The American "colonization" of Northwest European social psychology after World War II

Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences

Volumn 33, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 349-363

  Van Strien, Pieter J ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0346540840     PISSN: 00225061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6696(199723)33:4<349::AID-JHBS1>3.0.CO;2-K     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Alexandre Métraux, "Die Methodenstreit und die Amerikanisierung der Psychologie in der Bundesrepublik 1950-1970," in Geschichte der deutschen Psychologie im 20. Jahrhundert, Mitchell G. Ash and Ulfried Center, eds. (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1985), 225-251; Carl F. Graumann, "Die Amerikanisierungshypothese," unpublished paper, 39th Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie, Hamburg 25-29 Sept. 1994; Pieter J. van Strien, "Die Rezeption der deutschen Psychologie in den Niederlanden," in Psychologiegeschichte Heute, Angela Schorr & Ernst G. Wehner, eds. (Göttingen: Hogrefe, 1990), 261-274; Mel van Elteren, "Psychology and Sociology of Work in the Netherlands within the Anglo-American Orbit," in Dutch-American Relations 1945-1969. A Partnership - Illusions and Facts, Hans Loeber, Ed. (Assen: Van Gorcum, 1992), 153-178.
2. Alexandre Métraux, "Die Methodenstreit und die Amerikanisierung der Psychologie in der Bundesrepublik 1950-1970," in Geschichte der deutschen Psychologie im 20. Jahrhundert, Mitchell G. Ash and Ulfried Center, eds. (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1985), 225-251; Carl F. Graumann, "Die Amerikanisierungshypothese," unpublished paper, 39th Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie, Hamburg 25-29 Sept. 1994; Pieter J. van Strien, "Die Rezeption der deutschen Psychologie in den Niederlanden," in Psychologiegeschichte Heute, Angela Schorr & Ernst G. Wehner, eds. (Göttingen: Hogrefe, 1990), 261-274; Mel van Elteren, "Psychology and Sociology of Work in the Netherlands within the Anglo-American Orbit," in Dutch-American Relations 1945-1969. A Partnership - Illusions and Facts, Hans Loeber, Ed. (Assen: Van Gorcum, 1992), 153-178.
3. Alexandre Métraux, "Die Methodenstreit und die Amerikanisierung der Psychologie in der Bundesrepublik 1950-1970," in Geschichte der deutschen Psychologie im 20. Jahrhundert, Mitchell G. Ash and Ulfried Center, eds. (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1985), 225-251; Carl F. Graumann, "Die Amerikanisierungshypothese," unpublished paper, 39th Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie, Hamburg 25-29 Sept. 1994; Pieter J. van Strien, "Die Rezeption der deutschen Psychologie in den Niederlanden," in Psychologiegeschichte Heute, Angela Schorr & Ernst G. Wehner, eds. (Göttingen: Hogrefe, 1990), 261-274; Mel van Elteren, "Psychology and Sociology of Work in the Netherlands within the Anglo-American Orbit," in Dutch-American Relations 1945-1969. A Partnership - Illusions and Facts, Hans Loeber, Ed. (Assen: Van Gorcum, 1992), 153-178.
4. Alexandre Métraux, "Die Methodenstreit und die Amerikanisierung der Psychologie in der Bundesrepublik 1950-1970," in Geschichte der deutschen Psychologie im 20. Jahrhundert, Mitchell G. Ash and Ulfried Center, eds. (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1985), 225-251; Carl F. Graumann, "Die Amerikanisierungshypothese," unpublished paper, 39th Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie, Hamburg 25-29 Sept. 1994; Pieter J. van Strien, "Die Rezeption der deutschen Psychologie in den Niederlanden," in Psychologiegeschichte Heute, Angela Schorr & Ernst G. Wehner, eds. (Göttingen: Hogrefe, 1990), 261-274; Mel van Elteren, "Psychology and Sociology of Work in the Netherlands within the Anglo-American Orbit," in Dutch-American Relations 1945-1969. A Partnership - Illusions and Facts, Hans Loeber, Ed. (Assen: Van Gorcum, 1992), 153-178.
5. Serge Moscovici, "Quelles Histoires? Canadian Psychology 33 (1992): 540-547.
6. There is a parallel between my characterization of (neo-)colonialization and the notion of cultural imperialism as used in: John Tomlinson, Cultural Imperialism (London: Pinter, 1991).
