The role of stable and mobile carbon adspecies in copper-promoted graphene growth

Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Volumn 116, Issue 9, 2012, Pages 5802-5809

  Riikonen, S ^a   Krasheninnikov, A V ^a,b   Halonen, L ^a   Nieminen, R M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^b AALTO UNIVERSITY   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AU SURFACES; BONDING ORBITALS; CARBON ATOMS; CARBON DIMERS; CARBON MIGRATION; COMPETING PROCESS; COPPER FOILS; DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY CALCULATIONS; DIMER FORMATION; FASTER RATES; GRAPHENE GROWTH; SOLUBILITY LIMITS;

CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION; COPPER; ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE; GRAPHENE; GROWTH KINETICS; IRRADIATION; MONOLAYERS; VAPORS;

DIMERS;

EID: 84858133655     PISSN: 19327447     EISSN: 19327455     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jp211818s     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov, S. V.; Jiang, D.; Zhang, Y.; Dubonos, S. V.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Firsov, A. A. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films Science 2004, 306, 666-669
2. Geim, A. K.; Novoselov, K. S. The rise of graphene Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 183-191
3. Castro Neto, A. H.; Guinea, F.; Peres, N. M. R.; Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K. The electronic properties of graphene Rev. Mod. Phys. 2009, 81, 109-162
4. Li, X.; Cai, W.; An, J.; Kim, S.; Nah, J.; Yang, D.; Piner, R.; Velamakanni, A.; Jung, I.; Tutuc, E. Large-Area Synthesis of High-Quality and Uniform Graphene Films on Copper Foils Science 2009, 324, 1312-1314
5. Bae, S.; Kim, H.; Lee, Y.; Xu, X.; Park, J.-S.; Zheng, Y.; Balakrishnan, J.; Lei, T.; Ri Kim, H.; Song, Y. I. Roll-to-roll production of 30-in. graphene films for transparent electrodes Nat. Nanotechnol. 2010, 5, 574-578
6. Choucair, M.; Thordarson, P.; Stride, J. A. Gram-scale production of graphene based on solvothermal synthesis and sonication Nat. Nanotechnol. 2009, 4, 30-33
7. Hernandez, Y.; Nicolosi, V.; Lotya, M.; Blighe, F. M.; Sun, Z.; De, S.; McGovern, I. T.; Holland, B.; Byrne, M.; Gun'ko, Y. K. High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008, 3, 563-568
8. Berger, C.; Song, Z.; Li, X.; Wu, X.; Brown, N.; Naud, C.; Mayou, D.; Li, T.; Hass, J.; Marchenkov, A. N. Electronic confinement and coherence in patterned epitaxial graphene Science 2006, 312, 1191-1196
9. Sun, Z.; Yan, Z.; Yao, J.; Beitler, E.; Zhu, Y.; Tour, J. M. Growth of graphene from solid carbon sources Nature 2010, 468, 549-552
10. Kim, K. S.; Zhao, Y.; Jang, H.; Lee, S. Y.; Kim, J. M.; Kim, K. S.; Ahn, J.-H.; Kim, P.; Choi, J.-Y.; Hong, B. H. Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes Nature 2009, 457, 706-710
11. Eizenberg, M.; Blakely, J. M. Carbon monolayer phase condensation on Ni(111) Surf. Sci. 1979, 82, 228-236
12. Land, T.; Michely, T.; Behm, R.; Hemminger, J.; Comsa, G. STM investigation of single layer graphite structures produced on Pt(111) by hydrocarbon decomposition Surf. Sci. 1992, 264, 261-270
13. Eom, D.; Prezzi, D.; Rim, K. T.; Zhou, H.; Lefenfeld, M.; Xiao, S.; Nuckolls, C.; Hybertsen, M. S.; Heinz, T. F.; Flynn, G. W. Structure and Electronic Properties of Graphene Nanoislands on Co(0001) Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 2844-2848
14. Oznuluer, T.; Pince, E.; Polat, E. O.; Balci, O.; Salihoglu, O.; Kocabas, C. Synthesis of graphene on gold Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 98, 183101
