewald, and Heike Solga "Social Change and Transformation - Findings and Lessons from the East German Case," Arbeitsbericht aus dem Projeck: Ostdeutsche Lebenslaeufe im Transformationsprozess 4 (Berlin: Max-Planck-Institut fuer Bildungsforschung, 1997). There are only a few efforts to summarize studies of the transformation. See Mayntz, Die deutsche Vereinigung als Pruefstein fuer die Leistungsfaehigkeit der Sozialwissenschaften, 1994; Wolfgang Zapf, Zwei Geschwindigkeiten in Ost- und Westdeutschland, in Martin Diewald and Karl U. Mayer, editors, Zwischenbilanz der Wiedervereinigung (Opladen: Leske and Budrich, 1996), 317-328; Helmut Wiesenthal, Sozio-oekonomische Transformation und Interessenvertretung, 1996, 279-288; Rolf Reissig, "Transformation Research of the East German Experience Obstacles and Chances of Theoretical Innovation," Soziologische Revue 18/2 (1995):147-153.
55. Mayntz, Die deutsche Vereinigung als Pruefstein fuer die Leistungsfaehigkeit der Sozialwissenschaften, 1994.
56. In the The Homeless Mind (1973) Berger et al. describe "consciousness" as a subjective organized pattern that is socially shared through the institutional processes bearing on its contents.
57. See also Christine Leuenberger, The Social Construction of Psychotherapy and Psychotherapists' Reconstruction of Socialism (Dissertation in Sociology, Universitaet Konstanz, 1995).
58. For a detailed history of psychotherapy in the German Democratic Republic, see Christine Leuenberger, "Socialist Psychotherapy and its Dissidents," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 37/3 (2001).
59. Ulrich Trenckmann, Zwei Psychiatrien in einem Lande? Gemeinsames und Trennendes in der psychiatrischen Kultur in Deutschland-West und Deutschland-Ost, in Walter Picard and Fritz Reimer, editors, Grundlagen und Gestaltungsmoeglichkeiten der Versorgung psychisch Kranker and Behinderter in der Bundesrepublik und auf dem Gebiet der ehemaligen DDR 19 (Koeln: Rheinland-Verlag, 1992), 169-173. Herbert Loos, 'Anerkannte Unterordnung' - ein Rueckblick auf die Psychiatrie-Entwicklung in der DDR, in Picard and Reimer, Grundlagen und Gestaltungsmoeglichkeiten der Versorgung psychisch Kranker und behinderter in der Bundesrepublik und auf dem Gebiet der ehemaligen DDR, 174-180; Gerd Luer, Psychologie im Spiegel ihrer wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft: Historische Fakten, Entwicklungen und ihre Konsequenzen, Psychologische Rundschau 42 (1991):1-11; Danziger, Die Rolle der psychiatrischen Forschungspraxis in der Geschichte: Eine kantextualistische Perspektive, 12-25, 1990; Alexandre Metraux, Der Methodenstreit und die Amerikanisierung der Psychologie in der Bundesrepublik 1950-1970 in Mitchell G. Ash and Ulfried Geuter, editors, Geschichte der deutschen Psychologie im 20. Jahrhundert (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1985), 225-251.
60. Ulrich Trenckmann, Zwei Psychiatrien in einem Lande? Gemeinsames und Trennendes in der psychiatrischen Kultur in Deutschland-West und Deutschland-Ost, in Walter Picard and Fritz Reimer, editors, Grundlagen und Gestaltungsmoeglichkeiten der Versorgung psychisch Kranker and Behinderter in der Bundesrepublik und auf dem Gebiet der ehemaligen DDR 19 (Koeln: Rheinland-Verlag, 1992), 169-173. Herbert Loos, 'Anerkannte Unterordnung' - ein Rueckblick auf die Psychiatrie-Entwicklung in der DDR, in Picard and Reimer, Grundlagen und Gestaltungsmoeglichkeiten der Versorgung psychisch Kranker und behinderter in der Bundesrepublik und auf dem Gebiet der ehemaligen DDR, 174-180; Gerd Luer, Psychologie im Spiegel ihrer wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft: Historische Fakten, Entwicklungen und ihre Konsequenzen, Psychologische Rundschau 42 (1991):1-11; Danziger, Die Rolle der psychiatrischen Forschungspraxis in der Geschichte: Eine kantextualistische Perspektive, 12-25, 1990; Alexandre Metraux, Der Methodenstreit und die Amerikanisierung der Psychologie in der Bundesrepublik 1950-1970 in Mitchell G. Ash and Ulfried Geuter, editors, Geschichte der deutschen Psychologie im 20. Jahrhundert (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1985), 225-251.
61. Ulrich Trenckmann, Zwei Psychiatrien in einem Lande? Gemeinsames und Trennendes in der psychiatrischen Kultur in Deutschland-West und Deutschland-Ost, in Walter Picard and Fritz Reimer, editors, Grundlagen und Gestaltungsmoeglichkeiten der Versorgung psychisch Kranker and Behinderter in der Bundesrepublik und auf dem Gebiet der ehemaligen DDR 19 (Koeln: Rheinland-Verlag, 1992), 169-173. Herbert Loos, 'Anerkannte Unterordnung' - ein Rueckblick auf die Psychiatrie-Entwicklung in der DDR, in Picard and Reimer, Grundlagen und Gestaltungsmoeglichkeiten der Versorgung psychisch Kranker und behinderter in der Bundesrepublik und auf dem Gebiet der ehemaligen DDR, 174-180; Gerd Luer, Psychologie im Spiegel ihrer wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft: Historische Fakten, Entwicklungen und ihre Konsequenzen, Psychologische Rundschau 42 (1991):1-11; Danziger, Die Rolle der psychiatrischen Forschungspraxis in der Geschichte: Eine kantextualistische Perspektive, 12-25, 1990; Alexandre Metraux, Der Methodenstreit und die Amerikanisierung der Psychologie in der Bundesrepublik 1950-1970 in Mitchell G. Ash and Ulfried Geuter, editors, Geschichte der deutschen Psychologie im 20. Jahrhundert (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1985), 225-251.
62. Ulrich Trenckmann, Zwei Psychiatrien in einem Lande? Gemeinsames und Trennendes in der psychiatrischen Kultur in Deutschland-West und Deutschland-Ost, in Walter Picard and Fritz Reimer, editors, Grundlagen und Gestaltungsmoeglichkeiten der Versorgung psychisch Kranker and Behinderter in der Bundesrepublik und auf dem Gebiet der ehemaligen DDR 19 (Koeln: Rheinland-Verlag, 1992), 169-173. Herbert Loos, 'Anerkannte Unterordnung' - ein Rueckblick auf die Psychiatrie-Entwicklung in der DDR, in Picard and Reimer, Grundlagen und Gestaltungsmoeglichkeiten der Versorgung psychisch Kranker und behinderter in der Bundesrepublik und auf dem Gebiet der ehemaligen DDR, 174-180; Gerd Luer, Psychologie im Spiegel ihrer wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft: Historische Fakten, Entwicklungen und ihre Konsequenzen, Psychologische Rundschau 42 (1991):1-11; Danziger, Die Rolle der psychiatrischen Forschungspraxis in der Geschichte: Eine kantextualistische Perspektive, 12-25, 1990; Alexandre Metraux, Der Methodenstreit und die Amerikanisierung der Psychologie in der Bundesrepublik 1950-1970 in Mitchell G. Ash and Ulfried Geuter, editors, Geschichte der deutschen Psychologie im 20. Jahrhundert (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1985), 225-251.
63. Ulrich Trenckmann, Zwei Psychiatrien in einem Lande? Gemeinsames und Trennendes in der psychiatrischen Kultur in Deutschland-West und Deutschland-Ost, in Walter Picard and Fritz Reimer, editors, Grundlagen und Gestaltungsmoeglichkeiten der Versorgung psychisch Kranker and Behinderter in der Bundesrepublik und auf dem Gebiet der ehemaligen DDR 19 (Koeln: Rheinland-Verlag, 1992), 169-173. Herbert Loos, 'Anerkannte Unterordnung' - ein Rueckblick auf die Psychiatrie-Entwicklung in der DDR, in Picard and Reimer, Grundlagen und Gestaltungsmoeglichkeiten der Versorgung psychisch Kranker und behinderter in der Bundesrepublik und auf dem Gebiet der ehemaligen DDR, 174-180; Gerd Luer, Psychologie im Spiegel ihrer wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft: Historische Fakten, Entwicklungen und ihre Konsequenzen, Psychologische Rundschau 42 (1991):1-11; Danziger, Die Rolle der psychiatrischen Forschungspraxis in der Geschichte: Eine kantextualistische Perspektive, 12-25, 1990; Alexandre Metraux, Der Methodenstreit und die Amerikanisierung der Psychologie in der Bundesrepublik 1950-1970 in Mitchell G. Ash and Ulfried Geuter, editors, Geschichte der deutschen Psychologie im 20. Jahrhundert (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1985), 225-251.
64. Adolf Kossakowski, "Psychology in the German Democratic Republic," American Psychologist 35/5 (1980):450-460; Hans-Dieter Schmidt, "Psychology in the German Democratic Republic," Annual Review of Psychology 31 (1980):195-209; Boris F. Lomow, Ueber Entwicklungsstand und Perspektiven der psychologischen Wissenschaft in der UDSSR, Zeitschrift fuer Psychologie 186 (1978):1-24.
65. Adolf Kossakowski, "Psychology in the German Democratic Republic," American Psychologist 35/5 (1980):450-460; Hans-Dieter Schmidt, "Psychology in the German Democratic Republic," Annual Review of Psychology 31 (1980):195-209; Boris F. Lomow, Ueber Entwicklungsstand und Perspektiven der psychologischen Wissenschaft in der UDSSR, Zeitschrift fuer Psychologie 186 (1978):1-24.