7. See on the Americanization of social sciences in general: Peter T. Manicas, A History & Philosophy of the Social Sciences (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987), ch. 11, and of social psychology in particular: Robert M. Farr, The Roots of Modern Social Psychology (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996).
8. See on the Americanization of social sciences in general: Peter T. Manicas, A History & Philosophy of the Social Sciences (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987), ch. 11, and of social psychology in particular: Robert M. Farr, The Roots of Modern Social Psychology (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996).
9. Carl F. Graumann, "The individualization of the social and the desocialisation of the individual: Floyd H. Allport's contribution to social psychology," in Changing Conceptions of Crowd Mind and Behavior, C. F. Graumann and S. Moscovici, eds. (New York: Springer, 1986), 97-116.
10. Walther Moede, Experimentelle Massenpsychologie: Beiträge zur Experimentalpsychologie der Gruppe (Leipzig: Hirzel, 1920).
11. Floyd H. Allport, "The Influence of the Group upon Association and Thought," Journal of Experimental Psychology 3 (1920): 159-182. Allport's attention was drawn to Moede's work by Hugo Münsterberg, who had been in touch with Moede during his stay at Berlin as a visiting professor in 1910/11.
12. Gordon W. Allport, "The Historical Background of Social Psychology," in The Handbook of Social Psychology, Gardner Lindzey and Elliot Aronson, eds. (New York: Random House, 1985), 1-46 (first edition: Gardner Lindzey, ed., 1954). Though acknowledging the European origins of social psychology, Allport dealt with them, as Franz Samelson has shown, in a rather "whiggish" way, thus creating an "origin myth." See Franz Samelson, "History, Origin, Myth and Ideology: 'Comic's Discovery of Social Psychology'," Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 4 (1974): 217-231.
13. Gordon W. Allport, "The Historical Background of Social Psychology," in The Handbook of Social Psychology, Gardner Lindzey and Elliot Aronson, eds. (New York: Random House, 1985), 1-46 (first edition: Gardner Lindzey, ed., 1954). Though acknowledging the European origins of social psychology, Allport dealt with them, as Franz Samelson has shown, in a rather "whiggish" way, thus creating an "origin myth." See Franz Samelson, "History, Origin, Myth and Ideology: 'Comic's Discovery of Social Psychology'," Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 4 (1974): 217-231.
14. Reference to early work before Triplett in: Hilary Haines and Graham M. Vaughan, "Was 1898 a 'Great Date' in the History of Experimental Social Psychology?" Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 15 (1979): 323-332, and in: John B. Rijsman, "How European is Social Psychology in Europe?" in European Perspectives in Psychology, Pieter J. D. Drenth, Joseph A. Sergeant and Roel J. Takens, eds. (Chicester: Wiley, 1990), 169-181. On the early French investigations conducted by Binet and his group in particular see: Erika Apfelbaum, "Origines de la psychologie sociale en France; Developements souterrains et discipline méconnue," Revue francaise de Sociologie 22 (1981): 397-407; on early German work see Graumann, "The Individualization."
15. Reference to early work before Triplett in: Hilary Haines and Graham M. Vaughan, "Was 1898 a 'Great Date' in the History of Experimental Social Psychology?" Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 15 (1979): 323-332, and in: John B. Rijsman, "How European is Social Psychology in Europe?" in European Perspectives in Psychology, Pieter J. D. Drenth, Joseph A. Sergeant and Roel J. Takens, eds. (Chicester: Wiley, 1990), 169-181. On the early French investigations conducted by Binet and his group in particular see: Erika Apfelbaum, "Origines de la psychologie sociale en France; Developements souterrains et discipline méconnue," Revue francaise de Sociologie 22 (1981): 397-407; on early German work see Graumann, "The Individualization."
