Dietary calcium intake and risk of fracture and osteoporosis: Prospective longitudinal cohort study

BMJ

Volumn 342, Issue 7808, 2011, Pages

  Warensjö, Eva ^a   Byberg, Liisa ^a   Melhus, Håkan ^a   Gedeborg, Rolf ^a   Mallmin, Hans ^a   Wolk, Alicja ^b   Michaëlsson, Karl ^a  

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CALCIUM INTAKE; COHORT ANALYSIS; FRAGILITY FRACTURE; HIP FRACTURE; HUMAN; LONG TERM EXPOSURE; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; OSTEOPOROSIS; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION;

AGED; BONE DENSITY CONSERVATION AGENTS; CALCIUM, DIETARY; FEMALE; HIP FRACTURES; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL; OSTEOPOROTIC FRACTURES; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; SWEDEN; VITAMIN D;

EID: 84857962936     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17561833     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.d1473     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Cashman KD. Diet, nutrition, and bone health. J Nutr 2007;137(suppl 11):2507-12S.
2. NHS Choices. Vitamins and minerals: calcium. www.nhs.uk/conditions/ vitamins-minerals/pages/calcium.aspx
3. Anonymous. Nordic nutrition recommendations 2004. Integrating nutrition and physical activity. 4th ed. Nordic Council of Ministers, 2004.
4. Yates AA, Schlicker SA, Suitor CW. Dietary reference intakes: the new basis for recommendations for calcium and related nutrients, B vitamins, and choline. J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:699-706. (Pubitemid 28274882)
5. Department of Health and Ageing (Australia), National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), Ministry of Health (New Zealand). Nutrient reference values for Australia and New Zealand, including recommended dietary intakes. 2006. www.nhmrc.gov.au/-files-nhmrc/file/publications/synopses/n35.pdf
6. Tang BM, Eslick GD, Nowson C, Smith C, Bensoussan A. Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2007;370:657-66. (Pubitemid 47285316)
7. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Baron JA, Burckhardt P, Li R, Spiegelman D, et al. Calcium intake and hip fracture risk in men and women: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:1780-90. (Pubitemid 350232196)
8. Reid IR, Bolland MJ, Grey A. Effect of calcium supplementation on hip fractures. Osteoporos Int 2008;19:1119-23.
9. Cumming RG, Nevitt MC. Calcium for prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. J Bone Mineral Res 1997;12:1321-9. (Pubitemid 27375374)
10. Xu L, McElduff P, D'Este C, Attia J. Does dietary calcium have a protective effect on bone fractures in women? A meta-analysis of observational studies. Br J Nutr 2004;91:625-34. (Pubitemid 38584787)
11. Larsson SC, Bergkvist L, Wolk A. Long-term dietary calcium intake and breast cancer risk in a prospective cohort of women. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:277-82.
12. Calltorp J, Adami HO, Astrom H, Fryklund L, Rossner S, Trolle Y, et al. Country profile: Sweden. Lancet 1996;347:587-94.
13. Gedeborg R, Engquist H, Berglund L, Michaelsson K. Identification of incident injuries in hospital discharge registers. Epidemiology 2008;19:860-7.
14. Kanis JA. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: synopsis of a WHO report. WHO Study Group. Osteoporos Int 1994;4:368-81.
15. Melhus H, Snellman G, Gedeborg R, Byberg L, Berglund L, Mallmin H, et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and fracture risk in a community-based cohort of elderly men in Sweden. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:2637-45.
16. Larsson SC, Bergkvist L, Wolk A. Long-term meat intake and risk of breast cancer by oestrogen and progesterone receptor status in a cohort of Swedish women. Eur J Cancer 2009;45:3042-6.
17. Larsson SC, Bergkvist L, Wolk A. Conjugated linoleic acid intake and breast cancer risk in a prospective cohort of Swedish women. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90:556-60.
18. Bergström L, Kylberg E, Hagman U, Erikson H, Bruce Å. The food composition database KOST: the National Administration's information system for nutritive values of food. [Swedish]. Vår Föda 1991;43:439-47.
19. Willett WC, Howe GR, Kushi LH. Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(suppl 4):1220-8S.
20. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Rimm E, Ascherio A, Rosner BA, Spiegelman D, et al. Dietary fat and coronary heart disease: a comparison of approaches for adjusting for total energy intake and modeling repeated dietary measurements. Am J Epidemiol 1999;149:531-40. (Pubitemid 29130020)
