Searching for repressed memory

Nebraska Symposium on Motivation

Volumn 58, Issue , 2012, Pages 121-147

  McNally, Richard J ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

CSA; Dissociation; False memory; Repression

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDER; CHILD; CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE; COMPREHENSION; DEFENSE MECHANISM; EMOTION; EPISODIC MEMORY; FEAR; HUMAN; LIFE EVENT; MAJOR DEPRESSION; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW;

ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDERS; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE, SEXUAL; COMPREHENSION; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; EMOTIONS; FEAR; HUMANS; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; MEMORY, EPISODIC; REPRESSION, PSYCHOLOGY; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC;

EID: 84857677064     PISSN: 01467875     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-1195-6_4     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (122)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders -text revision (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. Arrigo, J. M., & Pezdek, K. (1997). Lessons from the study of psychogenic amnesia. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 6 , 148-152.
6. Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007). Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Bulletin, 133 , 1-24.
7. Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1987). Beck depression inventory manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
8. Bentham, J. (1823/1948). The principles of morals and legislation (rev. ed.). New York: Hafner.
9. Bernstein, E. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1986). Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174 , 727-735. (Pubitemid 17210598)
10. Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H. L. Roediger III & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honor of Endel Tulving (pp. 309-330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
11. Borch-Jacobsen, M. (2009). Making minds and madness: From hysteria to depression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12. Breslau, N., Reboussin, B. A., Anthony, J. C., & Storr, C. L. (2005). The structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: Latent class analysis in 2 community samples. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62 , 1343-1351. (Pubitemid 41746611)
13. Breuer, J., & Freud, S. (1893/1955). On the psychical mechanism of hysterical phenomena: Preliminary communication. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 2, pp. 3-17). London: Hogarth Press.
14. Brewin, C. R. (2003). Post-traumatic stress disorder: Malady or myth? New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
15. Briere, J., & Conte, J. (1993). Self-reported amnesia for abuse in adults molested as children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6 , 21-31. (Pubitemid 24196274)
16. Brittlebank, A. D., Scott, J., Williams, J. M. G., & Ferrier, I. N. (1993). Autobiographical memory in depression: State or trait marker? The British Journal of Psychiatry, 162 , 118-121. (Pubitemid 23017024)
17. Brown, D., Schefl in, A. W., & Hammond, D. C. (1998). Memory, trauma treatment, and the law. New York: Norton.
18. Brown, D., Schefl in, A. W., & Whitfi eld, C. L. (1999). Recovered memories: The current weight of evidence in science and in the courts. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 27 , 5-156. (Pubitemid 29398518)
19. Carey, B. (2007). A study of memory looks at fact and fi ction. New York Times , February 2, A15 and A21.
20. Ceci, S. J., & Loftus, E. F. (1994). "Memory work": A royal road to false memories? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 8 , 351-364.
21. Choderlos de Laclos, P.-A.-F. (1782/1961). Les liaisons dangereuses (P. W. K. Stone, Trans.). London: Penguin.
22. Clancy, S. A. (2005). Abducted: How people come to believe they were kidnapped by aliens. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
23. Clancy, S. A. (2009). The trauma myth. New York: Basic Books.
24. Clancy, S. A., & McNally, R. J. (2005/2006). Who needs repression? Normal memory processes can explain "forgetting" of childhood sexual abuse. Scientifi c Review of Mental Health Practice , 4 , 66-73.
25. Clancy, S. A., McNally, R. J., & Schacter, D. L. (1999). Effects of guided imagery on memory distortion in women reporting recovered memories of sexual abuse. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12 , 559-569. (Pubitemid 30050838)
26. Clancy, S. A., McNally, R. J., Schacter, D. L., Lenzenweger, M. F., & Pitman, R. K. (2002). Memory distortion in people reporting abduction by aliens. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111 , 455-461. (Pubitemid 34791146)
27. Clancy, S. A., Schacter, D. L., McNally, R. J., & Pitman, R. K. (2000). False recognition in women reporting recovered memories of sexual abuse. Psychological Science, 11 , 26-31.