16. Reference to early work before Triplett in: Hilary Haines and Graham M. Vaughan, "Was 1898 a 'Great Date' in the History of Experimental Social Psychology?" Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 15 (1979): 323-332, and in: John B. Rijsman, "How European is Social Psychology in Europe?" in European Perspectives in Psychology, Pieter J. D. Drenth, Joseph A. Sergeant and Roel J. Takens, eds. (Chicester: Wiley, 1990), 169-181. On the early French investigations conducted by Binet and his group in particular see: Erika Apfelbaum, "Origines de la psychologie sociale en France; Developements souterrains et discipline méconnue," Revue francaise de Sociologie 22 (1981): 397-407; on early German work see Graumann, "The Individualization."
17. Reference to early work before Triplett in: Hilary Haines and Graham M. Vaughan, "Was 1898 a 'Great Date' in the History of Experimental Social Psychology?" Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 15 (1979): 323-332, and in: John B. Rijsman, "How European is Social Psychology in Europe?" in European Perspectives in Psychology, Pieter J. D. Drenth, Joseph A. Sergeant and Roel J. Takens, eds. (Chicester: Wiley, 1990), 169-181. On the early French investigations conducted by Binet and his group in particular see: Erika Apfelbaum, "Origines de la psychologie sociale en France; Developements souterrains et discipline méconnue," Revue francaise de Sociologie 22 (1981): 397-407; on early German work see Graumann, "The Individualization."
18. See Wolfgang Schmidbauer, "Der Weg zu Lewin; von der Massenpsychologie zur Gruppendynamik," in Geschichte der Psychologie, Band 2: Entwicklungslinien zur wissenschaftlichen Psychologie, Heinrich Balmer, ed. (Weinheim: Beiz, 1982), 213-247, and also Gustav Jahoda Crossroads between Culture and Mind: Continuities and Change in Theories of Human Nature (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), Part 3, and Gustav Jahoda, "Wilhelm Wundt's Völkerpsychologie," in A Pictorial History of Psychology, Wolfgang G. Bringmann, Helmut E. Lück, Rudolf Miller and Charles E. Earley, eds. (Chicago: Quintessence, 1997), 148-152.
19. See Wolfgang Schmidbauer, "Der Weg zu Lewin; von der Massenpsychologie zur Gruppendynamik," in Geschichte der Psychologie, Band 2: Entwicklungslinien zur wissenschaftlichen Psychologie, Heinrich Balmer, ed. (Weinheim: Beiz, 1982), 213-247, and also Gustav Jahoda Crossroads between Culture and Mind: Continuities and Change in Theories of Human Nature (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), Part 3, and Gustav Jahoda, "Wilhelm Wundt's Völkerpsychologie," in A Pictorial History of Psychology, Wolfgang G. Bringmann, Helmut E. Lück, Rudolf Miller and Charles E. Earley, eds. (Chicago: Quintessence, 1997), 148-152.
20. See Wolfgang Schmidbauer, "Der Weg zu Lewin; von der Massenpsychologie zur Gruppendynamik," in Geschichte der Psychologie, Band 2: Entwicklungslinien zur wissenschaftlichen Psychologie, Heinrich Balmer, ed. (Weinheim: Beiz, 1982), 213-247, and also Gustav Jahoda Crossroads between Culture and Mind: Continuities and Change in Theories of Human Nature (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), Part 3, and Gustav Jahoda, "Wilhelm Wundt's Völkerpsychologie," in A Pictorial History of Psychology, Wolfgang G. Bringmann, Helmut E. Lück, Rudolf Miller and Charles E. Earley, eds. (Chicago: Quintessence, 1997), 148-152.
21. Helmut E. Lück, "A Historical Perspective on Social Psychological Theories," in Issues in Contemporary German Social Psychology: Histories, Theories and Applications, Gün R. Semin and Barbara Krahé, eds. (London: Sage, 1987), 16-35.
22. Rolf O. Kroger and Linda A. Wood, "Whatever Happened to Language in Social Psychology?" Canadian Psychology 33 (1992): 584-594.
23. Japp van Ginneken, Crowds, Psychology and Politics 1871-1899 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
24. Sigmund Freud, Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse (Leipzig: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag, 1921). See also Schmidbauer, Weg zu Lewin, for an analysis of the contribution of psychoanalysis to social psychology.
25. Sigmund Freud, Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse (Leipzig: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag, 1921). See also Schmidbauer, Weg zu Lewin, for an analysis of the contribution of psychoanalysis to social psychology.
