Monitoring molecular, functional and morphologic aspects of bone metastases using non-invasive imaging

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 584-594

  Bäuerle, Tobias ^a   Komljenovic, Dorde ^a   Semmler, Wolfhard ^a  

^a GERMAN CANCER RESEARCH CENTER DKFZ   (Germany)

Author keywords

Bone metastases; Functional imaging; Molecular imaging; Osteoblast; Osteoclast; Pathogenesis; Treatment response

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ARGINYLGLYCYLASPARTIC ACID; BEVACIZUMAB; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CATHEPSIN K; COLLAGEN TYPE 1; COPPER 64; DOCETAXEL; FLUORINE; FLUORINE 18; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; IMATINIB; MEDRONATE TECHNETIUM TC 99M; OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR; PACLITAXEL; PAMIDRONIC ACID; PARATHYROID HORMONE RELATED PROTEIN; RECOMBINANT VASCULOTROPIN; SORAFENIB; SUNITINIB; SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE; TRACER; VASCULOTROPIN INHIBITOR; ZOLEDRONIC ACID;

ANGIOGENESIS; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; BONE CELL; BONE METABOLISM; BONE METASTASIS; BONE REMODELING; BONE STRUCTURE; CANCER CELL; CANCER CELL CULTURE; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER HORMONE THERAPY; CANCER INVASION; CANCER LOCALIZATION; CANCER PATIENT; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL ACTIVITY; CELL PROLIFERATION; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DIAGNOSTIC TEST ACCURACY STUDY; DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING; DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG METABOLISM; EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY; FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; FLUORINE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; FOLLOW UP; GENE EXPRESSION; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OSSIFICATION; OSTEOBLAST; OSTEOCLAST; OSTEOLYSIS; PATHOGENESIS; PHOSPHORUS NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PROSTATE CANCER; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; SOFT TISSUE TUMOR; TISSUE STRUCTURE; TUMOR CELL; X RAY;

ANIMALS; BONE NEOPLASMS; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMANS; NEOPLASM METASTASIS; SOFT TISSUE NEOPLASMS;

EID: 84857759259     PISSN: 13892010     EISSN: 18734316     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138920112799436285     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Plunkett, T. A.; Rubens, R. D. In: Textbook of Bone Metastases; Jasmin, Ed.; John Wiley and Sons. V: Chichester, West Sussex, 2005, pp. 65-75.
2. Coleman, R. E.; Rubens, R. D. The clinical course of bone metastases from breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer, 1987, 55 (1), 61-66.
3. Hamaoka, T.; Madewell, J. E.; Podoloff, D. A.; Hortobagyi, G. N.; Ueno, N. T. Bone imaging in metastatic breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., 2004, 22 (14), 2942-2953.
4. Bäuerle, T.; Semmler, W. Imaging response to systemic therapy for bone metastases. Eur. Radiol., 2009, 19(10), 2495-2507.
5. Hoffman, J. M.; Gambhir, S. S. Molecular imaging: the vision and opportunity for radiology in the future. Radiology, 2007, 244 (1), 39-47.
6. Weinberg, R. A. The Biology of Cancer; Garland Science: New York, 2007.
7. Witz, I. P. Yin-yang activities and vicious cycles in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res., 2008, 68 (1), 9-13.
8. Zhang, J.; Dai, J.; Qi, Y.; Lin, D. L.; Smith, P.; Strayhorn, C.; Mizokami, A.; Fu, Z.; Westman, J.; Keller, E. T. Osteoprotegerin inhibits prostate cancer-induced osteoclastogenesis and prevents prostate tumor growth in the bone. J. Clin. Invest., 2001, 107 (10), 1235-1244.
9. Henriksen, K.; Karsdal, M.; Delaisse, J. M.; Engsig, M. T. RANKL and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induce osteoclast chemotaxis through an ERK1/2-dependent mechanism. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278(49), 48745-48753.
10. Mundy, G. R. Metastasis to bone: causes, consequences and therapeutic opportunities. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2002, 2(8), 584-593.
11. Fournier, P. G.; Chirgwin, J. M.; Guise, T. A. New insights into the role of T cells in the vicious cycle of bone metastases. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol., 2006, 18(4), 396-404.