28. Courtois, C. A. (1992). The memory retrieval process in incest survivor therapy. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 1 , 15-31. (Pubitemid 23067875)
29. Crews, F. (1995). The memory wars: Freud's legacy in dispute. New York: New York Review of Books.
30. Davis, J. E. (2005). Accounts of innocence: Sexual abuse, trauma, and the self. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
31. Deese, J. (1959). On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58 , 17-22.
32. DePrince, A., Brown, L., Cheit, R., Freyd, J., Gold, S. N., Pezdek, K., & Quina, K. (2012, this volume). Motivated forgetting and misremembering: Perspectives from betrayal trauma theory. In R. F. Belli (Ed.), True and false recovered memories: Toward a reconciliation of the debate (pp. 193-242). Vol. 58: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. New York: Springer.
33. DePrince, A. P., & Freyd, J. J. (2004). Forgetting trauma stimuli. Psychological Science, 15 , 488-492. (Pubitemid 38920095)
34. DePrince, A. P., Freyd, J. J., & Malle, B. F. (2007). A replication by another name: A response to Devilly et al. (2007). Psychological Science, 18 , 218-219.
35. Devilly, G. J., & Ciorciari, J. (2007). Conclusions in science when theory and data collide. Psychological Science, 18 , 220-221.
36. Devilly, G. J., Ciorciari, J., Piesse, A., Sherwell, S., Zammit, S., Cook, F., et al. (2007). Dissociative tendencies and memory performance on directed-forgetting tasks. Psychological Science, 18 , 212-217.
37. Dollinger, S. J. (1985). Lightning-strike disaster among children. The British Journal of Medical Psychology, 58 , 375-383. (Pubitemid 16229243)
38. Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., Fennell, M., Herbert, C., et al. (2003). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive therapy, a self-help booklet, and repeated assessments as early interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60 , 1024-1032. (Pubitemid 37222086)
39. Engelhard, I. M., van den Hout, M. A., Weerts, J., Arntz, A., Hox, J. J. C. M., & McNally, R. J. (2007). Deployment-related stress and trauma in Dutch soldiers returning from Iraq: Prospective study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 191 , 140-145. (Pubitemid 47204534)
40. Evans, J., Williams, J. M. G., O'Loughlin, S., & Howells, K. (1992). Autobiographical memory and problem-solving strategies of parasuicide patients. Psychological Medicine, 22 , 399-405.
41. Femina, D. D., Yeager, C. A., & Lewis, D. O. (1990). Child abuse: Adolescent records vs. adult recall. Child Abuse & Neglect, 14 , 227-231.
42. Foa, E. B., & McNally, R. J. (1996). Mechanisms of change in exposure therapy. In R. M. Rapee (Ed.), Current controversies in the anxiety disorders (pp. 329-343). New York: Guilford Press.
43. Foa, E. B., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1998). Treating the trauma of rape: Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD. New York: Guilford.
44. Foa, E. B., & Tolin, D. F. (2000). Comparison of the PTSD symptom scale-interview version and the clinician-administered PTSD scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13 , 181-191. (Pubitemid 30333790)
45. Foa, E. B., Zinbarg, R., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1992). Uncontrollability and unpredictability in posttraumatic stress disorder: An animal model. Psychological Bulletin, 112 , 218-238.
46. French, C. C., Santomauro, J., Hamilton, V., Fox, R., & Thalbourne, M. A. (2008). Psychological aspects of the alien contact experience. Cortex, 44 , 1387-1395.
47. Freud, S. (1962). The aetiology of hysteria. In: J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 3, pp. 191-221). London: Hogarth Press.
48. Freyd, J. J. (1996). Betrayal trauma: The logic of forgetting childhood abuse. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
49. Freyd, J. J., DePrince, A. P., & Gleaves, D. H. (2007). The state of betrayal trauma theory: Reply to McNally -conceptual issues and future directions. Memory, 15 , 295-311. (Pubitemid 46579131)
50. Gallo, D. A. (2010). False memories and fantastic beliefs: 15 years of the DRM illusion. Memory & Cognition, 38 , 833-848.