26. Well known examples are: José Ortega Y Gasset, La Rebellion de las Massas (Madrid: Revista de Occidente, 1929), and Kurt Baschwitz, Du und die Masse: Studien zu einer Exahten Massenpsychologie (Amsterdam: Feikema, 1938).
27. Well known examples are: José Ortega Y Gasset, La Rebellion de las Massas (Madrid: Revista de Occidente, 1929), and Kurt Baschwitz, Du und die Masse: Studien zu einer Exahten Massenpsychologie (Amsterdam: Feikema, 1938).
28. Martin Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research, 1923-1950 (London: Heinemann, 1973).
29. See Paul A. Robinson, The Freudian Left: Wilhelm Reich, Geza Roheim, Herbert Marcuse (New York: Harper & Row, 1969).
30. Theodor W. Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel J. Levinson, and R. Nevitt Sanford, The Authoritarian Personality (New York: Harper, 1950); the title of the "European precursor" of this study is Max Horkheimer, Erich Fromm, and Herbert Marcuse, Studien über Autoritët und Familie: Forschungsberichte aus dem Institut für Sozialforschung (Paris: Alcan, 1936).
31. Theodor W. Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel J. Levinson, and R. Nevitt Sanford, The Authoritarian Personality (New York: Harper, 1950); the title of the "European precursor" of this study is Max Horkheimer, Erich Fromm, and Herbert Marcuse, Studien über Autoritët und Familie: Forschungsberichte aus dem Institut für Sozialforschung (Paris: Alcan, 1936).
32. Gordon W. Allport, "Six Decades of Social Psychology," in Higher Education in Social Psychology, Sven Lundstedt, ed. (Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University Press, 1968), 9-20. To be fair to Allport, it should be mentioned that he dealt more extensively with The Authoritarian Personality of Adorno et al. (1950) in his, The Nature of Prejudice (Cambridge, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1954)
33. Gordon W. Allport, "Six Decades of Social Psychology," in Higher Education in Social Psychology, Sven Lundstedt, ed. (Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University Press, 1968), 9-20. To be fair to Allport, it should be mentioned that he dealt more extensively with The Authoritarian Personality of Adorno et al. (1950) in his, The Nature of Prejudice (Cambridge, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1954)
34. . 20. Karl P. Kisker, "Phänomenologie der Intersubjectivität," in Handbuch der Psychologie, Band 7, Hlbd.1, Sozialpsychologie, Carl F. Graumann, Ed. (Göttingen: Hogrefe, 1969), 81-132.
35. Georg Simmel, Soziologie: Untersuchungen über die Formen der Vergesellschaftung (Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1908); Ralph Limon, The Study of Man: An Introduction (New York: Appleton-Century, 1936).
36. Georg Simmel, Soziologie: Untersuchungen über die Formen der Vergesellschaftung (Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1908); Ralph Limon, The Study of Man: An Introduction (New York: Appleton-Century, 1936).
37. Jacob L. Moreno, Who Shall Survive? A New Approach to the Problem of Human Interrelations (Washington, DC: Nervous And Mental Disease Publishing Co., 1934).
38. See Elfride Höhn and Gerhard Seidel, "Soziometrie," in Sozialpsychologie, Graumann, Ed., 375-397.
39. See M. Jahoda, P. F. Lazarsfeld and H. Zeizel, Die Arbeitslosen von Marienthal: Ein Soziographischer Versuch über die Wirkungen Langdauernder Arbeitslosigkeit, mit einem Anhang zur Geschichte der Soziographie (Allensbach: Verlag für Demoskopie, 1933).
40. See Almuth Bruder-Bezzel, Die Geschichte der Individualpsychologie (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1991).
41. F. C. Bartlett, "Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology" (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1932).
42. 33 (1992): 633-639.
43. Serge Moscovici, The Invention of Society: Psychological Explanations for Social Phenomena (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993).
44. A description of this reorientation can be found in: Trudy Dehue, "Transforming Psychology in the Netherlands: Why Methodology Changes," History of the Human Sciences 4 (1991): 335-349, and in Pieter J. van Strien, "Transforming Psychology in the Netherlands II: Audiences, Alliances and the Dynamics of Change," History of the Human Sciences 4 (1991): 351-369. See also the book on the history of psychology in the Netherlands by the latter author, Nederlandse Psychologen en hun Publiek: een contextuele geschiedenis (Assen: Van Gorcum, 1993).
