Inhaled antibiotics for nosocomial pneumonia

Inflammation and Allergy - Drug Targets

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 116-123

  Karvouniaris, Marios ^a   Makris, Demosthenes ^a   Triantaris, Apostolos ^a   Zakynthinos, Epaminondas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF LARISSA   (Greece)

Author keywords

Aerolized; Antibiotic treatment; Hospital acquired pneumonia; Inhaled; Nebulized; Ventilator associated pneumonia

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; AMPHOTERICIN B; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AZTREONAM LYSINE; CEFTAZIDIME; CIPROFLOXACIN; COLISTIMETHATE; COLISTIN; GENTAMICIN; IMIPENEM; PLACEBO; POLYMYXIN; SISOMICIN; TOBRAMYCIN; VANCOMYCIN;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; APNEA; BRONCHIECTASIS; BRONCHOSPASM; CHEST TIGHTNESS; CONTROLLED STUDY; COUGHING; DIZZINESS; DRUG INTOXICATION; DRUG RESEARCH; DRUG SAFETY; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE; LOCAL THERAPY; LUNG ASPERGILLOSIS; LUNG FIBROSIS; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE; NEBULIZATION; NEPHROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; NOSOCOMIAL PNEUMONIA; PARALYSIS; PARESTHESIA; PNEUMONIA; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RESPIRATORY FAILURE; REVIEW; WEAKNESS;

EID: 84857754664     PISSN: 18715281     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187152812800392850     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. ATS: Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Hospitalacquired, Ventilator-associated, and Healthcare-associated Pneumonia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2005, 171, 388-416.
2. Boucher, H.W.; Talbot, G.H.; Bradley, J.S.; Edwards, J.E.; Gilbert, D.; Rice, L.B.; Scheld, M.; Spellberg, B.; Bartlett, J. Bad Bugs, No Drugs: No ESKAPE! An Update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2009, 48, 1-12.
3. Panidis, D.; Markantonis, S.L.; Boutzouka, E.; Karatzas, S.; Baltopoulos, G. Penetration of gentamicin into the alveolar lining fluid of critically ill patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest, 2005, 128, 545-552.
4. Boselli, E.; Breilh, D.; Djabarouti, S.; Guillaume, C.; Rimmelé, T.; Gordien, J.B.; Xuereb, F.; Saux, M.C.; Allaouchiche, B. Reliability of mini-bronchoalveolar lavage for the measurement of epithelial lining fluid concentrations of tobramycin in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med., 2007, 33, 1519-1523.
5. Li, J.; Coulthard, K.; Milne, R.; Nation, R.L.; Conway, S.; Peckham, D.; Etherington, C.; Turnidge, J. Steady-state pharmacokinetics of intravenous colistin methanesulphonate in patients with cystic fibrosis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2003, 52, 987-992.
6. Imberti, R.; Cusato, M.; Villani, P.; Carnevale, L.; Iotti, G.A.; Langer, M.; Regazzi, M. Steady-State Pharmacokinetics and BAL Concentration of Colistin in Critically Ill Patients After IV Colistin Methanesulfonate Administration. Chest, 2010, 138(6), 1333-1339.
7. Adair, C.G.; Gorman, S.P.; Byers, L.M.; Jones, D.S.; Feron, B.; Crowe, M.; Webb, H.C.; McCarthy, G.J.; Milligan, K.R. Eradication of endotracheal tube biofilm by nebulised gentamicin. Intensive Care Med., 2002, 28, 426-431.
8. Miller, D.D.; Amin, M.M.; Palmer, L.B.; Shah, A.R.; Smaldone, G.C. Aerosol delivery and modern mechanical ventilation: In vitro/in vivo evaluation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2003, 168, 1205-1209.
9. Palmer, L.B.; Smaldone, G.C.; Simon, S.R.; O'Riordan, T.G.; Cuccia, A. Aerosolized antibiotics in mechanically ventilated patients: delivery and response. Crit. Care Med., 1998, 26, 31-39.