66. Adolf Kossakowski, "Psychology in the German Democratic Republic," American Psychologist 35/5 (1980):450-460; Hans-Dieter Schmidt, "Psychology in the German Democratic Republic," Annual Review of Psychology 31 (1980):195-209; Boris F. Lomow, Ueber Entwicklungsstand und Perspektiven der psychologischen Wissenschaft in der UDSSR, Zeitschrift fuer Psychologie 186 (1978):1-24.
67. Kossakowski, "Psychology in the German Democratic Republic," 450-460; Hans-Dieter Schmidt, Einige Bemerkungen zum Problem der biologischen Grundlagen der Persoenlichkeit, Zeitschrift fuer Psychologie 185 (1977):214-224.
68. Kossakowski, "Psychology in the German Democratic Republic," 450-460; Hans-Dieter Schmidt, Einige Bemerkungen zum Problem der biologischen Grundlagen der Persoenlichkeit, Zeitschrift fuer Psychologie 185 (1977):214-224.
69. A "Povlov-wave" [Kurt Hoeck, Psychotherapie in der DDR: eine Dokumentation zum 30. Jahrestag der Republik (Berlin, 1979), 14] encouraged biological psychotherapy. "Suggestive" therapy methods such as hypnosis and Autogenous Training (AT) became prevalent. Autogenous training is a form of relaxation through self-hypnoses developed by J. H. Schultz. It utilizes an autosuggestive method to increase physical, emotional, and mental well-being [J.H. Schultz, Das Autogene Training (Stuttgart, 1964)]. By simultaneously treating physical as well as psychological aspects, it fitted well with the Pavlovian concept of humans as "biopsychological units" (see Petra Sommer, Kurt Hoeck und die psychotherapeutische Abteilung am Haus der Gesundheit Berlin - institutionelle und zeitgeschichtliche Aspekte der Entwicklung der Gruppenpsychotherapie in der DDR, in Heike Bernhardt and Regine Lockot, editors, Mit ohne Freud (Giessen: Psychosozial Verlag, 2000). See also Milan Hausner, Stanislav Kratochvil, and Kurt Hoeck, Psychotherapie in Sozialistischen Laendern (Leipzig: VEB Georg Thieme, 1975); Christina Schroeder and Werner Koenig, "Die Integration der Psychotherapie in die Klinische Medizin in Deutschland - der Beitrag von J. H. Schultz," Psychiatrie, Neurologie und Klinische Psychologie 36/10 (1984):586-590.
70. A "Povlov-wave" [Kurt Hoeck, Psychotherapie in der DDR: eine Dokumentation zum 30. Jahrestag der Republik (Berlin, 1979), 14] encouraged biological psychotherapy. "Suggestive" therapy methods such as hypnosis and Autogenous Training (AT) became prevalent. Autogenous training is a form of relaxation through self-hypnoses developed by J. H. Schultz. It utilizes an autosuggestive method to increase physical, emotional, and mental well-being [J.H. Schultz, Das Autogene Training (Stuttgart, 1964)]. By simultaneously treating physical as well as psychological aspects, it fitted well with the Pavlovian concept of humans as "biopsychological units" (see Petra Sommer, Kurt Hoeck und die psychotherapeutische Abteilung am Haus der Gesundheit Berlin - institutionelle und zeitgeschichtliche Aspekte der Entwicklung der Gruppenpsychotherapie in der DDR, in Heike Bernhardt and Regine Lockot, editors, Mit ohne Freud (Giessen: Psychosozial Verlag, 2000). See also Milan Hausner, Stanislav Kratochvil, and Kurt Hoeck, Psychotherapie in Sozialistischen Laendern (Leipzig: VEB Georg Thieme, 1975); Christina Schroeder and Werner Koenig, "Die Integration der Psychotherapie in die Klinische Medizin in Deutschland - der Beitrag von J. H. Schultz," Psychiatrie, Neurologie und Klinische Psychologie 36/10 (1984):586-590.
71. A "Povlov-wave" [Kurt Hoeck, Psychotherapie in der DDR: eine Dokumentation zum 30. Jahrestag der Republik (Berlin, 1979), 14] encouraged biological psychotherapy. "Suggestive" therapy methods such as hypnosis and Autogenous Training (AT) became prevalent. Autogenous training is a form of relaxation through self-hypnoses developed by J. H. Schultz. It utilizes an autosuggestive method to increase physical, emotional, and mental well-being [J.H. Schultz, Das Autogene Training (Stuttgart, 1964)]. By simultaneously treating physical as well as psychological aspects, it fitted well with the Pavlovian concept of humans as "biopsychological units" (see Petra Sommer, Kurt Hoeck und die psychotherapeutische Abteilung am Haus der Gesundheit Berlin - institutionelle und zeitgeschichtliche Aspekte der Entwicklung der Gruppenpsychotherapie in der DDR, in Heike Bernhardt and Regine Lockot, editors, Mit ohne Freud (Giessen: Psychosozial Verlag, 2000). See also Milan Hausner, Stanislav Kratochvil, and Kurt Hoeck, Psychotherapie in Sozialistischen Laendern (Leipzig: VEB Georg Thieme, 1975); Christina Schroeder and Werner Koenig, "Die Integration der Psychotherapie in die Klinische Medizin in Deutschland - der Beitrag von J. H. Schultz," Psychiatrie, Neurologie und Klinische Psychologie 36/10 (1984):586-590.
72. A "Povlov-wave" [Kurt Hoeck, Psychotherapie in der DDR: eine Dokumentation zum 30. Jahrestag der Republik (Berlin, 1979), 14] encouraged biological psychotherapy. "Suggestive" therapy methods such as hypnosis and Autogenous Training (AT) became prevalent. Autogenous training is a form of relaxation through self-hypnoses developed by J. H. Schultz. It utilizes an autosuggestive method to increase physical, emotional, and mental well-being [J.H. Schultz, Das Autogene Training (Stuttgart, 1964)]. By simultaneously treating physical as well as psychological aspects, it fitted well with the Pavlovian concept of humans as "biopsychological units" (see Petra Sommer, Kurt Hoeck und die psychotherapeutische Abteilung am Haus der Gesundheit Berlin - institutionelle und zeitgeschichtliche Aspekte der Entwicklung der Gruppenpsychotherapie in der DDR, in Heike Bernhardt and Regine Lockot, editors, Mit ohne Freud (Giessen: Psychosozial Verlag, 2000). See also Milan Hausner, Stanislav Kratochvil, and Kurt Hoeck, Psychotherapie in Sozialistischen Laendern (Leipzig: VEB Georg Thieme, 1975); Christina Schroeder and Werner Koenig, "Die Integration der Psychotherapie in die Klinische Medizin in Deutschland - der Beitrag von J. H. Schultz," Psychiatrie, Neurologie und Klinische Psychologie 36/10 (1984):586-590.
73. A "Povlov-wave" [Kurt Hoeck, Psychotherapie in der DDR: eine Dokumentation zum 30. Jahrestag der Republik (Berlin, 1979), 14] encouraged biological psychotherapy. "Suggestive" therapy methods such as hypnosis and Autogenous Training (AT) became prevalent. Autogenous training is a form of relaxation through self-hypnoses developed by J. H. Schultz. It utilizes an autosuggestive method to increase physical, emotional, and mental well-being [J.H. Schultz, Das Autogene Training (Stuttgart, 1964)]. By simultaneously treating physical as well as psychological aspects, it fitted well with the Pavlovian concept of humans as "biopsychological units" (see Petra Sommer, Kurt Hoeck und die psychotherapeutische Abteilung am Haus der Gesundheit Berlin - institutionelle und zeitgeschichtliche Aspekte der Entwicklung der Gruppenpsychotherapie in der DDR, in Heike Bernhardt and Regine Lockot, editors, Mit ohne Freud (Giessen: Psychosozial Verlag, 2000). See also Milan Hausner, Stanislav Kratochvil, and Kurt Hoeck, Psychotherapie in Sozialistischen Laendern (Leipzig: VEB Georg Thieme, 1975); Christina Schroeder and Werner Koenig, "Die Integration der Psychotherapie in die Klinische Medizin in Deutschland - der Beitrag von J. H. Schultz," Psychiatrie, Neurologie und Klinische Psychologie 36/10 (1984):586-590.
74. Kossakowski, "Psychology in the German Democratic Republic," 450-460; Schmidt, Einige Bemerkungen zum Problem der biologischen Grundlagen der Persoenlichkeit, 214-224; William Woodward and Steven C. Clark, "The Reflection of Soviet Psychology in East German Psychological Practice," in Vera A. Koltsova, Yuri N. Oleinik, Albert R. Gilgen, and Carol K. Gilgen, editors, Post-Soviet Perspectives on Russian Psychology (Greenwood Press: Westport, Connecticut, 1996). In Psychotherapie in der DDR: eine Dokumentation zum 30. Jahrestag der Republik (Berlin, 1979), Kurt Hoeck describes the variety of psychotherapeutic methods used. The dominant methods were either based on materialist/physiological presuppositions (i.e., behavioral therapies) or else they invoked sociodynamic ideas. How psychological phenomena were ascribed to either biology or society calls for further research.