51. Garry, M., Manning, C. G., Loftus, E. F., & Sherman, S. J. (1996). Imagination infl ation: Imagining a childhood event infl ates confi dence that it occurred. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 3 , 208-214. (Pubitemid 126421514)
52. Golding, J. M. (2005). Directed forgetting tasks in cognitive research. In A. Wenzel & D. C. Rubin (Eds.), Cognitive methods and their application to clinical research (pp. 177-196). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
53. Herman, J. H., & Schatzow, E. (1987). Recovery and verifi cation of memories of childhood sexual trauma. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 4 , 1-14. (Pubitemid 17024892)
54. Israëls, H., & Schatzman, M. (1993). The seduction theory. History of Psychiatry, 4 , 23-59.
55. Johnson, H. M. (1994). Processes of successful intentional forgetting. Psychological Bulletin, 116 , 274-292. (Pubitemid 24976772)
56. Kant, I. (1785/1964). Groundwork of the metaphysic of morals (H. J. Paton, Trans.). New York: Harper Torchbooks.
57. Kihlstrom, J. F., & Schacter, D. L. (2000). Functional amnesia. In F. Boller & J. Grafman (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychology (2nd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 409-427). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
58. Lilienfeld, S. O. (2002). When worlds collide: Social science, politics, and the Rind et al. (1998) child sexual abuse meta-analysis. American Psychologist, 57 , 176-188.
59. Loewenstein, R. J. (1991). An offi ce mental status examination for complex chronic dissociative symptoms and multiple personality disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 14 , 567-604.
60. Macklin, M. L., Metzger, L. J., Litz, B. T., McNally, R. J., Lasko, N. B., Orr, S. P., et al. (1998). Lower precombat intelligence is a risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66 , 323-326. (Pubitemid 28208314)
61. Marshall, R. D., Bryant, R. A., Amsel, L., Suh, E. J., Cook, J. M., & Neria, Y. (2007). The psychology of ongoing threat: Relative risk appraisal, the September 11 attacks, and terrorism-related fears. American Psychologist, 62 , 304-316.
62. McGaugh, J. L. (2003). Memory and emotion: The making of lasting memories. New York: Columbia University Press.
63. McNally, R. J. (1993). Stressors that produce DSM-III-R posttraumatic stress disorder in children. In J. R. T. Davidson & E. B. Foa (Eds.), Posttraumatic stress disorder: DSM-IV and beyond (pp. 57-74). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
64. McNally, R. J. (1998). Experimental approaches to cognitive abnormality in posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 18 , 971-982. (Pubitemid 29011364)
65. McNally, R. J. (2003a). Remembering trauma. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press/Harvard University Press.
66. McNally, R. J. (2003b). Recovering memories of trauma: A view from the laboratory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12 , 32-35. (Pubitemid 36742627)
67. McNally, R. J. (2003c). Progress and controversy in the study of posttraumatic stress disorder. Annual Review of Psychology, 54 , 229-252. (Pubitemid 37417493)
68. McNally, R. J. (2004). The science and folklore of traumatic amnesia. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11 , 29-33. (Pubitemid 38735565)
69. McNally, R. J. (2006). Cognitive abnormalities in post-traumatic stress disorder. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10 , 271-277. (Pubitemid 44183639)
70. McNally, R. J. (2007a). Do certain readings of Freud constitute "pathological science"? A comment on Boag (2006). Review of General Psychology, 11 , 359-360.