10. Dhand, R. Basic Techniques for Aerosol Delivery During Mechanical Ventilation. Respir. Care, 2004, 49, 611-622.
11. Rouby, J.J.; Goldstein, I.; Luin, Q. Inhaled antibiotic therapy. In: Principles and practice of mechanical ventilation; Tobin, M.J., Ed.; McGraw-Hill: Columbus, 2006; pp. 1311-1321.
12. Dhand, R; Guntur, V.P. How best to deliver aerosol medications to mechanically ventilated patients. Clin. Chest Med., 2008, 29, 277-296.
13. Eisenberg, J.; Pepe, M.; Williams-Warren, J.; Vasiliev, M.; Montgomery, A.B.; Smith, A.L.; Ramsey, B.W. A Comparison of Peak Sputum Tobramycin Concentration in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis Using Jet and Ultrasonic Nebulizer Systems. Chest, 1997, 111, 955-962.
14. Harvey, C.J.; O'Doherty, M.J.; Page, C.J.; Thomas, S.H.; Nunan, T.O.; Treacher, D.F. Comparison of jet and ultrasonic nebulizer pulmonary aerosol deposition during mechanical ventilation. Eur. Respir. J., 1997, 10, 905-909.
15. Klastersky J.; Geuning, C.; Mouatcad, E.; Daneau, D. Endotracheal Gentamicin in Bronchial Infections in Patients with Tracheostomy. Chest, 1972, 61, 117-120.
16. Klastersky, J.; Huysmans, E.; Weerts, D.; Hensqens, C.; Daneau, D. Endotracheally Administered Gentamicin for the Prevention of Infections of the Respiratory Tract in Patients with Tracheostomy: A Double-Blind Study. Chest, 1974, 65, 650-654.
17. Klastersky, J.; Hensgens, C.; Noterman, J.; Mouawad, E.; Meunier- Carpentier, F. Endotracheal antibiotics for the prevention of tracheobronchial infections in tracheotomized unconscious patients. A comparative study of gentamicin and aminosidin-polymyxin B combination. Chest, 1975, 68, 302-306.
18. Klastersky, J.; Carpentier-Meunier, F.; Kahan-Coppens, L.; Thys, J.P. Endotracheally administered antibiotics for gram-negative bronchopneumonia. Chest, 1979, 75, 586-591.
19. Brown, R.B.; Kruse, J.A.; Counts, G.W.; Russell, J.A.; Christou, N.V.; Sands, M.L. Double-blind study of endotracheal tobramycin in the treatment of gram-negative bacterial pneumonia. The Endotracheal Tobramycin Study Group. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 1990, 34, 269-272.
20. Badia, J.R.; Soy, D.; Adrover, M.; Ferrer, M.; Sarasa, M.; Alarcón, A.; Codina, C.; Torres, A. Disposition of instilled versus nebulized tobramycin and imipenem in ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2004, 54, 508-514.
21. Le Conte, P.; Potel, G.; Peltier, P.; Horeau, D.; Caillon, J.; Juvin, M.E.; Kerguéris, MF.; Bugnon, D.; Baron, D. Lung distribution and pharmacokinetics of aerosolized tobramycin. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1993, 147, 1279-1282.
22. Geller, D.E.; Pitlick, W.H.; Nardella, P.A.; Tracewell, W.G.; Ramsey, B.W. Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of Aerosolized Tobramycin in Cystic Fibrosis. Chest, 2002, 122, 219-226.
23. Murray, M.P.; Govan, J.R.W.; Doherty, C.J.; Simpson, A.J.; Wilkinson, T.S.; Chalmers, J.D.; Greening, A.P.; Haslett, C.; Hill, A.T. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Nebulized Gentamicin in Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2011, 183, 491-499.