15. Rodríguez-Manzo, J. A.; Pham-Huu, C.; Banhart, F. Graphene growth by a metal-catalyzed solid-state transformation of amorphous carbon ACS Nano 2011, 5, 1529-1534
16. Lahiri, J.; Miller, T. S.; Ross, A. J.; Adamska, L.; Oleynik, I. I.; Batzill, M. Graphene growth and stability at nickel surfaces New J. Phys. 2011, 13, 025001
17. Pletikosić, I.; Kralj, M.; Pervan, P.; Brako, R.; Coraux, J.; N'Diaye, A. T.; Busse, C.; Michely, T. Dirac cones and minigaps for graphene on Ir(111) Phys. Rev. Lett. 2009, 102, 056808
18. Banhart, F.; Kotakoski, J.; Krasheninnikov, A. V. Structural Defects in Graphene ACS Nano 2011, 5, 26-41
19. Yu, Q.; Jauregui, L. A.; Wu, W.; Colby, R.; Tian, J.; Su, Z.; Cao, H.; Liu, Z.; Pandey, D.; Wei, D. Control and characterization of individual grains and grain boundaries in graphene grown by chemical vapour deposition Nat. Mater. 2011, 10, 443-449
20. Wintterlin, J.; Bocquet, M.-L. Graphene on metal surfaces Surf. Sci. 2009, 603, 1841-1852
21. Dai, B.; Fu, L.; Zou, Z.; Wang, M.; Xu, H.; Wang, S.; Liu, Z. Rational design of a binary metal alloy for chemical vapour deposition growth of uniform single-layer graphene Nat. Commun. 2011, 2, 522
22. Saadi, S.; Abild-Pedersen, F.; Helveg, S.; Sehested, J.; Hinnemann, B.; Appel, C. C.; Nørskov, J. K. On the role of metal step-edges in graphene growth J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 11221-11227
23. Gao, J.; Yip, J.; Zhao, J.; Yakobson, B. I.; Ding, F. Graphene Nucleation on Transition Metal Surface: Structure transformation and role of the metal step edge J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 5009-5015
24. Chen, H.; Zhu, W.; Zhang, Z. Contrasting behavior of carbon nucleation in the initial stages of graphene epitaxial growth on stepped metal surfaces Phys. Rev. Lett. 2010, 104, 186101
25. Wesep, R. G. V.; Chen, H.; Zhu, W.; Zhang, Z. Communication: Stable carbon nanoarches in the initial stages of epitaxial growth of graphene on Cu(111) J. Chem. Phys. 2011, 134, 171105
26. Karoui, S.; Amara, H.; Bichara, C.; Ducastelle, F. Nickel-Assisted Healing of Defective Graphene ACS Nano 2010, 4, 6114-6120
27. Mattevi, C.; Kim, H.; Chhowalla, M. A review of chemical vapour deposition of graphene on copper J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 3324-3334
28. Rasool, H. I.; Song, E. B.; Allen, M. J.; Wassei, J. K.; Kaner, R. B.; Wang, K. L.; Weiller, B. H.; Gimzewski, J. K. Continuity of graphene on polycrystalline copper Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 251-256
29. Li, X.; Cai, W.; Colombo, L.; Ruoff, R. S. Evolution of graphene growth on Ni and Cu by carbon isotope labeling. Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 4268-4272, PMID: 19711970.
30. McCarty, K. F.; Feibelman, P. J.; Loginova, E.; Bartelt, N. C. Kinetics and thermodynamics of carbon segregation and graphene growth on Ru(0001) Carbon 2009, 47, 1806-1813
31. Yazyev, O. V.; Pasquarello, A. Effect of metal elements in catalytic growth of carbon nanotubes Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008, 100, 156102
32. Baraton, L.; He, Z.; Lee, C. S.; Maurice, J.-L.; Cojocaru, C. S.; Gourgues-Lorenzon, A.-F.; Lee, Y. H.; Pribat, D. Synthesis of few-layered graphene by ion implantation of carbon in nickel thin films Nanotechnology 2011, 22, 085601
33. Garaj, S.; Hubbard, W.; Golovchenko, J. A. Graphene synthesis by ion implantation Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010, 97, 183103