12. Bussard, K. M.; Gay, C. V.; Mastro, A. M. The bone microenvironment in metastasis; what is special about bone? Cancer Metastasis Rev., 2008, 27(1), 41-55.
13. Chavez-Macgregor, M.; Aviles-Salas, A.; Green, D.; Fuentes-Alburo, A.; Gomez-Ruiz, C.; Aguayo, A. Angiogenesis in the bone marrow of patients with breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res., 2005, 11(15), 5396-5400.
14. Voorzanger-Rousselot, N.; Juillet, F.; Mareau, E.; Zimmermann, J.; Kalebic, T.; Garnero, P. Association of 12 serum biochemical markers of angiogenesis, tumour invasion and bone turnover with bone metastases from breast cancer: a crossectional and longitudinal evaluation. Br. J. Cancer, 2006, 95(4), 506-514.
15. van der Pluijm, G.; Sijmons, B.; Vloedgraven, H.; Deckers, M.; Papapoulos, S.; Löwik, C. Monitoring metastatic behavior of human tumor cells in mice with species-specific polymerase chain reaction: elevated expression of angiogenesis and bone resorption stimulators by breast cancer in bone metastases. J. Bone Miner. Res., 2001, 16 (6), 1077-1091.
16. Bäuerle, T.; Merz, M.; Komljenovic, D.; Zwick, S.; Semmler, W. Drug-induced vessel remodeling in bone metastases as assessed by dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and vessel size imaging: a longitudinal in vivo study. Clin. Cancer Res., 2010, 16 (12), 3215-3225.
17. Bäuerle, T.; Komljenovic, D.; Merz, M.; Berger, M. R.; Goodman, S. L.; Semmler, W. Cilengitide inhibits progression of experimental breast cancer bone metastases as imaged non-invasively using VCT, MRI and DCE-MRI in a longitudinal in vivo study. Int. J. Cancer, 2011, 128(10), 2453-2462.
18. Andersen, T. L.; Sondergaard, T. E.; Skorzynska, K. E.; Dagnaes-Hansen, F.; Plesner, T. L.; Hauge, E. M.; Plesner, T.; Delaisse, J. M. A physical mechanism for coupling bone resorption and formation in adult human bone. Am. J. Pathol., 2009, 174(1), 239-247.
19. World Health Organization, WHO Handbook for reporting results of cancer treatment, World Health Organization Offset Publication: Geneva, Switzerland, 1979.
20. Hayward, J. L.; Carbone, P. P.; Heusen, J. C.; Kumaoka, S.; Segaloff, A.; Rubens, R. D. Assessment of response to therapy in advanced breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer, 1977, 35(3), 292-298.
21. Hayward, J. L.; Carbone, P. P.; Rubens, R. D.; Heuson, J. C.; Kumaoka, S.; Segaloff, A. Assessment of response to therapy in advanced breast cancer (an amendment). Br. J. Cancer, 1978, 38(1), 201.
22. Mende, U. Indications and possibilities of ultrasound diagnosis in skeletal metastases. Radiologe, 1995, 35(1), 28-38.
23. Therasse, P.; Arbuck, S. G.; Eisenhauer, E. A.; Wanders, J.; Kaplan, R. S.; Rubinstein, L.; Verweij, J.; Van Glabbeke, M.; van Oosterom, A. T.; Christian, M. C.; Gwyther, S. G. New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, National Cancer Institute of the United States, National Cancer Institute of Canada. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 2000, 92(3), 205-216.
24. Eisenhauer, E. A.; Therasse, P.; Bogaerts, J.; Schwartz, L. H.; Sargent, D.; Ford, R.; Dancey, J.; Arbuck, S.; Gwyther, S.; Mooney, M.; Rubinstein, L.; Shankar, L.; Dodd, L.; Kaplan, R.; Lacombe, D.; Verweij, J. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur. J. Cancer, 2009, 45 (2), 228-247.
25. Fontana, A.; Delmas, P. D. Markers of bone turnover in bone metastases. Cancer, 2000, 88 (12 Suppl), 2952-2960.
26. Coleman, R. E.; Brown, J. E. In: Textbook of Bone Metastases; Jasmin, Ed.; John Wiley and Sons. V: Chichester, West Sussex, 2005; pp. 105-108.