24. Goldstein, I.; Wallet, F.; Robert, J.; Becquemin, M.H.; Marquette, C.H.; Rouby, J.J. Lung tissue concentrations of nebulized amikacin during mechanical ventilation in piglets with healthy lungs. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2002, 165, 171-175.
25. Goldstein, I.; Wallet, F.; Nicolas-Robin, A.; Ferrari, F.; Marquette, C.H.; Rouby, J.J. Lung deposition and efficiency of nebulized amikacin during Escherichia coli pneumonia in ventilated piglets. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2002, 166, 1375-1381.
26. Luyt, C.-E.; Clavel, M.; Guntupalli, K.; Johannigman, J.; Kennedy, J.I.; Wood, C.; Corkery, K.; Gribben, D.; Chastre, J. Pharmacokinetics and lung delivery of PDDS-aerosolized amikacin (NKTR-061) in intubated and mechanically ventilated patients with nosocomial pneumonia. Crit. Care, 2009, 13, R200.
27. Lu, Q.; Girardi, C.; Zhang, M.; Bouhemad, B.; Louchahi, K.; Petitjean, O.; Wallet, F.; Becquemin, M.H.; Le Naour, G.; Marquette, C.H.; Rouby, J.J. Nebulized and intravenous colistin in experimental pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Intensive Care Med., 2010, 36, 1147-1155.
28. Ratjen, F.; Rietschel, E.; Kasel, D.; Schwiertz, R.; Starke, K.; Beier, H.; van Koningsbruggen, S.; Grasemann, H. Pharmacokinetics of inhaled colistin in patients with cystic fibrosis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2006, 57, 306-311.
29. Ferrari, F.; Liu, Z.-H.; Lu, Q.; Becquemin, M.H.; Louchahi, K.; Aymard, G.; Marquette, CH.; Rouby, J.J. Comparison of lung tissue concentrations of nebulized ceftazidime in ventilated piglets: ultrasonic versus vibrating plate nebulizers. Intensive Care Med., 2008, 34, 1718-1723.
30. Ferrari, F.; Lu, Q.; Girardi, C.; Petitjean, O.; Marquette, C.H.; Wallet, F.; Rouby, J.J. Nebulized ceftazidime in experimental pneumonia caused by partially resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Intensive Care Med., 2009, 35, 1792-1800.
31. Retsch-Bogart, G.Z.; Quittner, A.L.; Gibson, R.L.; Oermann, C.M.; McCoy, K.S.; Montgomery, A.B.; Cooper, P.J. Efficacy and Safety of Inhaled Aztreonam Lysine for Airway Pseudomonas in Cystic Fibrosis. Chest, 2009, 135, 1223-1232.
32. Michalopoulos, A.; Fotakis, D.; Virtzili, S.; Vletsas, C.; Raftopoulou, S.; Mastora, Z.; Falagas, M.E. Aerosolized colistin as adjunctive treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: a prospective study. Respir. Med., 2008, 102, 407-412.
33. Korbila, I.P.; Michalopoulos, A.; Rafailidis, P.I.; Nikita, D.; Samonis, G.; Falagas, M.E. Inhaled colistin as adjunctive therapy to intravenous colistin for the treatment of microbiologically documented ventilator-associated pneumonia: a comparative cohort study. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 2010, 16, 1230-1236.
34. Berlana, D.; Llop, J.M.; Fort, E.; Badia, M.B.; Jódar, R. Use of colistin in the treatment of multipledrug-resistant Gram-negative infections. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm., 2005, 62, 39-47.
35. Mastoraki, A.; Douka, E.; Kriaras, I.; Stravopodis, G.; Manoli, H.; Geroulanos, S. Pseudomonas aeruginosa susceptible only to colistin in intensive care unit patients. Surg. Infect., 2008, 9, 153-160.
36. Kwa, A.L.; Loh, C.; Low, J.G.; Kurup, A.; Tam, V.H. Nebulized colistin in the treatment of pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2005, 41, 754-757.