45. A description of this reorientation can be found in: Trudy Dehue, "Transforming Psychology in the Netherlands: Why Methodology Changes," History of the Human Sciences 4 (1991): 335-349, and in Pieter J. van Strien, "Transforming Psychology in the Netherlands II: Audiences, Alliances and the Dynamics of Change," History of the Human Sciences 4 (1991): 351-369. See also the book on the history of psychology in the Netherlands by the latter author, Nederlandse Psychologen en hun Publiek: een contextuele geschiedenis (Assen: Van Gorcum, 1993).
46. A description of this reorientation can be found in: Trudy Dehue, "Transforming Psychology in the Netherlands: Why Methodology Changes," History of the Human Sciences 4 (1991): 335-349, and in Pieter J. van Strien, "Transforming Psychology in the Netherlands II: Audiences, Alliances and the Dynamics of Change," History of the Human Sciences 4 (1991): 351-369. See also the book on the history of psychology in the Netherlands by the latter author, Nederlandse Psychologen en hun Publiek: een contextuele geschiedenis (Assen: Van Gorcum, 1993).
47. I again wish to thank again the students of the Groningen doctoral program, "Foundations and History of Psychology," who executed the tedious tallying for me. For a further account of the methodology followed, see: Pieter J. van Strien, "De Nederlandse psychologie in het internationale krachtenveld," De psycholoog 23 (1988): 575-586 (reprinted in a slightly revised version in van Strien, Nederlandse psychologen, Chapter 8), and Pieter J. van Strien, "Die Rezeption der deutschen Psychologie in den Niederlanden," in Psychologiegeschichte Heute, Schorr and Wehner, eds., 261-274.
48. I again wish to thank again the students of the Groningen doctoral program, "Foundations and History of Psychology," who executed the tedious tallying for me. For a further account of the methodology followed, see: Pieter J. van Strien, "De Nederlandse psychologie in het internationale krachtenveld," De psycholoog 23 (1988): 575-586 (reprinted in a slightly revised version in van Strien, Nederlandse psychologen, Chapter 8), and Pieter J. van Strien, "Die Rezeption der deutschen Psychologie in den Niederlanden," in Psychologiegeschichte Heute, Schorr and Wehner, eds., 261-274.
49. I again wish to thank again the students of the Groningen doctoral program, "Foundations and History of Psychology," who executed the tedious tallying for me. For a further account of the methodology followed, see: Pieter J. van Strien, "De Nederlandse psychologie in het internationale krachtenveld," De psycholoog 23 (1988): 575-586 (reprinted in a slightly revised version in van Strien, Nederlandse psychologen, Chapter 8), and Pieter J. van Strien, "Die Rezeption der deutschen Psychologie in den Niederlanden," in Psychologiegeschichte Heute, Schorr and Wehner, eds., 261-274.
50. By taking the number of foreign citations, and not the total number of citations as denominator, differences due to the greatly varying proportion of Dutch citations were eliminated. English-language publications by Dutch psychologists were disregarded; they do not represent foreign influences.
51. Alexandre Métraux, "Methodenstreit," 229. Métraux in his turn has taken these figures from Erich Mittenecker, "Die Wiederentwicklung der deutschsprachigen experimentellen Psychologie nach dem Krieg - ein persönlicher Rückblick," in Fortschritte der Experimentalpsychologie; Hamburger Mittagvorlesungen 1983, K. Pevlik, Ed. (Berlin: Springer), 4-19.
52. Alexandre Métraux, "Methodenstreit," 229. Métraux in his turn has taken these figures from Erich Mittenecker, "Die Wiederentwicklung der deutschsprachigen experimentellen Psychologie nach dem Krieg - ein persönlicher Rückblick," in Fortschritte der Experimentalpsychologie; Hamburger Mittagvorlesungen 1983, K. Pevlik, Ed. (Berlin: Springer), 4-19.
53. Franciscus J. Th. Rutten, "Sociale Psychologie in Nederland," Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie 13 (1958): 89-110.