27. Body, J. In: Textbook of Bone Metastases; Jasmin, Ed.; John Wiley and Sons. V: Chichester, West Sussex, 2005; pp. 291-300.
28. Luckman, S. P.; Hughes, D. E.; Coxon, F. P.; Graham, R.; Russell, G.; Rogers, M. J. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates inhibit the mevalonate pathway and prevent post-translational prenylation of GTP-binding proteins, including Ras. J. Bone Miner. Res., 1998, 13 (4), 581-589.
29. Lee, R. J.; Saylor, P. J.; Smith, M. R. Treatment and prevention of bone complications from prostate cancer. Bone 2010, 48(1),88-95.
30. Guise, T. A. Antitumor effects of bisphosphonates: promising preclinical evidence. Cancer Treat. Rev., 2008, 34 (Suppl 1), S19-24.
31. Body, J. J.; Facon, T.; Coleman, R. E.; Lipton, A.; Geurs, F.; Fan, M.; Holloway, D.; Peterson, M. C.; Bekker, P. J. A study of the biological receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand inhibitor, denosumab, in patients with multiple myeloma or bone metastases from breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res., 2006, 12(4), 1221-1228.
32. Lipton, A.; Jun, S. RANKL inhibition in the treatment of bone metastases. Curr. Opin. Support Palliat. Care, 2008, 2(3), 197-203.
33. Burstein, H. J.; Elias, A. D.; Rugo, H. S.; Cobleigh, M. A.; Wolff, A. C.; Eisenberg, P. D.; Lehman, M.; Adams, B. J.; Bello, C. L.; DePrimo, S. E.; Baum, C. M.; Miller, K. D. Phase II study of sunitinib malate, an oral multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with metastatic breast cancer previously treated with an anthracycline and a taxane. J. Clin. Oncol., 2008, 26(11), 1810-1816.
34. Dahut, W. L.; Scripture, C.; Posadas, E.; Jain, L.; Gulley, J. L.; Arlen, P. M.; Wright, J. J.; Yu, Y.; Cao, L.; Steinberg, S. M.; Aragon-Ching, J. B.; Venitz, J.; Jones, E.; Chen, C. C.; Figg, W. D. A phase II clinical trial of sorafenib in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res., 2008, 14(1), 209-214.
35. Murray, L. J.; Abrams, T. J.; Long, K. R.; Ngai, T. J.; Olson, L. M.; Hong, W.; Keast, P. K.; Brassard, J. A.; O'Farrell, A. M.; Cherrington, J. M.; Pryer, N. K. SU11248 inhibits tumor growth and CSF-1R-dependent osteolysis in an experimental breast cancer bone metastasis model. Clin. Exp. Metastasis, 2003, 20(8), 757-766.
36. Bäuerle, T.; Hilbig, H.; Bartling, S.; Kiessling, F.; Kersten, A.; Schmitt-Gräff, A.; Kauczor, H. U.; Delorme, S.; Berger, M. R. Bevacizumab inhibits breast cancer-induced osteolysis, surrounding soft tissue metastasis, and angiogenesis in rats as visualized by VCT and MRI. Neoplasia, 2008, 10(5), 511-520.
37. Coenegrachts, L.; Maes, C.; Torrekens, S.; Van Looveren, R.; Mazzone, M.; Guise, T. A.; Bouillon, R.; Stassen, J. M.; Carmeliet, P.; Carmeliet, G. Anti-placental growth factor reduces bone metastasis by blocking tumor cell engraftment and osteoclast differentiation. Cancer Res., 2010, 70(16), 6537-6547.
38. Weber, M. H.; Lee, J.; Orr, F. W. The effect of Neovastat (AE-941) on an experimental metastatic bone tumor model. Int. J. Oncol., 2002, 20(2), 299-303.
39. Peyruchaud, O.; Serre, C. M.; NicAmhlaoibh, R.; Fournier, P.; Clezardin, P. Angiostatin inhibits bone metastasis formation in nude mice through a direct anti-osteoclastic activity. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278(46), 45826-45832.