34. Bolotin, K., unpublished.
35. Martínez-Galera, A. J.; Brihuega, I.; Gómez- Rodríguez, J. M. Ethylene irradiation: a new route to grow graphene on low reactivity metals Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 3576-3580
36. Ellis, D. E.; Mundim, K. C.; Fuks, D.; Dorfman, S.; Berner, A. Interstitial carbon in copper: Electronic and mechanical properties Phil. Mag. B 2010, 79, 1615-1630
37. Jiang, D. E.; Carter, E. A. Carbon dissolution and diffusion in ferrite and austenite from first principles Phys. Rev. B 2003, 67, 214103
38. Riikonen, S.; Halonen, L. α-iron facet with enhanced carbon mobility Phys. Rev. B 2011, 83, 235423
39. Hammer, B. Special sites at noble and late transition metal catalysts Top. Catal. 2006, 37, 3-16
40. Kevan, S. D.; Gaylord, R. H. High-resolution photoemission study of the electronic structure of the noble-metal (111) surfaces Phys. Rev. B 1987, 36, 5809-5818
41. Euceda, A.; Bylander, D. M.; Kleinman, L. Self-consistent electronic structure of 6- and 18-layer Cu(111) films Phys. Rev. B 1983, 28, 528-534
42. Bengaard, H. S.; Nørskov, J. K.; Sehested, J.; Clausen, B. S.; Nielsen, L. P.; Molenbroek, A. M.; Rostrup-Nielsen, J. R. Steam reforming and graphite formation on Ni catalysts J. Catal. 2002, 209, 365-384
43. Helveg, S.; López-Cartes, C.; Sehested, J.; Hansen, P. L.; Clausen, B. S.; Rostrup-Nielsen, J. R.; Abild-Pedersen, F.; Nørskov, J. K. Atomic-scale imaging of carbon nanofibre growth Nature 2004, 427, 426-429
44. Abild-Pedersen, F.; Nørskov, J. K.; Rostrup-Nielsen, J. R.; Sehested, J.; Helveg, S. Mechanisms for catalytic carbon nanofiber growth studied by ab initio density functional theory calculations Phys. Rev. B 2006, 73, 115419
45. Loginova, E.; Bartelt, N. C.; Feibelman, P. J.; McCarty, K. F. Evidence for graphene growth by C cluster attachment New J. Phys. 2008, 10, 093026
46. Loginova, E.; Bartelt, N. C.; Feibelman, P. J.; McCarty, K. F. Factors influencing graphene growth on metal surfaces New J. Phys. 2009, 11, 063046
47. Amara, H.; Bichara, C.; Ducastelle, F. Understanding the nucleation mechanisms of carbon nanotubes in catalytic chemical vapor deposition Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008, 100, 056105
48. Begtrup, G. E.; Gannett, W.; Meyer, J. C.; Yuzvinsky, T. D.; Ertekin, E.; Grossman, J. C.; Zettl, A. Facets of nanotube synthesis: High-resolution transmission electron microscopy study and density functional theory calculations Phys. Rev. B 2009, 79, 205409
49. Riikonen, S.; Krasheninnikov, A. V.; Nieminen, R. M. Submonolayers of carbon on α - Fe facets: An ab initio study Phys. Rev. B 2010, 82, 125459
50. Monkhorst, H. J.; Pack, J. D. Special points for Brillouin-zone integrations Phys. Rev. B 1976, 13, 5188-5192
51. Kresse, G.; Hafner, J. Ab initio molecular dynamics for liquid metals Phys. Rev. B 1993, 47, 558-561
52. Kresse, G.; Furthmüller, J. Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set Phys. Rev. B 1996, 54, 11169-11186
53. Blöchl, P. E. Projector augmented-wave method Phys. Rev. B 1994, 50, 17953-17979
54. Perdew, J. P.; Burke, K.; Ernzerhof, M. Generalized gradient approximation made simple Phys. Rev. Lett. 1996, 77, 3865-3868
55. Methfessel, M.; Paxton, A. T. High-precision sampling for Brillouin-zone integration in metals Phys. Rev. B 1989, 40, 3616-3621
56. Henkelman, G.; Uberuaga, B. P.; Jónsson, H. A climbing image nudged elastic band method for finding saddle points and minimum energy paths J. Chem. Phys. 2000, 113, 9901-9904