54. Handbook of Social Psychology, Carl A. Murchison, ed. (Worcester, MA: Clark University Press, 1935).
55. S. Zwanenburg, Sociale Psychologie (Utrecht: Oosthoek, 1927).
56. Carl A. Mennicke, Sociale Psychologie (Utrecht: Bijleveld, 1935).
57. Kurt Baschwitz, Denkend Mensch en Menigte, Johann Schotman, Trans. ('s Gravenhage: Leopold, 1945).
58. The European Journal of Social Psychology was not founded until 1971.
59. Alphonsus M. J. Chorus, Grondslagen der Sociale Psychologie (Leiden: Stenfert Kroese, 1953); Antoine Oldendorff, De Psychologie van het Sociale Leven (Utrecht: Bijleveld, 1953).
60. Alphonsus M. J. Chorus, Grondslagen der Sociale Psychologie (Leiden: Stenfert Kroese, 1953); Antoine Oldendorff, De Psychologie van het Sociale Leven (Utrecht: Bijleveld, 1953).
61. Alphonsus M. J. Chorus, "Wijsgerige en Nationale Krachtlijnen in de Ontwikkeling van de Psychologie," Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie 15 (1960): 85-110.
62. Géza Révész, "Hoe kan de Europese psychologie haar plaats tegenover de Amerikaanse supprematie handhaven?" Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie 6 (1951): 445-150.
63. Only in approximately 1% of the 1342 references did it appear not possible to trace the national origin of the author (mainly citations of older or unpublished work).
64. An exposition of the model of the historical dynamics of science to which this phrase refers can be found in: Pieter J. van Strien, "The Historical Practice of Theory Construction," in: Annals of Theoretical Psychology, vol. 8, Theory and History, Hans V. Rappard, Pieter J. van Strien, Leendert P. Mos and William J. Baker, eds. (New York: Plenum, 1993), 149-228.
65. An exposition of the model of the historical dynamics of science to which this phrase refers can be found in: Pieter J. van Strien, "The Historical Practice of Theory Construction," in: Annals of Theoretical Psychology, vol. 8, Theory and History, Hans V. Rappard, Pieter J. van Strien, Leendert P. Mos and William J. Baker, eds. (New York: Plenum, 1993), 149-228.
66. Mel van Elteren, "Between Raising Labour-Productivity and Morality. A History of the Reception of the Human Relations Approach in Dutch Industry, 1945-1960," unpublished paper, Cheiron Europe, meetings 2-7 September 1987; see also van Elteren, "Anglo-American Orbit."
67. Mel van Elteren, "Between Raising Labour-Productivity and Morality. A History of the Reception of the Human Relations Approach in Dutch Industry, 1945-1960," unpublished paper, Cheiron Europe, meetings 2-7 September 1987; see also van Elteren, "Anglo-American Orbit."
68. See Kurt Danziger, "The Project of an Experimental Social Psychology," Science in Context 5 (1992): 309-349.
69. See van Elteren, "Anglo-American Orbit."
70. See Gustav Jahoda and Serge Moscovici, "European Association of Experimental Social Psychology," Social Science Information 6 (1967): 297-305, and Henri Tajfel, "Some Developments in European Social Psychology," European Journal of Social Psychology 2 (1972): 307-322. On the crucial role of John T. Lanzetta in the building of a European network (the Sorrento Planning Committee) see: Jozef M. Nuttin, "In Memoriam John T. Lanzetta," European Journal of Social Psychology 20 (1990): 363-367.
71. See Gustav Jahoda and Serge Moscovici, "European Association of Experimental Social Psychology," Social Science Information 6 (1967): 297-305, and Henri Tajfel, "Some Developments in European Social Psychology," European Journal of Social Psychology 2 (1972): 307-322. On the crucial role of John T. Lanzetta in the building of a European network (the Sorrento Planning Committee) see: Jozef M. Nuttin, "In Memoriam John T. Lanzetta," European Journal of Social Psychology 20 (1990): 363-367.
72. See Gustav Jahoda and Serge Moscovici, "European Association of Experimental Social Psychology," Social Science Information 6 (1967): 297-305, and Henri Tajfel, "Some Developments in European Social Psychology," European Journal of Social Psychology 2 (1972): 307-322. On the crucial role of John T. Lanzetta in the building of a European network (the Sorrento Planning Committee) see: Jozef M. Nuttin, "In Memoriam John T. Lanzetta," European Journal of Social Psychology 20 (1990): 363-367.