75. Kossakowski, "Psychology in the German Democratic Republic," 450-460; Schmidt, Einige Bemerkungen zum Problem der biologischen Grundlagen der Persoenlichkeit, 214-224; William Woodward and Steven C. Clark, "The Reflection of Soviet Psychology in East German Psychological Practice," in Vera A. Koltsova, Yuri N. Oleinik, Albert R. Gilgen, and Carol K. Gilgen, editors, Post-Soviet Perspectives on Russian Psychology (Greenwood Press: Westport, Connecticut, 1996). In Psychotherapie in der DDR: eine Dokumentation zum 30. Jahrestag der Republik (Berlin, 1979), Kurt Hoeck describes the variety of psychotherapeutic methods used. The dominant methods were either based on materialist/physiological presuppositions (i.e., behavioral therapies) or else they invoked sociodynamic ideas. How psychological phenomena were ascribed to either biology or society calls for further research.
76. Kossakowski, "Psychology in the German Democratic Republic," 450-460; Schmidt, Einige Bemerkungen zum Problem der biologischen Grundlagen der Persoenlichkeit, 214-224; William Woodward and Steven C. Clark, "The Reflection of Soviet Psychology in East German Psychological Practice," in Vera A. Koltsova, Yuri N. Oleinik, Albert R. Gilgen, and Carol K. Gilgen, editors, Post-Soviet Perspectives on Russian Psychology (Greenwood Press: Westport, Connecticut, 1996). In Psychotherapie in der DDR: eine Dokumentation zum 30. Jahrestag der Republik (Berlin, 1979), Kurt Hoeck describes the variety of psychotherapeutic methods used. The dominant methods were either based on materialist/physiological presuppositions (i.e., behavioral therapies) or else they invoked sociodynamic ideas. How psychological phenomena were ascribed to either biology or society calls for further research.
77. Kossakowski, "Psychology in the German Democratic Republic," 450-460; Schmidt, Einige Bemerkungen zum Problem der biologischen Grundlagen der Persoenlichkeit, 214-224; William Woodward and Steven C. Clark, "The Reflection of Soviet Psychology in East German Psychological Practice," in Vera A. Koltsova, Yuri N. Oleinik, Albert R. Gilgen, and Carol K. Gilgen, editors, Post-Soviet Perspectives on Russian Psychology (Greenwood Press: Westport, Connecticut, 1996). In Psychotherapie in der DDR: eine Dokumentation zum 30. Jahrestag der Republik (Berlin, 1979), Kurt Hoeck describes the variety of psychotherapeutic methods used. The dominant methods were either based on materialist/physiological presuppositions (i.e., behavioral therapies) or else they invoked sociodynamic ideas. How psychological phenomena were ascribed to either biology or society calls for further research.
78. Erhard John, "Socialist needs - Socialist Personality Development and the Working Class," Society and Leisure 4 (1974):49-78; Ekkehard Sauermann, "Probleme der Marxistisch-Leninistischen Persoenlichkeitstheorie," Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift Martin-Luther-Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg: Gesellschafts-und Sprachwissenschaftliche Reihe 5 (1974):7-23; Hans-Guenther Eschke, "Zur Entwicklung der sozialistischen Persoenlichkeit beim Aufbau der entwickelten sozialistischen Gesellschaft," Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift: Gesellschafts - und Sprachwissenschaftliche Reihe 23/4 (Jena: Friedrich-Schiller Universitaet, 1974):441-449; Adolf Kossakowski, "Gesellschaftliche Anforderung und Weiterentwicklung der Psychologie in der DDR," Zeitschrift fuer Psychologie 184 (1976):1-16.
79. Erhard John, "Socialist needs - Socialist Personality Development and the Working Class," Society and Leisure 4 (1974):49-78; Ekkehard Sauermann, "Probleme der Marxistisch-Leninistischen Persoenlichkeitstheorie," Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift Martin-Luther-Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg: Gesellschafts-und Sprachwissenschaftliche Reihe 5 (1974):7-23; Hans-Guenther Eschke, "Zur Entwicklung der sozialistischen Persoenlichkeit beim Aufbau der entwickelten sozialistischen Gesellschaft," Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift: Gesellschafts - und Sprachwissenschaftliche Reihe 23/4 (Jena: Friedrich-Schiller Universitaet, 1974):441-449; Adolf Kossakowski, "Gesellschaftliche Anforderung und Weiterentwicklung der Psychologie in der DDR," Zeitschrift fuer Psychologie 184 (1976):1-16.
80. Erhard John, "Socialist needs - Socialist Personality Development and the Working Class," Society and Leisure 4 (1974):49-78; Ekkehard Sauermann, "Probleme der Marxistisch-Leninistischen Persoenlichkeitstheorie," Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift Martin-Luther-Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg: Gesellschafts-und Sprachwissenschaftliche Reihe 5 (1974):7-23; Hans-Guenther Eschke, "Zur Entwicklung der sozialistischen Persoenlichkeit beim Aufbau der entwickelten sozialistischen Gesellschaft," Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift: Gesellschafts - und Sprachwissenschaftliche Reihe 23/4 (Jena: Friedrich-Schiller Universitaet, 1974):441-449; Adolf Kossakowski, "Gesellschaftliche Anforderung und Weiterentwicklung der Psychologie in der DDR," Zeitschrift fuer Psychologie 184 (1976):1-16.
81. Erhard John, "Socialist needs - Socialist Personality Development and the Working Class," Society and Leisure 4 (1974):49-78; Ekkehard Sauermann, "Probleme der Marxistisch-Leninistischen Persoenlichkeitstheorie," Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift Martin-Luther-Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg: Gesellschafts-und Sprachwissenschaftliche Reihe 5 (1974):7-23; Hans-Guenther Eschke, "Zur Entwicklung der sozialistischen Persoenlichkeit beim Aufbau der entwickelten sozialistischen Gesellschaft," Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift: Gesellschafts - und Sprachwissenschaftliche Reihe 23/4 (Jena: Friedrich-Schiller Universitaet, 1974):441-449; Adolf Kossakowski, "Gesellschaftliche Anforderung und Weiterentwicklung der Psychologie in der DDR," Zeitschrift fuer Psychologie 184 (1976):1-16.
82. See Harry Schroeder, "Persoenlichkeitspsychologie in der DDR," in Friedhart Klix, Adolf Kossakowski, and Walter Maeder, editors, Psychologie in der DDR: Entwicklungen - Aufgaben - Perspektiven (Berlin: VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1980), 68-79. The "socialist personality" was understood as the carrier of ideology, the state, culture, and social morals. Personality was not understood as "character," which was taken to be a reductionist definition of personality, but as, what Marx termed, a "social quality." Accordingly, sociality (including social and occupational needs and requirements) was seen as constituting personality. At the same time, individual needs were subordinated to the goals and aims of the social unit. This Marxist conception of personality meant that the "psychology of personality" was disavowed in favor of social psychology. See Schmidt, "Psychology in the German Democratic Republic," 195-209.
83. See Harry Schroeder, "Persoenlichkeitspsychologie in der DDR," in Friedhart Klix, Adolf Kossakowski, and Walter Maeder, editors, Psychologie in der DDR: Entwicklungen - Aufgaben - Perspektiven (Berlin: VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1980), 68-79. The "socialist personality" was understood as the carrier of ideology, the state, culture, and social morals. Personality was not understood as "character," which was taken to be a reductionist definition of personality, but as, what Marx termed, a "social quality." Accordingly, sociality (including social and occupational needs and requirements) was seen as constituting personality. At the same time, individual needs were subordinated to the goals and aims of the social unit. This Marxist conception of personality meant that the "psychology of personality" was disavowed in favor of social psychology. See Schmidt, "Psychology in the German Democratic Republic," 195-209.
84. Psychology was to enhance socialism by, e.g., psychological services being provided in public rather than in private institutions (Schmidt, "Psychology in the German Democratic Republic," 195-209, Hans-Dieter Roesler, "Clinical Psychology in the Mental Health Service of a Socialist Community," Journal of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health Services 8 (1970):36-37). Also a close link between applied and basic research was to ensure psychology's scientific and social relevance to socialist society. According to Kossakowski (Psychology in the German Democratic Republic," 450-460), socialist psychology was to help preserve the mental and physical health of the population, improve living conditions, and increase work productivity as well as educational standards.
85. Psychology was to enhance socialism by, e.g., psychological services being provided in public rather than in private institutions (Schmidt, "Psychology in the German Democratic Republic," 195-209, Hans-Dieter Roesler, "Clinical Psychology in the Mental Health Service of a Socialist Community," Journal of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health Services 8 (1970):36-37). Also a close link between applied and basic research was to ensure psychology's scientific and social relevance to socialist society. According to Kossakowski (Psychology in the German Democratic Republic," 450-460), socialist psychology was to help preserve the mental and physical health of the population, improve living conditions, and increase work productivity as well as educational standards.
86. Psychology was to enhance socialism by, e.g., psychological services being provided in public rather than in private institutions (Schmidt, "Psychology in the German Democratic Republic," 195-209, Hans-Dieter Roesler, "Clinical Psychology in the Mental Health Service of a Socialist Community," Journal of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health Services 8 (1970):36-37). Also a close link between applied and basic research was to ensure psychology's scientific and social relevance to socialist society. According to Kossakowski (Psychology in the German Democratic Republic," 450-460), socialist psychology was to help preserve the mental and physical health of the population, improve living conditions, and increase work productivity as well as educational standards.
87. Hausner et al., Psychotherapie in Sozialistischen Laendern; Schmidt "Psychology in the German Democratic Republic," 195-209.
88. Hausner et al., Psychotherapie in Sozialistischen Laendern; Schmidt "Psychology in the German Democratic Republic," 195-209.