40. Libshitz, H. I.; Hortobagyi, G. N. Radiographic evaluation of therapeutic response in bony metastases of breast cancer. Skeletal Radiol., 1981, 7(3), 159-165
41. Lecouvet, F. E.; Malghem, J.; Michaux, L.; Maldague, B.; Ferrant, A.; Michaux, J. L.; Vande Berg, B. C. Skeletal survey in advanced multiple myeloma: radiographic versus MR imaging survey. Br. J. Haematol., 1999, 106(1), 35-39.
42. Edelstyn, G. A.; Gillespie, P. J.; Grebbel, F. S. The radiological demonstration of osseous metastases. Experimental observations. Clin. Radiol., 1967, 18, 159-162.
43. Vinholes, J.; Coleman, R.; Eastell, R. Effects of bone metastases on bone metabolism: implications for diagnosis, imaging and assessment of response to cancer treatment. Cancer Treat. Rev., 1996, 22(4), 289-331.
44. Coombes, R. C.; Dady, P.; Parsons, C.; McCready, V. R.; Ford, H. T.; Gazet, J. C.; Powles, T. J. Assessment of response of bone metastases to systemic treatment in patients with breast cancer. Cancer, 1983, 52(4), 610-614.
45. Hortobagyi, G. N.; Theriault, R. L.; Porter, L.; Blayney, D.; Lipton, A.; Sinoff, C.; Wheeler, H.; Simeone, J. F.; Seaman, J.; Knight, R. D. Efficacy of pamidronate in reducing skeletal complications in patients with breast cancer and lytic bone metastases. Protocol 19 Aredia Breast Cancer Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 1996, 335(24), 1785-1791.
46. Coleman, R. E.; Woll, P. J.; Miles, M.; Scrivener, W.; Rubens, R. D. Treatment of bone metastases from breast cancer with (3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonate (APD). Br. J. Cancer, 1988, 58(5), 621-625.
47. Krahe, T.; Nicolas, V.; Ring, S.; Warmuth-Metz, M.; Koster, O. Diagnostic evaluation of full x-ray pictures and computed tomography of bone tumors of the spine. Röfo, 1989, 150(1), 13-19.
48. Drake, F. H.; Dodds, R. A.; James, I. E.; Connor, J. R.; Debouck, C.; Richardson, S.; Lee-Rykaczewski, E.; Coleman, L.; Rieman, D.; Barthlow, R.; Hastings, G.; Gowen, M. Cathepsin K, but not cathepsins B, L, or S, is abundantly expressed in human osteoclasts. J. Biol. Chem., 1996, 271(21), 12511-12516.
49. Kozloff, K. M.; Quinti, L.; Patntirapong, S.; Hauschka, P. V.; Tung, C. H.; Weissleder, R.; Mahmood, U. Non-invasive optical detection of cathepsin K-mediated fluorescence reveals osteoclast activity in vitro and in vivo. Bone 2009, 44(2), 190-198.
50. Sprague, J. E.; Kitaura, H.; Zou, W.; Ye, Y.; Achilefu, S.; Weilbaecher, K. N.; Teitelbaum, S. L.; Anderson, C. J. Noninvasive imaging of osteoclasts in parathyroid hormone-induced osteolysis using a 64Cu-labeled RGD peptide. J. Nucl. Med., 2007, 48(2), 311-318.
51. Wadas, T. J.; Deng, H.; Sprague, J. E.; Zheleznyak, A.; Weilbaecher, K. N.; Anderson, C. J. Targeting the alphavbeta3 integrin for small-animal PET/CT of osteolytic bone metastases. J. Nucl. Med., 2009, 50(11), 1873-1880.
52. Zhang, J.; Lu, Y.; Dai, J.; Yao, Z.; Kitazawa, R.; Kitazawa, S.; Zhao, X.; Hall, D. E.; Pienta, K. J.; Keller, E. T. In vivo real-time imaging of TGF-beta-induced transcriptional activation of the RANK ligand gene promoter in intraosseous prostate cancer. Prostate, 2004, 59(4), 360-369.