73. Jos. Jaspars, "Form and Focus: A Personal View of European Social Psychology," European Journal of Social Psychology 16 (1986): 3-15 (the first quote is from 3, the second from 4, and the third from 6); the book to which he refers is: The Context of Social Psychology: A Critical Assessment, Joachim Israel and Henri Tajfel, eds. (London: Academic Press, 1972).
74. Jos. Jaspars, "Form and Focus: A Personal View of European Social Psychology," European Journal of Social Psychology 16 (1986): 3-15 (the first quote is from 3, the second from 4, and the third from 6); the book to which he refers is: The Context of Social Psychology: A Critical Assessment, Joachim Israel and Henri Tajfel, eds. (London: Academic Press, 1972).
75. Jaspars, "Form and Focus," 6.
76. Quoted after Rein van der Vegt, "Graduate Education in Social Psychology at the University of Utrecht," in Higher Education in Social Psychology, Lundstedt, ed., 165-172.
77. Jürgen Klüpfel, "Amerikanische Sozialpsychologie in Westeuropa nach dam Zweiten Weltkrieg," unpublished paper, Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie, Hamburg, 25-29 September 1994.
78. The quote is from a paper by James E. Alcock, "Social Psychology and the Importation of Values," unpublished paper. Canadian Psychological Association, Ottawa, June 1978, cited in Francis Cherry, The Stubborn Particulars of Social Psychology: Essays on the Research Process (London: Routledge, 1995), 85.
79. The quote is from a paper by James E. Alcock, "Social Psychology and the Importation of Values," unpublished paper. Canadian Psychological Association, Ottawa, June 1978, cited in Francis Cherry, The Stubborn Particulars of Social Psychology: Essays on the Research Process (London: Routledge, 1995), 85.
80. Examples are Helmut Nolte and Irmingard Staeuble, Zur Kritik der Sozialpsychologie (München: Hanser, 1972) and Reconstructing Social Psychology, Nigel Armistead, ed. (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1974).
81. Examples are Helmut Nolte and Irmingard Staeuble, Zur Kritik der Sozialpsychologie (München: Hanser, 1972) and Reconstructing Social Psychology, Nigel Armistead, ed. (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1974).
82. Figures quoted from Peter B. Smith and Michael Harris Bond Social Psychology Across Cultures: Analysis and Perspectives (New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993), 2. Smith & Bond's table shows that in the 1991 edition of Baron and Byrne the North American coverage has decreased to 95% and the European share has risen to 2%.
83. R. W. Meertens, A. J. Nederhof and H. A. M. Wilke "Social-Psychological Research in the Netherlands, 1980-1988," European Journal of Social Psychology 22 (1990): 93-100.
84. The national origin of about 1% of the cited authors could not be traced. Self-citations were disregarded and co-publications of American and non-American authors were counted one half each.
85. e.g. J. Rijsman "How European . . . ". For a plea for a European perspective in psychology in general see: Adriaan D. de Groot (pupil of Révész), "A European Perspective in Psychology," New Ideas in Psychology 13 (1995): 299-399.
86. e.g. J. Rijsman "How European . . . ". For a plea for a European perspective in psychology in general see: Adriaan D. de Groot (pupil of Révész), "A European Perspective in Psychology," New Ideas in Psychology 13 (1995): 299-399.
87. Carl F. Graumann, "History as Multiple Reconstruction: of Mainstreams, Tributaries and Undercurrents," in Contemporary German Social Psychology, Semin and Krahé, eds., 1-15; see also Carl F. Graumann, "Introduction to a History of Social Psychology," in Introduction to Social Psychology: A European Perspective, Miles Hewstone et al., eds. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988).
88. Carl F. Graumann, "History as Multiple Reconstruction: of Mainstreams, Tributaries and Undercurrents," in Contemporary German Social Psychology, Semin and Krahé, eds., 1-15; see also Carl F. Graumann, "Introduction to a History of Social Psychology," in Introduction to Social Psychology: A European Perspective, Miles Hewstone et al., eds. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988).
89. See for example Gary Collier, Henry L. Minton and Graham Reynolds, Currents of Thought in American Social Psychology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).