89. J. Dobias, "Psychotherapie im sozialistischen Gesundheitswesen," in Milan Hausner, Stanislav Kratochvil, and Kurt Hoeck, editors, Psychotherapie in sozialistischen Laendern (Leipzig: VEB Georg Thieme, 1975), 23-27; Schroeder, "Persoenlichkeitspsychologie in der DDR," 68-79; Eva Kellner, "Zu Sigmund Freuds Theorie von Mensch und Gesellschaft," Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift Martin-Luther-Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg: Gesellschafts-und Sprachwissenschaftliche Reihe 5 (1974):25-38; M. Vorwerg "Wilhelm Wundt und die Stellung der Psychologie im System der Wissenschaften," Zeitschrift fuer Psychologie 183 (1975):337-350; Alfred Katzenstein and Achim Thom, "Die historische Leistung und die Grenzen des Werkes von Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)," Psychiatric, Neurologie und medizinische Psychologie 34/2 (1982):68-78.
90. J. Dobias, "Psychotherapie im sozialistischen Gesundheitswesen," in Milan Hausner, Stanislav Kratochvil, and Kurt Hoeck, editors, Psychotherapie in sozialistischen Laendern (Leipzig: VEB Georg Thieme, 1975), 23-27; Schroeder, "Persoenlichkeitspsychologie in der DDR," 68-79; Eva Kellner, "Zu Sigmund Freuds Theorie von Mensch und Gesellschaft," Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift Martin-Luther-Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg: Gesellschafts-und Sprachwissenschaftliche Reihe 5 (1974):25-38; M. Vorwerg "Wilhelm Wundt und die Stellung der Psychologie im System der Wissenschaften," Zeitschrift fuer Psychologie 183 (1975):337-350; Alfred Katzenstein and Achim Thom, "Die historische Leistung und die Grenzen des Werkes von Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)," Psychiatric, Neurologie und medizinische Psychologie 34/2 (1982):68-78.
91. J. Dobias, "Psychotherapie im sozialistischen Gesundheitswesen," in Milan Hausner, Stanislav Kratochvil, and Kurt Hoeck, editors, Psychotherapie in sozialistischen Laendern (Leipzig: VEB Georg Thieme, 1975), 23-27; Schroeder, "Persoenlichkeitspsychologie in der DDR," 68-79; Eva Kellner, "Zu Sigmund Freuds Theorie von Mensch und Gesellschaft," Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift Martin-Luther-Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg: Gesellschafts-und Sprachwissenschaftliche Reihe 5 (1974):25-38; M. Vorwerg "Wilhelm Wundt und die Stellung der Psychologie im System der Wissenschaften," Zeitschrift fuer Psychologie 183 (1975):337-350; Alfred Katzenstein and Achim Thom, "Die historische Leistung und die Grenzen des Werkes von Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)," Psychiatric, Neurologie und medizinische Psychologie 34/2 (1982):68-78.
92. J. Dobias, "Psychotherapie im sozialistischen Gesundheitswesen," in Milan Hausner, Stanislav Kratochvil, and Kurt Hoeck, editors, Psychotherapie in sozialistischen Laendern (Leipzig: VEB Georg Thieme, 1975), 23-27; Schroeder, "Persoenlichkeitspsychologie in der DDR," 68-79; Eva Kellner, "Zu Sigmund Freuds Theorie von Mensch und Gesellschaft," Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift Martin-Luther-Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg: Gesellschafts-und Sprachwissenschaftliche Reihe 5 (1974):25-38; M. Vorwerg "Wilhelm Wundt und die Stellung der Psychologie im System der Wissenschaften," Zeitschrift fuer Psychologie 183 (1975):337-350; Alfred Katzenstein and Achim Thom, "Die historische Leistung und die Grenzen des Werkes von Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)," Psychiatric, Neurologie und medizinische Psychologie 34/2 (1982):68-78.
93. J. Dobias, "Psychotherapie im sozialistischen Gesundheitswesen," in Milan Hausner, Stanislav Kratochvil, and Kurt Hoeck, editors, Psychotherapie in sozialistischen Laendern (Leipzig: VEB Georg Thieme, 1975), 23-27; Schroeder, "Persoenlichkeitspsychologie in der DDR," 68-79; Eva Kellner, "Zu Sigmund Freuds Theorie von Mensch und Gesellschaft," Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift Martin-Luther-Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg: Gesellschafts-und Sprachwissenschaftliche Reihe 5 (1974):25-38; M. Vorwerg "Wilhelm Wundt und die Stellung der Psychologie im System der Wissenschaften," Zeitschrift fuer Psychologie 183 (1975):337-350; Alfred Katzenstein and Achim Thom, "Die historische Leistung und die Grenzen des Werkes von Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)," Psychiatric, Neurologie und medizinische Psychologie 34/2 (1982):68-78.
94. Psychoanalytic concepts such as "the unconscious" and the emphasis on irrational processes were seen as a potential threat to "scientific Marxism," which was grounded in rational and materialist socialist presuppositions. Also, psychoanalytic assumptions about "basic" human traits and needs were seen as incompatible with certain East German social practices, such as the predominant institutionalized child-rearing practices.
95. Depth-psychological models also adhere to basic psychoanalytic assumptions, but they are differentiated from classic psychoanalysis in that the focus is more on present conflicts, rather than on regressing the client to past experiences.
96. See Kurt Hoeck, editor, Zielstellungen und Entwicklungen der Psychotherapie in der DDR - ausgewaehlte Schriften von Kurt Hoeck anlaesslich seines 65. Geburtstages: Psychotherapie-Berichte (Berlin: Institut fuer Psychotherapie und Neurosenforschung. Psychotherapiebericht 31, 1985); Uwe Schaarschmidt "Das Psychologiestudium und der Berufseinsatz des Absolventen," in Friedhart Klix, Adolf Kossakowski, and Walter Maeder, editors, Psychologie in der DDR: Entwicklungen - Aufgaben - Perspektiven (Berlin: VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1980), 178-191, for a description of the content of psychological training in the GDR. For a detailed description of developments in psychology in East Germany, see also Friedhart Klix, Adolf Kossakowski, and Walter Maeder, editors, Psychologie in der DDR: Entwicklungen - Aufgaben - Perspektiven.
97. See Kurt Hoeck, editor, Zielstellungen und Entwicklungen der Psychotherapie in der DDR - ausgewaehlte Schriften von Kurt Hoeck anlaesslich seines 65. Geburtstages: Psychotherapie-Berichte (Berlin: Institut fuer Psychotherapie und Neurosenforschung. Psychotherapiebericht 31, 1985); Uwe Schaarschmidt "Das Psychologiestudium und der Berufseinsatz des Absolventen," in Friedhart Klix, Adolf Kossakowski, and Walter Maeder, editors, Psychologie in der DDR: Entwicklungen - Aufgaben - Perspektiven (Berlin: VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1980), 178-191, for a description of the content of psychological training in the GDR. For a detailed description of developments in psychology in East Germany, see also Friedhart Klix, Adolf Kossakowski, and Walter Maeder, editors, Psychologie in der DDR: Entwicklungen - Aufgaben - Perspektiven.
98. See Kurt Hoeck, editor, Zielstellungen und Entwicklungen der Psychotherapie in der DDR - ausgewaehlte Schriften von Kurt Hoeck anlaesslich seines 65. Geburtstages: Psychotherapie-Berichte (Berlin: Institut fuer Psychotherapie und Neurosenforschung. Psychotherapiebericht 31, 1985); Uwe Schaarschmidt "Das Psychologiestudium und der Berufseinsatz des Absolventen," in Friedhart Klix, Adolf Kossakowski, and Walter Maeder, editors, Psychologie in der DDR: Entwicklungen - Aufgaben - Perspektiven (Berlin: VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1980), 178-191, for a description of the content of psychological training in the GDR. For a detailed description of developments in psychology in East Germany, see also Friedhart Klix, Adolf Kossakowski, and Walter Maeder, editors, Psychologie in der DDR: Entwicklungen - Aufgaben - Perspektiven.
99. At the time, "analytical group psychotherapy" (Analytische Gruppenpsychotherapie) was also used in West Germany and was held in high regard. Analytical group psychotherapy facilitates group dynamics and the potential for transference (to the therapist as well as individual group members) to reveal unconscious and neurotic conflicts, in order to strengthen the individual by enhancing "self-understanding and self-development" (M. Pines "Shepherding Group Analysis," Group 24/1 (2000):55). As interviewees argued, the aim is not to integrate the individual into the group, but to enable him or her to individuate succesfully (see also Faber and Haarstrick, Kommentar: Psychotherapie-Richtlinien, 1996:49-50).
100. At the time, "analytical group psychotherapy" (Analytische Gruppenpsychotherapie) was also used in West Germany and was held in high regard. Analytical group psychotherapy facilitates group dynamics and the potential for transference (to the therapist as well as individual group members) to reveal unconscious and neurotic conflicts, in order to strengthen the individual by enhancing "self-understanding and self-development" (M. Pines "Shepherding Group Analysis," Group 24/1 (2000):55). As interviewees argued, the aim is not to integrate the individual into the group, but to enable him or her to individuate succesfully (see also Faber and Haarstrick, Kommentar: Psychotherapie-Richtlinien, 1996:49-50).
101. A. Thom and R. Lother, "Psychotherapie und Gesellsehaft - philosophische Aspekte," in Kurt Hoeck and Karl Seidel, editors, Psychotherapie und Gesellschaft (Berlin: VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1976), 28-43).
102. Kurt Hoeck pioneered this method, which became one of the leading psychotherapeutic method in the DDR. It utilizes group dynamics to improve individual well-being and is tightly structured through therapeutic interventions. See H. Hess, "Zielstellungen, Wege, Ergebnisse psychotherapeutischer Intentionen von Kurt Hoeck," in Psychotherapieberichte (Haus der Gesundheit, Berlin, 34, 1986), 6-21.