71. McNally, R. J. (2007b). Dispelling confusion about traumatic dissociative amnesia. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 82 , 1083-1087. (Pubitemid 47357141)
72. McNally, R. J. (2007c). Revisiting Dohrenwend et al.'s Revisit of the national Vietnam veterans readjustment study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20 , 481-486. (Pubitemid 47475497)
73. McNally, R. J. (2007d). Betrayal trauma theory: A critical appraisal. Memory, 15 , 280-294. (Pubitemid 46579130)
74. McNally, R. J. (2009a). Can we fi x PTSD in DSM-V? Depression and Anxiety, 26 , 597-600.
75. McNally, R. J. (2009b). Posttraumatic stress disorder. In P. H. Blaney & T. Millon (Eds.), Oxford textbook of psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 176-197). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
76. McNally, R. J., Amir, N., & Lipke, H. J. (1996). Subliminal processing of threat cues in posttraumatic stress disorder? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 10 , 115-128. (Pubitemid 26107462)
77. McNally, R. J., & Breslau, N. (2008). Does virtual trauma cause posttraumatic stress disorder? American Psychologist, 63 , 282-283.
78. McNally, R. J., & Clancy, S. A. (2005a). Sleep paralysis, sexual abuse, and space alien abduction. Transcultural Psychiatry, 42 , 113-122. (Pubitemid 40467760)
79. McNally, R. J., & Clancy, S. A. (2005b). Sleep paralysis in adults reporting repressed, recovered, or continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19 , 595-602. (Pubitemid 40327127)
80. McNally, R. J., & Clancy, S. A. (2006). Sleep paralysis and recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse: A reply to Pendergrast. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20 , 538-540.
81. McNally, R. J., Clancy, S. A., Barrett, H. M., & Parker, H. A. (2004). Inhibiting retrieval of trauma cues in adults reporting histories of childhood sexual abuse. Cognition and Emotion, 18 , 479-493. (Pubitemid 38832530)
82. McNally, R. J., Clancy, S. A., Barrett, H. M., & Parker, H. A. (2005). Reality monitoring in adults reporting repressed, recovered, or continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114 , 147-152. (Pubitemid 40261864)
83. McNally, R. J., Clancy, S. A., Barrett, H. M., Parker, H. A., Ristuccia, C. S., & Perlman, C. A. (2006a). Autobiographical memory specifi city in adults reporting repressed, recovered, or continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse. Cognition and Emotion, 20 , 527-535. (Pubitemid 43878763)
84. McNally, R. J., Clancy, S. A., & Schacter, D. L. (2001). Directed forgetting of trauma cues in adults reporting repressed or recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110 , 151-156. (Pubitemid 32205167)
85. McNally, R. J., Clancy, S. A., Schacter, D. L., & Pitman, R. K. (2000a). Personality profi les, dissociation, and absorption in women reporting repressed, recovered, or continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68 , 1033-1037. (Pubitemid 32038381)
86. McNally, R. J., Clancy, S. A., Schacter, D. L., & Pitman, R. K. (2000b). Cognitive processing of trauma cues in adults reporting repressed, recovered, or continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109 , 355-359.
87. McNally, R. J., & Geraerts, E. (2009). A new solution to the recovered memory debate. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4 , 126-134.
88. McNally, R. J., Kaspi, S. P., Riemann, B. C., & Zeitlin, S. B. (1990). Selective processing of threat cues in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99 , 398-402.
89. McNally, R. J., Lasko, N. B., Clancy, S. A., Macklin, M. L., Pitman, R. K., & Orr, S. P. (2004). Psychophysiological responding during script-driven imagery in people reporting abduction by space aliens. Psychological Science, 15 , 493-497. (Pubitemid 38920096)
90. McNally, R. J., Lasko, N. B., Macklin, M. L., & Pitman, R. K. (1995). Autobiographical memory disturbance in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33 , 619-630.
91. McNally, R. J., Litz, B. T., Prassas, A., Shin, L. M., & Weathers, F. W. (1994). Emotional priming of autobiographical memory in post-traumatic stress disorder. Cognition and Emotion, 8 , 351-367.
92. McNally, R. J., Luedke, D. L., Besyner, J. K., Peterson, R. A., Bohm, K., & Lips, O. J. (1987). Sensitivity to stress-relevant stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 1 , 105-116.