37. Kofteridis, D.P.; Alexopoulou, C.; Valachis, A.; Maraki, S.; Dimopoulou, D.; Georgopoulos, D.; Samonis, G. Aerosolized plus Intravenous Colistin versus Intravenous Colistin Alone for the Treatment of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Matched Case- Control Study. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2010, 51(11), 1238-1244.
38. Mohr, A.M.; Sifri, Z.C.; Horng, H.S.; Sadek, R.; Savetamal, A.; Hauser, C.J.; Livingston, D.H. Use of aerosolized aminoglycosides in the treatment of Gram-negative ventilator-associated pneumonia. Surg, Infect., 2007, 8, 349-357.
39. Hallal, A.; Cohn, S.M.; Namias, N.; Habib, F.; Baracco, G.; Manning, R.J.; Crookes, B.; Schulman, C.I. Aerosolized tobramycin in the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a pilot study. Surg. Infect., 2007, 8, 73-82.
40. Rattanaumpawan, P.; Lorsutthitham, J.; Ungprasert, P.; Angkasekwinai, N.; Thamlikitkul, V. Randomized controlled trial of nebulized colistimethate sodium as adjunctive therapy of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by Gram-negative bacteria. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2010, 65, 2645-2649.
41. Lu, Q.; Yang, J.; Liu, Z.; Gutierrez, C.; Aymard, G.; Rouby, J.J. Nebulized Ceftazidime and Amikacin in Ventilator-associated Pneumonia Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2011, 184, 106-115.
42. Ioannidou, E.; Siempos, I.I.; Falagas, M.E. Administration of antimicrobials via the respiratory tract for the treatment of patients with nosocomial pneumonia: a meta-analysis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2007, 60, 1216-26.
43. Klick, J.M.; du Moulin, G.C.; Hedley-Whyte, J.; Teres, D.; Bushnell, L.S.; Feingold, D.S. Prevention of gram-negative bacillary pneumonia using polymyxin aerosol as prophylaxis. II. Effect on the incidence of pneumonia in seriously ill patients. J. Clin. Invest., 1975, 55, 514-519.
44. Rouby, J.J.; Poete, P.; Martin de Lassale, E.; Nicolas, M.H.; Bodin, L.; Jarlier, V.; Korinek, A.M.; Viars, P. Prevention of gramnegative nosocomial bronchopneumonia by intratracheal colistin in critically ill patients. Histologic and bacteriologic study. Intensive Care Med., 1994, 20, 187-192.
45. Feeley, T.W.; Du Moulin, G.C.; Hedley-Whyte, J.; Bushnell, L.S.; Gilbert, J.P.; Feingold, D.S. Aerosol polymyxin and pneumonia in seriously ill patients. N. Engl. J. Med., 1975, 293, 471-475.
46. Wood, G.C.; Boucher, B.A.; Croce, M.A.; Hanes, S.D.; Herring, V.L.; Fabian, T.C. Aerosolized ceftazidime for prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia and drug effects on the proinflammatory response in critically ill trauma patients. Pharmacotherapy, 2002, 22, 972-982.
47. Claridge, J.A.; Edwards, N.M.; Swanson, J.; Fabian, T.C.; Weinberg, J.A.; Wood, C.; Croce, M.A. Aerosolized ceftazidime prophylaxis against ventilator-associated pneumonia in high-risk trauma patients: results of a double-blind randomized study. Surg. Infect., 2007, 8, 83-90.
48. Palmer, L.B.; Smaldone, G.C.; Chen, J.J.; Baram, D.; Duan, T.; Monteforte, M.; Varela, M.; Tempone, A.K.; O'Riordan, T.; Daroowalla, F.; Richman, P. Aerosolized antibiotics and ventilatorassociated tracheobronchitis in the intensive care unit. Crit. Care Med., 2008; 36, 2008-2013.