103. Richard Rottenburg, "From Socialist Realism to Postmodern Ambiguity," Industrial and Environmental Crisis Quarterly 8/1 (1992):71-91.
104. Steven Shapin, "History of Science and its Sociological Reconstructions," History of Science 20 (1982):197.
105. This is a short-term therapy that works on particular conflicts based on psychoanalytic assumptions - to what extent psychoanalytic assumptions were actually integrated into the therapies remains disputed (see Maaz et al., Analytische Psychotherapie im multimodalen Ansatz, 1997).
106. Hans Joas and Martin Koehli, editors, Der Zusammenbruch der DDR (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1993).
107. For in-depth analysis on the effects of social change on individual's subjective experiences as well as on society overall, see Colin Campbell, The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987); Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (London: Unwin University Books, 1930); Nikolas Rose, "Individualizing Psychology," in John Shotter and Kenneth J. Gergen, editors, Texts of Identity (London: Sage, 1992), 119-132; Berger et al., The Homeless Mind, 1973; Edward E. Sampson, "The Deconstruction of the Self," in John Shotter and Kenneth J. Gergen, Texts of Identity (London: Sage, 1992), 1-19.
108. For in-depth analysis on the effects of social change on individual's subjective experiences as well as on society overall, see Colin Campbell, The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987); Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (London: Unwin University Books, 1930); Nikolas Rose, "Individualizing Psychology," in John Shotter and Kenneth J. Gergen, editors, Texts of Identity (London: Sage, 1992), 119-132; Berger et al., The Homeless Mind, 1973; Edward E. Sampson, "The Deconstruction of the Self," in John Shotter and Kenneth J. Gergen, Texts of Identity (London: Sage, 1992), 1-19.
109. For in-depth analysis on the effects of social change on individual's subjective experiences as well as on society overall, see Colin Campbell, The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987); Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (London: Unwin University Books, 1930); Nikolas Rose, "Individualizing Psychology," in John Shotter and Kenneth J. Gergen, editors, Texts of Identity (London: Sage, 1992), 119-132; Berger et al., The Homeless Mind, 1973; Edward E. Sampson, "The Deconstruction of the Self," in John Shotter and Kenneth J. Gergen, Texts of Identity (London: Sage, 1992), 1-19.
110. For in-depth analysis on the effects of social change on individual's subjective experiences as well as on society overall, see Colin Campbell, The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987); Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (London: Unwin University Books, 1930); Nikolas Rose, "Individualizing Psychology," in John Shotter and Kenneth J. Gergen, editors, Texts of Identity (London: Sage, 1992), 119-132; Berger et al., The Homeless Mind, 1973; Edward E. Sampson, "The Deconstruction of the Self," in John Shotter and Kenneth J. Gergen, Texts of Identity (London: Sage, 1992), 1-19.
111. For in-depth analysis on the effects of social change on individual's subjective experiences as well as on society overall, see Colin Campbell, The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987); Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (London: Unwin University Books, 1930); Nikolas Rose, "Individualizing Psychology," in John Shotter and Kenneth J. Gergen, editors, Texts of Identity (London: Sage, 1992), 119-132; Berger et al., The Homeless Mind, 1973; Edward E. Sampson, "The Deconstruction of the Self," in John Shotter and Kenneth J. Gergen, Texts of Identity (London: Sage, 1992), 1-19.
112. DiMaggio and Powell, "Introduction," The New Institutionalism, 75.
113. Philip Manow, Gesundheitspolitik im Einigungsprozess (Frankfurt: Campus, 1994).
114. Debates between East German practitioners and professional societies with their West-German counterparts who were responsible for the quality and training of psychotherapeutic practitioners remains a matter for further investigations.
115. Manow, Gesundheitspolitik im Einigungsprozess, 1994; Joas and Koehli, Der Zusammenbruch der DDR, 1993; Angela Schorr, "German Psychology After Unification," in Angela Schorr and Salli Saari, Psychology in Europe (Goettingen: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers, 1995), 35-58.
116. Manow, Gesundheitspolitik im Einigungsprozess, 1994; Joas and Koehli, Der Zusammenbruch der DDR, 1993; Angela Schorr, "German Psychology After Unification," in Angela Schorr and Salli Saari, Psychology in Europe (Goettingen: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers, 1995), 35-58.
117. Manow, Gesundheitspolitik im Einigungsprozess, 1994; Joas and Koehli, Der Zusammenbruch der DDR, 1993; Angela Schorr, "German Psychology After Unification," in Angela Schorr and Salli Saari, Psychology in Europe (Goettingen: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers, 1995), 35-58.
118. This shift affected therapists' subjective work-experience as well as their relationships to clients. They argued that as independent practitioners they cater to the needs of their clients more as they are economically dependent on them. Whereas the commercialization of therapy was first seen as problematic, therapists increasingly reconstructed it as promoting a more egalitarian therapeutic relationship. For a preliminary study of how the institutional context can affect therapeutic interaction, see Leuenberger, The Social Construction of Psychotherapy and Psychotherapists' Reconstruction of Socialism; see also Thomas Szasz, "Anti-Psychiatry: The Paradigm of the Plundered Mind," in Oscar Grutsky and Melvin Pollner, The Sociology of Mental Illness (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1981), 334-347.
119. This shift affected therapists' subjective work-experience as well as their relationships to clients. They argued that as independent practitioners they cater to the needs of their clients more as they are economically dependent on them. Whereas the commercialization of therapy was first seen as problematic, therapists increasingly reconstructed it as promoting a more egalitarian therapeutic relationship. For a preliminary study of how the institutional context can affect therapeutic interaction, see Leuenberger, The Social Construction of Psychotherapy and Psychotherapists' Reconstruction of Socialism; see also Thomas Szasz, "Anti-Psychiatry: The Paradigm of the Plundered Mind," in Oscar Grutsky and Melvin Pollner, The Sociology of Mental Illness (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1981), 334-347.
120. The income from statutory health insurance is the main source of revenue for psychotherapists. However, some patients pay privately for their treatment. There are also some smaller private insurance companies that recognize treatment methods not reimbursable through the statutory health insurance. According to Hartmut Reiners ("Chronischer Sanierungsfall?," Dr. med. Mabuse 122 (1999)), income from private patients constimtes just 9% of the total income of East German doctors (see also the homepage of "Bundesverband der Vertragspsychotherapeuten e.V." http://www.bvvp for further details and statistics).
121. Franz R. Faber and Rudolf Haarstrick, Kommentar: Psychotherapie-Richtlinien (Neckarsulm: Jungjohann, 1996).
122. "Behavioral therapy" is a short-term, conflict-oriented form of therapy that attempts to alter maladaptive behavior (which includes motor, physiological, cognitive, and emotional processes) in a beneficial manner according to learning theoretical precepts (see Faber and Haarstrick, Kommentar: Psychotherapie-Richtlinien, for further detail). For the purpose of this article I am only concerned with "Analytical Therapy" and "Depth-Psychological Psychotherapy."
123. It should be noted that these guidelines were constantly revised as certain therapeutic approaches came to be seen as scientifically validated, effective, and efficient forms of treatments. The first Psychotherapeutic-Guidelines passed in 1967 recognizing depth-psychological and psychoanalytic psychotherapy provided by medically qualified personnel, and have subsequently undergone numerous revisions. It is not until the 1980s that behavioral therapy was reimbursable by insurance. In 1999, a "psychotherapist-legislation" (Psychotherapeutengesetz) passed that requires practitioners to have a medical or psychological degree, to assure higher quality care and tighter control over therapeutic offerings [Karl Salzl and Reinhard Steege, Psychotherapeutengesetz (Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag, 1999)]. Given these professional requirements, it remains to be seen to what extent psychoanalysis will remain a core therapeutic method in a health care system currently ridden with economic problems.
124. Faber et al., Kommentar: Psychotherapie-Richtlinien, 185-188.
125. For statistical figures of how many kinds of therapies are reimbursed by the statutory health insurance each year, see the homepages of "Vereinigung der Kassenpsychotherapeuten e.V." http:.//www.vereinigung.de. See also "Kassenaerztliche Bundesvereinigung" http://www.kbv.de.
126. For statistical figures of how many kinds of therapies are reimbursed by the statutory health insurance each year, see the homepages of "Vereinigung der Kassenpsychotherapeuten e.V." http:.//www.vereinigung.de. See also "Kassenaerztliche Bundesvereinigung" http://www.kbv.de.
127. Agathe Israel, "Mein Selbstverstaendnis als Psychotherapeutin in den neuen Bundeslaendern," in Hans-Joachim Maaz, Heinz Hennig, and Erdmuthe Fikentscher, editors, Analytische Psychotherapie im multimodalen Ansatz: Zur Entwicklung der Psychoanalyse in Ostdeutschland (Berlin: Pabst Science, 1997), 144-148.
128. Karin Knorr-Cetina, The Manufacture of Knowledge (New York: Pergamon Press, 1981); Karin Knorr-Cetina and Michael Mulkay, Science Observed (London: Sage, 1983); Michael Mulkay, The Word and the World (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1985).
129. Karin Knorr-Cetina, The Manufacture of Knowledge (New York: Pergamon Press, 1981); Karin Knorr-Cetina and Michael Mulkay, Science Observed (London: Sage, 1983); Michael Mulkay, The Word and the World (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1985).
130. Karin Knorr-Cetina, The Manufacture of Knowledge (New York: Pergamon Press, 1981); Karin Knorr-Cetina and Michael Mulkay, Science Observed (London: Sage, 1983); Michael Mulkay, The Word and the World (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1985).