21. Michaëlsson K, Melhus H, Bellocco R, Wolk A. Dietary calcium and vitamin D intake in relation to osteoporotic fracture risk. Bone 2003;32:694-703. (Pubitemid 37297392)
22. Messerer M, Johansson SE, Wolk A. The validity of questionnaire-based micronutrient intake estimates is increased by including dietary supplement use in Swedish men. J Nutr 2004;134:1800-5. (Pubitemid 38886572)
23. Orsini N, Bellocco R, Bottai M, Hagstromer M, Sjostrom M, Pagano M, et al. Validity of self-reported total physical activity questionnaire among older women. Eur J Epidemiol 2008;23:661-7.
24. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis 1987;40:373-83. (Pubitemid 17055592)
25. Quan H, Sundararajan V, Halfon P, Fong A, Burnand B, Luthi J, et al. Coding algorithms for defining comorbidities in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 administrative data. Med Care 2005;43:1130-9. (Pubitemid 41587600)
26. Cleves M. Analysis of multiple failure-time survival data. 2009. www.stata.com/support/faqs/stat/stmfail.html
27. Kaaks R, Ferrari P, Ciampi A, Plummer M, Riboli E. Uses and limitations of statistical accounting for random error correlations, in the validation of dietary questionnaire assessments. Public Health Nutr 2002;5:969-76.
28. Stata Corporation. Stata reference manual, release 11. Stata Press, 2009.
29. Bolland MJ, Avenell A, Baron JA, Grey A, MacLennan GS, Gamble GD, et al. Effect of calcium supplements on risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis. BMJ;341:c3691.
30. Sennerby U, Melhus H, Gedeborg R, Byberg L, Garmo H, Ahlbom A, et al. Cardiovascular diseases and risk of hip fracture. JAMA 2009;302:1666-73.
31. Fine J, Gray R. A proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a competing risk. J Am Stat Assoc 1999;94:496-509.
32. Lin DY. Non-parametric inference for cumulative incidence functions in competing risks studies. Stat Med 1997;16:901-10. (Pubitemid 27198953)
33. Serra-Majem L, Pfrimer K, Doreste-Alonso J, Ribas-Barba L, Sanchez-Villegas A, Ortiz-Andrellucchi A, et al. Dietary assessment methods for intakes of iron, calcium, selenium, zinc and iodine. Br J Nutr 2009;102 (suppl 1):38-55S.
34. Key TJ, Appleby PN, Spencer EA, Roddam AW, Neale RE, Allen NE. Calcium, diet and fracture risk: a prospective study of 1898 incident fractures among 34 696 British women and men. Public Health Nutr 2007;10:1314-20.
35. Feskanich D, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Calcium, vitamin D, milk consumption, and hip fractures: a prospective study among postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:504-11. (Pubitemid 36133396)
36. Burgaz A, Åkesson A, Öster A, Michaëlsson K, Wolk A. Associations of diet, supplement use, and ultraviolet B radiation exposure with vitamin D status in Swedish women during winter. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:1399-404. (Pubitemid 350126244)
37. Burgaz A, Åkesson A, Michaëlsson K, Wolk A. 25-hydroxyvitamin D accumulation during summer in elderly women at latitude 60°N: J Int Med 2009;266:476-83.
38. Snellman G, Melhus H, Gedeborg R, Olofsson S, Wolk A, Pedersen NL, et al. Seasonal genetic influence on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels: a twin study. PLoS ONE 2009;4:e7747.
39. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Kiel DP, Dawson-Hughes B, Orav JE, Li R, Spiegelman D, et al. Dietary calcium and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in relation to BMD among U.S. adults. J Bone Mineral Res 2009;24:935-42.
40. Cumming RG, Cummings SR, Nevitt MC, Scott J, Ensrud KE, Vogt TM, et al. Calcium intake and fracture risk: results from the study of osteoporotic fractures. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:926-34. (Pubitemid 27200779)
41. Reid IR, Mason B, Horne A, Ames R, Reid HE, Bava U, et al. Randomized controlled trial of calcium in healthy older women. Am J Med 2006;119:777-85. (Pubitemid 44291631)
42. Kanis JA, Passmore R. Calcium supplementation of the diet-II. BMJ 1989;298:205-8.
43. Griffith JF, Engelke K, Genant HK. Looking beyond bone mineral density: imaging assessment of bone quality. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1192:45-56.
44. Prentice A. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of osteoporosis. Public Health Nutr 2004;7:227-43. (Pubitemid 38294519)