53. Bar, I.; Zilberman, Y.; Zeira, E.; Galun, E.; Honigman, A.; Turgeman, G.; Clemens, T.; Gazit, Z.; Gazit, D. Molecular imaging of the skeleton: quantitative real-time bioluminescence monitoring gene expression in bone repair and development. J. Bone Miner. Res., 2003, 18 (3), 570-578.
54. Kalajzic, I.; Braut, A.; Guo, D.; Jiang, X.; Kronenberg, M. S.; Mina, M.; Harris, M. A.; Harris, S. E.; Rowe, D. W. Dentin matrix protein 1 expression during osteoblastic differentiation, generation of an osteocyte GFP-transgene. Bone, 2004, 35 (1), 74-82.
55. Dacic, S.; Kalajzic, I.; Visnjic, D.; Lichtler, A. C.; Rowe, D. W. Col1a1-driven transgenic markers of osteoblast lineage progression. J. Bone Miner. Res., 2001, 16(7), 1228-1236.
56. Bilic-Curcic, I.; Kronenberg, M.; Jiang, X.; Bellizzi, J.; Mina, M.; Marijanovic, I.; Gardiner, E. M.; Rowe, D. W. Visualizing levels of osteoblast differentiation by a two-color promoter-GFP strategy: Type I collagen-GFPcyan and osteocalcin-GFPtpz. Genesis, 2005, 43(2), 87-98.
57. Kalajzic, I.; Kalajzic, Z.; Kaliterna, M.; Gronowicz, G.; Clark, S. H.; Lichtler, A. C.; Rowe, D. Use of type I collagen green fluorescent protein transgenes to identify subpopulations of cells at different stages of the osteoblast lineage. J. Bone Miner. Res., 2002, 17(1), 15-25.
58. Sivakumar, P.; Czirok, A.; Rongish, B. J.; Divakara, V. P.; Wang, Y. P.; Dallas, S. L. New insights into extracellular matrix assembly and reorganization from dynamic imaging of extracellular matrix proteins in living osteoblasts. J. Cell Sci., 2006, 119(Pt 7), 1350-1360.
59. 113mIn-labeled bone scanning agents. Radiology, 1975, 117(3 Pt 1), 727-730.
60. Subramanian, G.; McAfee, J. G.; Rosenstreich, M.; Coco, M. Indium-113m-labeled polyfunctional phosphonates as bone-imaging agents. J. Nucl. Med., 1975, 16(11), 1080-1084.
61. 18Ffluoride for skeletal imaging. J. Nucl. Med., 1974, 15(12), 1153-1157.
62. 188Re] on bone compartments: verification of the pre vivo model? Bone 2005, 37(3), 404-412.
63. Francis, M. D.; Ferguson, D. L.; Tofe, A. J.; Bevan, J. A.; Michaels, S. E. Comparative evaluation of three diphosphonates: in vitro adsorption (C-14 labeled) and in vivo osteogenic uptake (Tc-99m complexed). J. Nucl. Med., 1980, 21(12), 1185-1189.
64. 99mTc-MDP accumulation mechanisms in bone. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol., 1993, 75 (2), 239-246.
65. Y. Accumulation of technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate. Conditions affecting adsorption to hydroxyapatite. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod., 1995, 80(1), 115-119.
66. Rybak, L. D.; Rosenthal, D. I. Radiological imaging for the diagnosis of bone metastases. Q. J. Nucl. Med., 2001, 45(1), 53-64.
67. Coleman, R. E.; Houston, S.; Purohit, O. P.; Rubens, R. D.; Kandra, A.; Ford, J. A randomised phase II study of oral pamidronate for the treatment of bone metastases from breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer, 1998, 34(6), 820-824.
68. Woolfenden, J. M.; Pitt, M. J.; Durie, B. G.; Moon, T. E. Comparison of bone scintigraphy and radiography in multiple myeloma. Radiology, 1980, 134(3), 723-728.
69. Sato, M.; Grasser, W.; Endo, N.; Akins, R.; Simmons, H.; Thompson, D. D.; Golub, E.; Rodan, G. A. Bisphosphonate action. Alendronate localization in rat bone and effects on osteoclast ultrastructure. J. Clin. Invest., 1991, 88(6), 2095-2105.