131. His practice of "system therapy" was done in the context of family therapy. System therapists are concerned with relatedness (e.g., patterns of relationships), as against the inner, subjective life of an individual. Therapists attempt to diagnose pathological communication and replace it with a new interactional pattern [see Joel Kovel, A Complete Guide to Therapy (New York: Pantheon Books, 1976) for further detail].
132. Maaz et al., Analytische Psychotherapie im multimodalen Ansatz. The criticisms against this therapeutic approach and its institutionalization ranged from ad hominem arguments about its practitioners to claims that these practitioners built up this therapeutic approach and their own professional
133. Maaz et al., Analytische Psychotherapie im multimodalen Ansatz. The criticisms against this therapeutic approach and its institutionalization ranged from ad hominem arguments about its practitioners to claims that these practitioners built up this therapeutic approach and their own professional society because their practice of "psychoanalysis" was not recognized by the main psychoanalytic umbrella organization (see also Israel, "Mein Selbstverstaendnis als Psychotherapeutin in den neuen Bundeslaendern," in Maaz et al., Analytische Psychotherapie im multimodalen Ansatz), as they either refused or tried to circumvent further psychoanalytic training. Critics (who re-trained) didn't see such a synthesis of East German approaches as constituting a coherent scientific approach to the psyche any longer.
134. See Ulrich Bahrke, "Multimodaler Weg zur Psychoanalyse - eine exemplarische Darstellung," in Maaz et al., Analytische Psychotherapie im multimodalen Ansatz, 123.
135. Ralf Vogt, "Auf dem Wege zum analytischen Psychotherapeuten," in Maaz et al., 139-143.
136. These functionalist types of accounts fail to acknowledge the complexities involved in the success or failure of new forms of knowledge, as they disregard the effect of sociocultural and economic factors on the constitution of knowledge as well as its likely diffusion through the social structure (e.g., by the media). For psychological practitioners' own accounts of how social forces effect therapeutic practice, see, e.g., Roger Kirchner, "Seelische und soziale Bedingungen der deutschen Vereinigung," Psychologische Beitraege 35 (1993):7-14; Christoph Seidler and Michael Froese, "Die Utopie von Individuation und Bezogenheit in Deutschland," Psychologische Beitraege 35 (1993):307-314; Harry Schroeder, "Identitaet, Individualitaet und psychische Befindlichkeit des DDR-Buergers im Umbruch, " Zeitschrift fuer Sozialisationsforschung und Erziehungssoziologie 1 (1990):163-176; Irene Misselwitz and M. Bormuth, "Deutsche Verhaeltnisse diesseits und jenseits von Befremdung und Vorurteil," Psychologische Beitraege 35 (1993):293-306; Irene Misselwitz, "Vergangenheitsaufarbeitung in der Psychotherapie," Psychologische Beitraege 35 (1993):20-25; Gerd Meyer, "Zwischen Autoritarismus und Demokratie. Persoenlichkeitsstrukturen in postkommunistischen Gesellschaften," Psychosozial: Geschichte ist ein Teil von uns 67 (1997):93-108.
137. These functionalist types of accounts fail to acknowledge the complexities involved in the success or failure of new forms of knowledge, as they disregard the effect of sociocultural and economic factors on the constitution of knowledge as well as its likely diffusion through the social structure (e.g., by the media). For psychological practitioners' own accounts of how social forces effect therapeutic practice, see, e.g., Roger Kirchner, "Seelische und soziale Bedingungen der deutschen Vereinigung," Psychologische Beitraege 35 (1993):7-14; Christoph Seidler and Michael Froese, "Die Utopie von Individuation und Bezogenheit in Deutschland," Psychologische Beitraege 35 (1993):307-314; Harry Schroeder, "Identitaet, Individualitaet und psychische Befindlichkeit des DDR-Buergers im Umbruch, " Zeitschrift fuer Sozialisationsforschung und Erziehungssoziologie 1 (1990):163-176; Irene Misselwitz and M. Bormuth, "Deutsche Verhaeltnisse diesseits und jenseits von Befremdung und Vorurteil," Psychologische Beitraege 35 (1993):293-306; Irene Misselwitz, "Vergangenheitsaufarbeitung in der Psychotherapie," Psychologische Beitraege 35 (1993):20-25; Gerd Meyer, "Zwischen Autoritarismus und Demokratie. Persoenlichkeitsstrukturen in postkommunistischen Gesellschaften," Psychosozial: Geschichte ist ein Teil von uns 67 (1997):93-108.
138. These functionalist types of accounts fail to acknowledge the complexities involved in the success or failure of new forms of knowledge, as they disregard the effect of sociocultural and economic factors on the constitution of knowledge as well as its likely diffusion through the social structure (e.g., by the media). For psychological practitioners' own accounts of how social forces effect therapeutic practice, see, e.g., Roger Kirchner, "Seelische und soziale Bedingungen der deutschen Vereinigung," Psychologische Beitraege 35 (1993):7-14; Christoph Seidler and Michael Froese, "Die Utopie von Individuation und Bezogenheit in Deutschland," Psychologische Beitraege 35 (1993):307-314; Harry Schroeder, "Identitaet, Individualitaet und psychische Befindlichkeit des DDR-Buergers im Umbruch, " Zeitschrift fuer Sozialisationsforschung und Erziehungssoziologie 1 (1990):163-176; Irene Misselwitz and M. Bormuth, "Deutsche Verhaeltnisse diesseits und jenseits von Befremdung und Vorurteil," Psychologische Beitraege 35 (1993):293-306; Irene Misselwitz, "Vergangenheitsaufarbeitung in der Psychotherapie," Psychologische Beitraege 35 (1993):20-25; Gerd Meyer, "Zwischen Autoritarismus und Demokratie. Persoenlichkeitsstrukturen in postkommunistischen Gesellschaften," Psychosozial: Geschichte ist ein Teil von uns 67 (1997):93-108.
139. These functionalist types of accounts fail to acknowledge the complexities involved in the success or failure of new forms of knowledge, as they disregard the effect of sociocultural and economic factors on the constitution of knowledge as well as its likely diffusion through the social structure (e.g., by the media). For psychological practitioners' own accounts of how social forces effect therapeutic practice, see, e.g., Roger Kirchner, "Seelische und soziale Bedingungen der deutschen Vereinigung," Psychologische Beitraege 35 (1993):7-14; Christoph Seidler and Michael Froese, "Die Utopie von Individuation und Bezogenheit in Deutschland," Psychologische Beitraege 35 (1993):307-314; Harry Schroeder, "Identitaet, Individualitaet und psychische Befindlichkeit des DDR-Buergers im Umbruch, " Zeitschrift fuer Sozialisationsforschung und Erziehungssoziologie 1 (1990):163-176; Irene Misselwitz and M. Bormuth, "Deutsche Verhaeltnisse diesseits und jenseits von Befremdung und Vorurteil," Psychologische Beitraege 35 (1993):293-306; Irene Misselwitz, "Vergangenheitsaufarbeitung in der Psychotherapie," Psychologische Beitraege 35 (1993):20-25; Gerd Meyer, "Zwischen Autoritarismus und Demokratie. Persoenlichkeitsstrukturen in postkommunistischen Gesellschaften," Psychosozial: Geschichte ist ein Teil von uns 67 (1997):93-108.
140. These functionalist types of accounts fail to acknowledge the complexities involved in the success or failure of new forms of knowledge, as they disregard the effect of sociocultural and economic factors on the constitution of knowledge as well as its likely diffusion through the social structure (e.g., by the media). For psychological practitioners' own accounts of how social forces effect therapeutic practice, see, e.g., Roger Kirchner, "Seelische und soziale Bedingungen der deutschen Vereinigung," Psychologische Beitraege 35 (1993):7-14; Christoph Seidler and Michael Froese, "Die Utopie von Individuation und Bezogenheit in Deutschland," Psychologische Beitraege 35 (1993):307-314; Harry Schroeder, "Identitaet, Individualitaet und psychische Befindlichkeit des DDR-Buergers im Umbruch, " Zeitschrift fuer Sozialisationsforschung und Erziehungssoziologie 1 (1990):163-176; Irene Misselwitz and M. Bormuth, "Deutsche Verhaeltnisse diesseits und jenseits von Befremdung und Vorurteil," Psychologische Beitraege 35 (1993):293-306; Irene Misselwitz, "Vergangenheitsaufarbeitung in der Psychotherapie," Psychologische Beitraege 35 (1993):20-25; Gerd Meyer, "Zwischen Autoritarismus und Demokratie. Persoenlichkeitsstrukturen in postkommunistischen Gesellschaften," Psychosozial: Geschichte ist ein Teil von uns 67 (1997):93-108.
141. These functionalist types of accounts fail to acknowledge the complexities involved in the success or failure of new forms of knowledge, as they disregard the effect of sociocultural and economic factors on the constitution of knowledge as well as its likely diffusion through the social structure (e.g., by the media). For psychological practitioners' own accounts of how social forces effect therapeutic practice, see, e.g., Roger Kirchner, "Seelische und soziale Bedingungen der deutschen Vereinigung," Psychologische Beitraege 35 (1993):7-14; Christoph Seidler and Michael Froese, "Die Utopie von Individuation und Bezogenheit in Deutschland," Psychologische Beitraege 35 (1993):307-314; Harry Schroeder, "Identitaet, Individualitaet und psychische Befindlichkeit des DDR-Buergers im Umbruch, " Zeitschrift fuer Sozialisationsforschung und Erziehungssoziologie 1 (1990):163-176; Irene Misselwitz and M. Bormuth, "Deutsche Verhaeltnisse diesseits und jenseits von Befremdung und Vorurteil," Psychologische Beitraege 35 (1993):293-306; Irene Misselwitz, "Vergangenheitsaufarbeitung in der Psychotherapie," Psychologische Beitraege 35 (1993):20-25; Gerd Meyer, "Zwischen Autoritarismus und Demokratie. Persoenlichkeitsstrukturen in postkommunistischen Gesellschaften," Psychosozial: Geschichte ist ein Teil von uns 67 (1997):93-108.