49. Falagas, M.E.; Siempos, I.I.; Bliziotis, I.A.; Michalopoulos, A. Administration of antibiotics via the respiratory tract for the prevention of ICU-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis of comparative trials. Crit. Care, 2006, 10, R123.
50. Ghannam, D.E.; Rodriguez, G.H.; Raad, I.I.; Safdar, A. Inhaled aminoglycosides in cancer patients with ventilator-associated Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia: safety and feasibility in the era of escalating drug resistance. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2009, 28, 253-259.
51. Rijnders, B.J.; Cornelissen, J.J.; Slobbe, L.; Becker, M.J.; Doorduijn, J.K.; Hop, W.C.; Ruijgrok, E.J.; Löwenberg, B.; Vulto, A.; Lugtenburg P.J.; de Marie, S. Aerosolized Liposomal Amphotericin B for the Prevention of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis during Prolonged Neutropenia: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2008, 46, 1401-1408.
52. Orriols, R.; Roig, J.; Ferrer, J.; Sampol, G.; Rosell, A.; Ferrer, A.; Vallano, A. Inhaled antibiotic therapy in non-cystic fibrosis patients with bronchiectasis and chronic bronchial infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Respir. Med., 1999, 93, 476-480.
53. Drobnic, M.E.; Sune, P.; Montoro, J.B.; Ferrer, A.; Orriols, R. Inhaled tobramycin in non-cystic fibrosis patients with bronchiectasis and chronic bronchial infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ann. Pharmacother., 2005, 39, 39-44.
54. Emerson, J.; Rosenfeld, M.; McNamara, S.; Ramsey, B.; Gibson, R.L. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other predictors of mortality and morbidity in young children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr. Pulmonol., 2002, 34, 91-100.
55. Davies, J.C.; Bilton, D. Bugs, Biofilms, and Resistance in Cystic Fibrosis. Respir. Care, 2009, 54(5), 628-640.
56. Wiesemann H.G.; Steinkamp, G.; Ratjen, F.; Bauernfeind, A.; Przyklenk, B.; Döring, G.; von der Hardt, H. Placebo controlled, double blind, randomized study of aerosolized tobramycin for early treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization in patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr. Pulmonol., 1998, 25, 88-92.
57. Ratjen, F.; Döring, G.; Nikolaizik, W. Effect of inhaled tobramycin on early Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonisation in patients with cystic fibrosis. Lancet, 2001, 358, 983-984.
58. Ratjen, F.; Munck, A.; Kho, P.; Anqyalosi, G. Treatment of early Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in patients with cystic fibrosis: The ELITE trial. Thorax, 2010, 65, 286-291.
59. Treggiari, M.M.; Retsch-Bogart, G.; Mayer-Hamblett, N.; Khan, U.; Kulich, M.; Kronmal, R.; Williams, J.; Hiatt, P.; Gibson, R.L.; Spencer, T.; Orenstein, D.; Chatfield, B.A.; Froh, D.K.; Burns, J.L.; Rosenfeld, M.; Ramsey, B.W. Comparative efficacy and safety of 4 randomized regimens to treat early Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in children with cystic fibrosis. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med., 2011, 165(9), 847-56.
60. Ramsey, B.W.; Pepe, M.S.; Quan, J.M.; Otto, K.L.; Montgomery, A.B.; Williams-Warren, J.; Vasiljev K.M.; Borowitz, D.; Bowman, C.M.; Marshall, B.C.; Marshall, S.; Smith, A.L. Intermittent administration of inhaled tobramycin in patients with cystic fibrosis. Cystic Fibrosis Inhaled Tobramycin Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 1999, 340, 23-30.
61. Flume, P.A.; O'Sullivan, B.P.; Robinson, K.A.; Finder, J.D.; Vender, R.L.; Willey-Courand, D.B.; White, T.B.; Marshall, B.C. Cystic fibrosis pulmonary guidelines: chronic medications for maintenance of lung health. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2007, 176(10), 957-969.