70. Kozloff, K. M.; Weissleder, R.; Mahmood, U. Noninvasive optical detection of bone mineral. J. Bone Miner. Res., 2007, 22 (8), 1208-1216.
71. Zaheer, A.; Lenkinski, R. E.; Mahmood, A.; Jones, A. G.; Cantley, L. C.; Frangioni, J. V. In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging of osteoblastic activity. Nat. Biotechnol., 2001, 19 (12), 1148-1154.
72. Sugimura, K.; Kajitani, A.; Okizuka, H.; Sugihara, M.; Mizutani, M.; Ishida, T., Assessing response to therapy of spinal metastases with gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging, 1991, 1 (4), 481-484.
73. Padhani, A. R.; Liu, G.; Koh, D. M.; Chenevert, T. L.; Thoeny, H. C.; Takahara, T.; Dzik-Jurasz, A.; Ross, B. D.; van Cauteren, M.; Collins, D.; Hammoud, D. A.; Rustin, G. J. S.; Taouli, B.; Choyke, P. L. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging as a cancer biomarker: consensus and recommendations. Neoplasia, 2009, 11(2), 102-125.
74. Charles-Edwards, E. M.; deSouza, N. M. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and its application to cancer. Cancer Imaging, 2006, 6, 135-143.
75. Dzik-Jurasz, A.; Domenig, C.; George, M.; Wolber, J.; Padhani, A.; Brown, G.; Doran, S. Diffusion MRI for prediction of response of rectal cancer to chemoradiation. Lancet, 2002, 360(9329), 307-308.
76. Theilmann, R. J.; Borders, R.; Trouard, T. P.; Xia, G.; Outwater, E.; Ranger-Moore, J.; Gillies, R. J.; Stopeck, A. Changes in water mobility measured by diffusion MRI predict response of metastatic breast cancer to chemotherapy. Neoplasia, 2004, 6(6), 831-837.
77. Galons, J. P.; Altbach, M. I.; Paine-Murrieta, G. D.; Taylor, C. W.; Gillies, R. J. Early increases in breast tumor xenograft water mobility in response to paclitaxel therapy detected by non-invasive diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. Neoplasia, 1999, 1(2), 113-117.
78. Baur, A.; Dietrich, O.; Reiser, M. Diffusion-weighted imaging of bone marrow: current status. Eur. Radiol., 2003, 13(7), 1699-1708.
79. Lee, K. C.; Sud, S.; Meyer, C. R.; Moffat, B. A.; Chenevert, T. L.; Rehemtulla, A.; Pienta, K. J.; Ross, B. D. An imaging biomarker of early treatment response in prostate cancer that has metastasized to the bone. Cancer Res., 2007, 67(8), 3524-3528.
80. Lee, K. C.; Bradley, D. A.; Hussain, M.; Meyer, C. R.; Chenevert, T. L.; Jacobson, J. A.; Johnson, T. D.; Galban, C. J.; Rehemtulla, A.; Pienta, K. J.; Ross, B. D. A feasibility study evaluating the functional diffusion map as a predictive imaging biomarker for detection of treatment response in a patient with metastatic prostate cancer to the bone. Neoplasia, 2007, 9(12), 1003-1011.
81. Bäuerle, T.; Bartling, S.; Berger, M.; Schmitt-Gräff, A.; Hilbig, H.; Kauczor, H. U.; Delorme, S.; Kiessling, F., Imaging antiangiogenic treatment response with DCE-VCT, DCE-MRI and DWI in an animal model of breast cancer bone metastasis. Eur. J. Radiol., 2010, 73(2), 280-287.
82. Phadke, P. A.; Mercer, R. R.; Harms, J. F.; Jia, Y.; Frost, A. R.; Jewell, J. L.; Bussard, K. M.; Nelson, S.; Moore, C.; Kappes, J. C.; Gay, C. V.; Mastro, A. M.; Welch, D. R. Kinetics of metastatic breast cancer cell trafficking in bone. Clin. Cancer Res., 2006, 12(5), 1431-1440.