142. Christine Leuenberger, "The Berlin Wall on the Therapists' Couch," Human Studies 23 (2000):99-121.
143. Wolfgang Moeller, "Entfremdung. Eine Heilungsgeschichte," in Kursbuch: Abriss der DDR 101 (Berlin: Rowohlt, 1990):67-73. According to interviewees, shortly after the transition East German clients flocked to West German therapists, who were thought to be more competent than East Germans. These patients tended to return to East German therapists as they felt misunderstood by the West Germans. Also Elisabeth von Strachwitz ["Ueber die Wiederbelebung der Psychoanalyse im Ostteil Berlins seit 1990," in Peter Diedrichs, editor, Psychoanalyse in Ostdeutschland (Goettingen: Vancienhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998), 51-65] writes about the cultural divide between East and West Germans and the consequences for therapy.
144. Wolfgang Moeller, "Entfremdung. Eine Heilungsgeschichte," in Kursbuch: Abriss der DDR 101 (Berlin: Rowohlt, 1990):67-73. According to interviewees, shortly after the transition East German clients flocked to West German therapists, who were thought to be more competent than East Germans. These patients tended to return to East German therapists as they felt misunderstood by the West Germans. Also Elisabeth von Strachwitz ["Ueber die Wiederbelebung der Psychoanalyse im Ostteil Berlins seit 1990," in Peter Diedrichs, editor, Psychoanalyse in Ostdeutschland (Goettingen: Vancienhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998), 51-65] writes about the cultural divide between East and West Germans and the consequences for therapy.
145. Moeller, Kursbuch: Abriss der DDR, 72-73.
146. After the transition, the concept of identity was not only reconceptualized in psychotherapy but also in increasingly prevalent "self-help groups." According to East German self-help coordinators, East Germans lacked the individual characteristics (e.g., individual initiative, individual responsibility, self-confidence, self-reliance, and independence) necessary for "self-help" to be of use. They maintained that self-help groups illustrate the need to reconceptualize and re-make the individual and they provide an occasion in which to introduce and reinforce such new self-conceptions. See Michael Frese and Sabine Hilligloh, "Eigeninitiative am Arbeitsplatz im Osten und Westen Deutschlands: Ergebnisse einer empirischen Untersuchung," in Gisela Trommsdorff, editor, Psychologische Aspekte des sozio-politischen Wandels in Ostdeutschland (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1994), 200-215; SEKIS: Selbsthilfe-Rundbrief 14, Selbsthilfe in Ost-Berlin (Berlin: Synanon International, 1990); Leuenberger, The Social Construction of Psychotherapy and Psychotherapists' Reconstruction of Socialism; see also Philip A. Mellor and Chris Shilling," Modernity, Self-Identity and the Sequestration of Death," Sociology 27/3 (1993): 431-441.
147. After the transition, the concept of identity was not only reconceptualized in psychotherapy but also in increasingly prevalent "self-help groups." According to East German self-help coordinators, East Germans lacked the individual characteristics (e.g., individual initiative, individual responsibility, self-confidence, self-reliance, and independence) necessary for "self-help" to be of use. They maintained that self-help groups illustrate the need to reconceptualize and re-make the individual and they provide an occasion in which to introduce and reinforce such new self-conceptions. See Michael Frese and Sabine Hilligloh, "Eigeninitiative am Arbeitsplatz im Osten und Westen Deutschlands: Ergebnisse einer empirischen Untersuchung," in Gisela Trommsdorff, editor, Psychologische Aspekte des sozio-politischen Wandels in Ostdeutschland (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1994), 200-215; SEKIS: Selbsthilfe-Rundbrief 14, Selbsthilfe in Ost-Berlin (Berlin: Synanon International, 1990); Leuenberger, The Social Construction of Psychotherapy and Psychotherapists' Reconstruction of Socialism; see also Philip A. Mellor and Chris Shilling," Modernity, Self-Identity and the Sequestration of Death," Sociology 27/3 (1993): 431-441.
148. After the transition, the concept of identity was not only reconceptualized in psychotherapy but also in increasingly prevalent "self-help groups." According to East German self-help coordinators, East Germans lacked the individual characteristics (e.g., individual initiative, individual responsibility, self-confidence, self-reliance, and independence) necessary for "self-help" to be of use. They maintained that self-help groups illustrate the need to reconceptualize and re-make the individual and they provide an occasion in which to introduce and reinforce such new self-conceptions. See Michael Frese and Sabine Hilligloh, "Eigeninitiative am Arbeitsplatz im Osten und Westen Deutschlands: Ergebnisse einer empirischen Untersuchung," in Gisela Trommsdorff, editor, Psychologische Aspekte des sozio-politischen Wandels in Ostdeutschland (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1994), 200-215; SEKIS: Selbsthilfe-Rundbrief 14, Selbsthilfe in Ost-Berlin (Berlin: Synanon International, 1990); Leuenberger, The Social Construction of Psychotherapy and Psychotherapists' Reconstruction of Socialism; see also Philip A. Mellor and Chris Shilling," Modernity, Self-Identity and the Sequestration of Death," Sociology 27/3 (1993): 431-441.
149. After the transition, the concept of identity was not only reconceptualized in psychotherapy but also in increasingly prevalent "self-help groups." According to East German self-help coordinators, East Germans lacked the individual characteristics (e.g., individual initiative, individual responsibility, self-confidence, self-reliance, and independence) necessary for "self-help" to be of use. They maintained that self-help groups illustrate the need to reconceptualize and re-make the individual and they provide an occasion in which to introduce and reinforce such new self-conceptions. See Michael Frese and Sabine Hilligloh, "Eigeninitiative am Arbeitsplatz im Osten und Westen Deutschlands: Ergebnisse einer empirischen Untersuchung," in Gisela Trommsdorff, editor, Psychologische Aspekte des sozio-politischen Wandels in Ostdeutschland (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1994), 200-215; SEKIS: Selbsthilfe-Rundbrief 14, Selbsthilfe in Ost-Berlin (Berlin: Synanon International, 1990); Leuenberger, The Social Construction of Psychotherapy and Psychotherapists' Reconstruction of Socialism; see also Philip A. Mellor and Chris Shilling," Modernity, Self-Identity and the Sequestration of Death," Sociology 27/3 (1993): 431-441.
150. For instance, therapists maintain that after 1989 early childhood experiences became increasingly important in analyzing trauma. Consequently after 1989 there was a remarkable increase in the diagnosis of early childhood disorders, see Hans-Joachim Maaz "Psychoanalyse im multimodalen Ansatz" in Diedrichs, editor, Psychoanalyse in Ostdeutschland, 1998: 107; Michael J. Froese, "Zur Wiederbelebung der analytischen Psychotherapie in der DDR," Forum der Psychoanalyse 15 (1999): 184. Therapists disagree as to why childhood disorders were diagnosed less before the transition. Some argue that the lack of psychoanalytic knowledge accounts for the "failure" to diagnose childhood traumas, whereas others argued that psychological factors were responsible for the inability to see these problems (such as a weak socialist "ego" meant such disorders did not surface or therapists themselves suffered from various psychological problems). These debates call for further investigations. For a discussion on the possible links between the importance placed on the private sphere in capitalism and the psychoanalytic emphasis on childhood as the locus for discovering the self, see Peter Berger, "Towards a Sociological Understanding of Psychoanalysis," Social Research 1 (1965): 26-41.
151. For instance, therapists maintain that after 1989 early childhood experiences became increasingly important in analyzing trauma. Consequently after 1989 there was a remarkable increase in the diagnosis of early childhood disorders, see Hans-Joachim Maaz "Psychoanalyse im multimodalen Ansatz" in Diedrichs, editor, Psychoanalyse in Ostdeutschland, 1998: 107; Michael J. Froese, "Zur Wiederbelebung der analytischen Psychotherapie in der DDR," Forum der Psychoanalyse 15 (1999): 184. Therapists disagree as to why childhood disorders were diagnosed less before the transition. Some argue that the lack of psychoanalytic knowledge accounts for the "failure" to diagnose childhood traumas, whereas others argued that psychological factors were responsible for the inability to see these problems (such as a weak socialist "ego" meant such disorders did not surface or therapists themselves suffered from various psychological problems). These debates call for further investigations. For a discussion on the possible links between the importance placed on the private sphere in capitalism and the psychoanalytic emphasis on childhood as the locus for discovering the self, see Peter Berger, "Towards a Sociological Understanding of Psychoanalysis," Social Research 1 (1965): 26-41.
152. For instance, therapists maintain that after 1989 early childhood experiences became increasingly important in analyzing trauma. Consequently after 1989 there was a remarkable increase in the diagnosis of early childhood disorders, see Hans-Joachim Maaz "Psychoanalyse im multimodalen Ansatz" in Diedrichs, editor, Psychoanalyse in Ostdeutschland, 1998: 107; Michael J. Froese, "Zur Wiederbelebung der analytischen Psychotherapie in der DDR," Forum der Psychoanalyse 15 (1999): 184. Therapists disagree as to why childhood disorders were diagnosed less before the transition. Some argue that the lack of psychoanalytic knowledge accounts for the "failure" to diagnose childhood traumas, whereas others argued that psychological factors were responsible for the inability to see these problems (such as a weak socialist "ego" meant such disorders did not surface or therapists themselves suffered from various psychological problems). These debates call for further investigations. For a discussion on the possible links between the importance placed on the private sphere in capitalism and the psychoanalytic emphasis on childhood as the locus for discovering the self, see Peter Berger, "Towards a Sociological Understanding of Psychoanalysis," Social Research 1 (1965): 26-41.