62. Tramper-Stranders, G.A.; Wolfs, T.F.W.; van Haren Noman, S.; van Aalderen, W.M.; Nagelkerke, A.F.; Nuijsink, M.; Kimpen, J.L.; van der Ent, C.K. Controlled trial of cycled antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent initial Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in children with cystic fibrosis. Thorax, 2010, 65, 915-920.
63. Valerius, N.H.; Koch, C.; Høiby, N. Prevention of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization in cystic fibrosis by early treatment. Lancet, 1991, 338, 725-6.
64. Hansen, C.R.; Pressler, T.; Høiby, N. Early aggressive eradication therapy for intermittent Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway colonization in cystic fibrosis patients: 15 years experience. J. Cyst. Fibros., 2008, 7(6), 523-530.
65. Jensen, T.; Pederson, S.S.; Garne, S.; Heilmann, C.; Høiby, N.; Koch, C. Colistin inhalation therapy in cystic fibrosis patients with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 1987, 19(6), 831-838.
66. Hodson, M.E.; Gallagher, C.G.; Govan, J.R. A randomized clinical trial of nebulized tobramycin or colistin in cystic fibrosis. Eur. Respir. J., 2002, 20(3): 658-664.
67. Geller, D.E.; Flume, P.A.; Staab, D.; Fischer, R.; Loutit, J.S.; Conrad, D.J. Levofloxacin Inhalation Solution (MP-376) in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2011, 183, 1510-1516.
68. Trapnell, B.C.; McColley, S.A.; Kissner, D.G.; Rolfe, M.W.; Rosen, J.M.; McKevitt, M.; Moorehead, L.; Montgomery, A.B.; Geller, D.E. Fosfomycin/Tobramycin for Inhalation in Cystic Fibrosis Patients with Pseudomonas Airway Infection. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., article in press. Accessed in 12/16/2011.
69. Konstan, M.W.; Flume, P.A.; Kappler, M.; Chiron, R.; Higgins, M.; Brockhaus, F.; Zhang, J.; Angyalosi, G.; He, E.; Geller, D.E. Safety, efficacy and convenience of tobramycin inhalation powder in cystic fibrosis patients: The EAGER trial. J. Cyst. Fibros., 2011, 10, 54-61.
70. Okusanya, O.O.; Bhavnani, S.M.; Hammel, J.; Minic, P.; Dupont, L.J.; Forrest A.; Mulder, G.J.; Mackinson, C.; Ambrose, P.G.; Gupta, R. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of liposomal amikacin for inhalation in cystic fibrosis patients with chronic pseudomonal infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2009, 53, 3847-3854.
71. Falagas, M.E.; Kasiakou, S.K. Colistin: The revival of polymyxins for the management of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2005, 40, 1333-1341.
72. Westerman, E.M.; Le Brun, P.P.H.; Touw, D.J.; Frijlink, H.W.; Heijerman, H.G. Effect of nebulized colistin sulphate and colistin sulphomethate on lung function in patients with cystic fibrosis: a pilot study. J Cyst Fibros., 2004, 3, 23-28.
73. Wahby, K.; Chopra, T.; Chandrasekar, P. Intravenous and Inhalational Colistin-Induced Respiratory Failure. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2010, 50, e38-e40.
74. Alothman, G.; Ho, B.; Alsaadi, M.M.; Ho, S.L.; O'Drowsky, L.; Louca, E.; Coates, A.L. Bronchial constriction and inhaled colistin in cystic fibrosis. Chest, 2005, 127, 522-529.
75. Dhand R. The role of aerosolized antimicrobials in the treatment of ventilator associated pneumonia. Respir. Care, 2007, 52, 866-884.
76. Leong, K.W.; Ong, S.; Chee, H.L.; Lee, W.; Kwa, A.L. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to high-dose colistin aerosol therapy. Int. J. Infect. Dis., 2010, 14, e1018-e1019.