83. van der Pluijm, G.; Que, I.; Sijmons, B.; Buijs, J. T.; Löwik, C. W.; Wetterwald, A.; Thalmann, G. N.; Papapoulos, S. E.; Cecchini, M. G. Interference with the microenvironmental support impairs the de novo formation of bone metastases in vivo. Cancer Res., 2005, 65(17), 7682-7690.
84. Yang, M.; Burton, D. W.; Geller, J.; Hillegonds, D. J.; Hastings, R. H.; Deftos, L. J.; Hoffman, R. M. The bisphosphonate olpadronate inhibits skeletal prostate cancer progression in a green fluorescent protein nude mouse model. Clin. Cancer Res., 2006, 12(8), 2602-2606.
85. Mouchess, M. L.; Sohara, Y.; Nelson, M. D., Jr.; De, C. Y. A.; Moats, R. A. Multimodal imaging analysis of tumor progression and bone resorption in a murine cancer model. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr., 2006, 30(3), 525-534.
86. Chaudhari, A. J.; Darvas, F.; Bading, J. R.; Moats, R. A.; Conti, P. S.; Smith, D. J.; Cherry, S. R.; Leahy, R. M. Hyperspectral and multispectral bioluminescence optical tomography for small animal imaging. Phys. Med. Biol., 2005, 50(23), 5421-5441.
87. Ntziachristos, V.; Ripoll, J.; Wang, L. V.; Weissleder, R. Looking and listening to light: the evolution of whole-body photonic imaging. Nat. Biotechnol., 2005, 23(3), 313-320.
88. Kaijzel, E. L.; van der Pluijm, G.; Löwik, C. W. Whole-body optical imaging in animal models to assess cancer development and progression. Clin. Cancer Res., 2007, 13(12), 3490-3497.
89. Kaijzel, E. L.; Snoeks, T. J.; Buijs, J. T.; van der Pluijm, G.; Löwik, C. W. Multimodal imaging and treatment of bone metastasis. Clin. Exp. Metastasis, 2009, 26 (4), 371-379.
90. Mortimer, J. E.; Dehdashti, F.; Siegel, B. A.; Trinkaus, K.; Katzenellenbogen, J. A.; Welch, M. J. Metabolic flare: indicator of hormone responsiveness in advanced breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., 2001, 19(11), 2797-2803.
91. Sugawara, Y.; Fisher, S. J.; Zasadny, K. R.; Kison, P. V.; Baker, L. H.; Wahl, R. L. Preclinical and clinical studies of bone marrow uptake of fluorine-1-fluorodeoxyglucose with or without granulocyte colony-stimulating factor during chemotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol., 1998, 16(1), 173-180.
92. 18F-FDG PET/CT findings and circulating tumor cell counts in the monitoring of systemic therapies for bone metastases from breast cancer. J. Nucl. Med., 2010, 51(8), 1213-1218.
93. Tateishi, U.; Gamez, C.; Dawood, S.; Yeung, H. W.; Cristofanilli, M.; Macapinlac, H. A. Bone metastases in patients with metastatic breast cancer: morphologic and metabolic monitoring of response to systemic therapy with integrated PET/CT. Radiology, 2008, 247(1), 189-196.
94. 18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography/computed tomography studies yield new insights into the natural history of bone metastases in breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., 2007, 25(23), 3440-3447.
95. Hricak, H.; Choyke, P. L.; Eberhardt, S. C.; Leibel, S. A.; Scardino, P. T. Imaging prostate cancer: a multidisciplinary perspective. Radiology, 2007, 243(1), 28-53.
96. Fayad, L. M.; Wang, X.; Salibi, N.; Barker, P. B.; Jacobs, M. A.; Machado, A. J.; Weber, K. L.; Bluemke, D. A. A feasibility study of quantitative molecular characterization of musculoskeletal lesions by proton MR spectroscopy at 3 T. Am. J. Roentgenol., 2010, 195(1), W69-75.
97. 1H MR spectroscopy: initial results. Radiology, 2004, 232(2), 599-605.
98. Yang, C.; Karczmar, G. S.; Medved, M.; Oto, A.; Zamora, M.; Stadler, W. M. Reproducibility assessment of a multiple reference tissue method for quantitative dynamic contrast enhanced-MRI analysis. Magn. Reson. Med., 2009, 61(4), 851-859.