153. Hans-Joachim Maaz, Gefuehlsstau: Ein Psychogramm der DDR (Berlin: Argon, 1990);
154. Hans-Joachim Maaz, Das Gestuerzte Volk: Die Verunglueckte Einheit (Berlin: Argon, 1991).
155. The psychoanalytic pathologising of the East German past was part of the short-term response by psychotherapists to the transition. In the long term East German psychotherapists became more cautious about " pathologising" East German society as what they perceived to be the "Golden West" has not turned out to be as immaculate as they may have expected. Also discrediting psychoanalytic accounts of East German society became increasingly seen as justifying the imposition of West German standards in all spheres of social and institutional life. Consequently East German therapists increasingly pathologised "Western" life-styles and maintained that unification revealed pathologies in the West as well as in the East. See, e.g. Heinz Hennig, "Der Mensch im Spannungsfeld zwischen Mangel und Konsum," Psychosozial: Ossis und Wessis: Psychogramm deutscher Befindlichkeiten 59 (1995): 59-70; Thomas Krauss and Angelika Faas, "The Wall: On the Psychology of the Reunification of Germany," Contemporary Family Therapy 16/3 (1994):199-213; Michael L. Moeller, and Hans-Joachim Maaz, Die Einheit beginnt zu zweit: Ein deutsch-deutsches Zwiegespraech (Berlin: Rowohlt, 1993); Gerd Meyer, "Zwischen Autoritarismus und Demokratie. Persoenlichkeitsstrukturen in postkommunistischen Gesellschaften," Psychosozial: Geschichte ist ein Teil von uns 67 (1997): 93-108; Alison Lewis "Unity Begins Together: Analyzing the Trauma of German Unification," New German Critique 64 (1995):135-159.
156. The psychoanalytic pathologising of the East German past was part of the short-term response by psychotherapists to the transition. In the long term East German psychotherapists became more cautious about " pathologising" East German society as what they perceived to be the "Golden West" has not turned out to be as immaculate as they may have expected. Also discrediting psychoanalytic accounts of East German society became increasingly seen as justifying the imposition of West German standards in all spheres of social and institutional life. Consequently East German therapists increasingly pathologised "Western" life-styles and maintained that unification revealed pathologies in the West as well as in the East. See, e.g. Heinz Hennig, "Der Mensch im Spannungsfeld zwischen Mangel und Konsum," Psychosozial: Ossis und Wessis: Psychogramm deutscher Befindlichkeiten 59 (1995): 59-70; Thomas Krauss and Angelika Faas, "The Wall: On the Psychology of the Reunification of Germany," Contemporary Family Therapy 16/3 (1994):199-213; Michael L. Moeller, and Hans-Joachim Maaz, Die Einheit beginnt zu zweit: Ein deutsch-deutsches Zwiegespraech (Berlin: Rowohlt, 1993); Gerd Meyer, "Zwischen Autoritarismus und Demokratie. Persoenlichkeitsstrukturen in postkommunistischen Gesellschaften," Psychosozial: Geschichte ist ein Teil von uns 67 (1997): 93-108; Alison Lewis "Unity Begins Together: Analyzing the Trauma of German Unification," New German Critique 64 (1995):135-159.
157. The psychoanalytic pathologising of the East German past was part of the short-term response by psychotherapists to the transition. In the long term East German psychotherapists became more cautious about " pathologising" East German society as what they perceived to be the "Golden West" has not turned out to be as immaculate as they may have expected. Also discrediting psychoanalytic accounts of East German society became increasingly seen as justifying the imposition of West German standards in all spheres of social and institutional life. Consequently East German therapists increasingly pathologised "Western" life-styles and maintained that unification revealed pathologies in the West as well as in the East. See, e.g. Heinz Hennig, "Der Mensch im Spannungsfeld zwischen Mangel und Konsum," Psychosozial: Ossis und Wessis: Psychogramm deutscher Befindlichkeiten 59 (1995): 59-70; Thomas Krauss and Angelika Faas, "The Wall: On the Psychology of the Reunification of Germany," Contemporary Family Therapy 16/3 (1994):199-213; Michael L. Moeller, and Hans-Joachim Maaz, Die Einheit beginnt zu zweit: Ein deutsch-deutsches Zwiegespraech (Berlin: Rowohlt, 1993); Gerd Meyer, "Zwischen Autoritarismus und Demokratie. Persoenlichkeitsstrukturen in postkommunistischen Gesellschaften," Psychosozial: Geschichte ist ein Teil von uns 67 (1997): 93-108; Alison Lewis "Unity Begins Together: Analyzing the Trauma of German Unification," New German Critique 64 (1995):135-159.
158. The psychoanalytic pathologising of the East German past was part of the short-term response by psychotherapists to the transition. In the long term East German psychotherapists became more cautious about " pathologising" East German society as what they perceived to be the "Golden West" has not turned out to be as immaculate as they may have expected. Also discrediting psychoanalytic accounts of East German society became increasingly seen as justifying the imposition of West German standards in all spheres of social and institutional life. Consequently East German therapists increasingly pathologised "Western" life-styles and maintained that unification revealed pathologies in the West as well as in the East. See, e.g. Heinz Hennig, "Der Mensch im Spannungsfeld zwischen Mangel und Konsum," Psychosozial: Ossis und Wessis: Psychogramm deutscher Befindlichkeiten 59 (1995): 59-70; Thomas Krauss and Angelika Faas, "The Wall: On the Psychology of the Reunification of Germany," Contemporary Family Therapy 16/3 (1994):199-213; Michael L. Moeller, and Hans-Joachim Maaz, Die Einheit beginnt zu zweit: Ein deutsch-deutsches Zwiegespraech (Berlin: Rowohlt, 1993); Gerd Meyer, "Zwischen Autoritarismus und Demokratie. Persoenlichkeitsstrukturen in postkommunistischen Gesellschaften," Psychosozial: Geschichte ist ein Teil von uns 67 (1997): 93-108; Alison Lewis "Unity Begins Together: Analyzing the Trauma of German Unification," New German Critique 64 (1995):135-159.
159. The psychoanalytic pathologising of the East German past was part of the short-term response by psychotherapists to the transition. In the long term East German psychotherapists became more cautious about " pathologising" East German society as what they perceived to be the "Golden West" has not turned out to be as immaculate as they may have expected. Also discrediting psychoanalytic accounts of East German society became increasingly seen as justifying the imposition of West German standards in all spheres of social and institutional life. Consequently East German therapists increasingly pathologised "Western" life-styles and maintained that unification revealed pathologies in the West as well as in the East. See, e.g. Heinz Hennig, "Der Mensch im Spannungsfeld zwischen Mangel und Konsum," Psychosozial: Ossis und Wessis: Psychogramm deutscher Befindlichkeiten 59 (1995): 59-70; Thomas Krauss and Angelika Faas, "The Wall: On the Psychology of the Reunification of Germany," Contemporary Family Therapy 16/3 (1994):199-213; Michael L. Moeller, and Hans-Joachim Maaz, Die Einheit beginnt zu zweit: Ein deutsch-deutsches Zwiegespraech (Berlin: Rowohlt, 1993); Gerd Meyer, "Zwischen Autoritarismus und Demokratie. Persoenlichkeitsstrukturen in postkommunistischen Gesellschaften," Psychosozial: Geschichte ist ein Teil von uns 67 (1997): 93-108; Alison Lewis "Unity Begins Together: Analyzing the Trauma of German Unification," New German Critique 64 (1995):135-159.
160. In Der Zusammenbruch der DDR (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1993) Hans Joas and Martin Koehli (editors) point out that there is a whole range of explanations commonly given for the fall of socialism such as: the increasing predominance of social movements; political reforms in the Soviet union; problems in the East German political or economic organization; as well as psychological factors. A psychological account thus presents one of many possible accounts of the demise of socialism.
161. Thomas Luckmann, Rekonstruktive Gattungen. University of Konstanz. Unpublished manuscript, 1990.
162. Therapists maintained that after 1989 psychological issues became increasingly dominant in mass culture (e.g. the media) contributing to a "psychoboom." Thus the build-up of psychological services may concur with the diffusion of psychological knowledge in society. See Angela Schorr, "Psychology and the Media in Germany" in Angela Schorr and Salli Saari, editors, Psychology in Europe (Goettingen: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers, 1995): 205-237.
163. Peter Winch, The Idea of a Social Science (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1958); Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1953).
164. Peter Winch, The Idea of a Social Science (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1958); Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1953).
165. Thomas Hughes, "The Seamless Web: Technology, Science, Etcetera, Etcetera," Social Studies of Science 19 (1986): 281-292.
166. How socialist psychological concepts were drawn upon in clifferent areas of social life (e.g. education, the workplace, military psychology and psychiatry, criminology and psychiatry) is a matter for further investigation. See Greg Eghigan, "The Reconstructed Individual: A Cultural History of the Psychological Self in the Two Germanies, 1945-1989" Project Statement. Unpublished, 1998.
167. Nikolas Rose, "Individualizing Psychology," 119-132, 1992.
168. Nikolas Rose, "Individualizing Psychology," 130, 1992.
169. See also Susanne Kirschner, "The Assenting Echo: Anglo-American Values in Contemporary Psychoanalytic Developmental Psychology" Social Research 57/4 (1990): 821-857.
170. Thomas Kuhn The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).