99. Montemurro, F.; Russo, F.; Martincich, L.; Cirillo, S.; Gatti, M.; Aglietta, M.; Regge, D. Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in monitoring bone metastases in breast cancer patients receiving bisphosphonates and endocrine therapy. Acta Radiol., 2004, 45(1), 71-74.
100. Brix, G.; Semmler, W.; Port, R.; Schad, L. R.; Layer, G.; Lorenz, W. J. Pharmacokinetic parameters in CNS Gd-DTPA enhanced MR imaging. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr., 1991, 15(4), 621-628.
101. Tofts, P. S.; Brix, G.; Buckley, D. L.; Evelhoch, J. L.; Henderson, E.; Knopp, M. V.; Larsson, H. B.; Lee, T. Y.; Mayr, N. A.; Parker, G. J.; Port, R. E.; Taylor, J.; Weisskoff, R. M. Estimating kinetic parameters from dynamic contrast-enhanced T(1)-weighted MRI of a diffusable tracer: standardized quantities and symbols. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging, 1999, 10(3), 223-232.
102. Tropres, I.; Grimault, S.; Vaeth, A.; Grillon, E.; Julien, C.; Payen, J. F.; Lamalle, L.; Decorps, M. Vessel size imaging. Magn. Reson. Med., 2001, 45(3), 397-408.
103. Kiessling, F.; Jugold, M.; Woenne, E. C.; Brix, G. Non-invasive assessment of vessel morphology and function in tumors by magnetic resonance imaging. Eur. Radiol., 2007, 17(8), 2136-2148.
104. Dafni, H.; Kim, S. J.; Bankson, J. A.; Sankaranarayanapillai, M.; Ronen, S. M. Macromolecular dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI detects reduced vascular permeability in a prostate cancer bone metastasis model following anti-platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) therapy, indicating a drop in vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) activation. Magn. Reson. Med., 2008, 60(4), 822-833.
105. Bäuerle, T.; Adwan, H.; Kiessling, F.; Hilbig, H.; Armbruster, F. P.; Berger, M. R. Characterization of a rat model with site-specific bone metastasis induced by MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and its application to the effects of an antibody against bone sialoprotein. Int. J. Cancer, 2005, 115(2), 177-186.
106. Merz, M.; Komljenovic, D.; Zwick, S.; Semmler, W.; Bäuerle, T. Sorafenib tosylate and paclitaxel induce anti-angiogenic, antitumor and anti-resorptive effects in experimental breast cancer bone metastases. Eur. J. Cancer, 2011, 47(2), 277-286.
107. Paget, S. The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. Lancet, 1889, 8(2), 98-101.
108. Kang, Y.; He, W.; Tulley, S.; Gupta, G. P.; Serganova, I.; Chen, C. R.; Manova-Todorova, K.; Blasberg, R.; Gerald, W. L.; Massague, J. Breast cancer bone metastasis mediated by the Smad tumor suppressor pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2005, 102(39), 13909-13914.
109. Reumann, M. K.; Weiser, M. C.; Mayer-Kuckuk, P. Musculoskeletal molecular imaging: a comprehensive overview. Trends Biotechnol., 2010, 28(2), 93-101.
110. Mayer-Kuckuk, P.; Boskey, A. L. Molecular imaging promotes progress in orthopedic research. Bone, 2006, 39 (5), 965-977.
111. Pantel, K.; Braun, S. Molecular determinants of occult metastatic tumor cells in bone marrow. Clin. Breast Cancer, 2001, 2(3), 222-228.
112. De Luca, A.; Carotenuto, A.; Rachiglio, A.; Gallo, M.; Maiello, M. R.; Aldinucci, D.; Pinto, A.; Normanno, N. The role of the EGFR signaling in tumor microenvironment. J. Cell Physiol., 2008, 214(3), 559-567.
113. Kang, Y.; Siegel, P.M.; Shu, W.; Drobnjak, M.; Kakonen, S.M.; Cordon-Cardo, C., Guise, T. A.; Massague, J. A. multigenic program mediating breast cancer metastasis to bone. Cancer Cell, 2003, 3(6), 537-549.