93. McNally, R. J., Metzger, L. J., Lasko, N. B., Clancy, S. A., & Pitman, R. K. (1998). Directed forgetting of trauma cues in adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107 , 596-601. (Pubitemid 28527573)
94. McNally, R. J., Perlman, C. A., Ristuccia, C. S., & Clancy, S. A. (2006b). Clinical characteristics of adults reporting repressed, recovered, or continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74 , 237-242. (Pubitemid 43807356)
95. McNally, R. J., Ristuccia, C., & Perlman, C. A. (2005). Forgetting of trauma cues in adults reporting continuous or recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse. Psychological Science, 16 , 336-340. (Pubitemid 40550744)
96. McNally, R. J., & Shin, L. M. (1995). Association of intelligence with severity of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in Vietnam combat veterans. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152 , 936-938.
97. McTeague, L. M., McNally, R. J., & Litz, B. T. (2004). Prewar, war-zone, and postwar predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder in female Vietnam veteran health care providers. Military Psychology, 16 , 99-114. (Pubitemid 38671094)
98. Meyersburg, C. A., Bogdan, R., Gallo, D. A., & McNally, R. J. (2009). False memory propensity in people reporting recovered memories of past lives. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118 , 399-404.
99. Myers, L. B., Brewin, C. R., & Power, M. J. (1998). Repressive coping and the directed forgetting of emotional material. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107 , 141-148. (Pubitemid 28102961)
100. Olio, K. A. (1989). Memory retrieval in the treatment of adult survivors of sexual abuse. Transactional Analysis Journal, 19 , 93-100.
101. Pendergrast, M. (1996). Victims of memory : Incest accusations and shattered lives (rev. ed.). London: HarperCollins.
102. Piper, A., Jr., Pope, H. G., Jr., & Borowiecki, J. J., III. (2000). Custer's last stand: Brown, Schefl in, and Whitfi eld's latest attempt to salvage "dissociative amnesia. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 28 , 149-213.
103. Pope, H. G., Jr., Oliva, P. S., & Hudson, J. I. (1999). Repressed memories: The scientifi c status. In D. L. Faigman, D. H. Kaye, M. J. Saks, & J. Sanders (Eds.), Modern scientifi c testimony : The law and science of expert testimony (Vol. 1, Pocket part, pp. 115-155).St. Paul, MN: West Publishing.
104. Pope, H. G., Jr., Poliakoff, M. B., Parker, M. P., Boynes, M., & Hudson, J. I. (2007a). Is dissociative amnesia a culture-bound syndrome? Findings from a survey of historical literature. Psychological Medicine, 37 , 225-233. (Pubitemid 46158164)
105. Pope, H. G., Jr., Poliakoff, M. B., Parker, M. P., Boynes, M., & Hudson, J. I. (2007b). The authors' reply. Psychological Medicine, 37 , 1067-1068.
106. Porter, S., & Peace, K. A. (2007). The scars of memory: A prospective, longitudinal investigation of the consistency of traumatic and positive emotional memories in adulthood. Psychological Science, 18 , 435-441.
107. Rind, B., Tromovitch, P., & Bauserman, R. (1998). A meta-analytic examination of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using college samples. Psychological Bulletin, 124 , 22-53. (Pubitemid 128459539)
108. Roediger, H. L., III, & Bergman, E. T. (1998). The controversy over recovered memories. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 4 , 1091-1109. (Pubitemid 128443817)
109. Roediger, H. L., III, & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21 , 803-814.
110. Rubin, D. C., Berntsen, D., & Bohni, M. K. (2008). A memory-based model of posttraumatic stress disorder: Evaluation basic assumptions underlying the PTSD diagnosis. Psychological Review, 115 , 985-1011.
111. Schacter, D. L. (1996). Searching for memory: The brain, the mind, and the past. New York: Basic Books.
112. Schooler, J. W., Bendiksen, M., & Ambadar, Z. (1997). Taking the middle line: Can we accommodate both fabricated and recovered memories of sexual abuse? In M. A. Conway (Ed.), Recovered memories and false memories (pp. 251-292). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
113. Shin, L. M., Kosslyn, S. M., McNally, R. J., Alpert, N. M., Thompson, W. L., Rauch, S. L., et al. (1997). Visual imagery and perception in posttraumatic stress disorder: A positron emission tomographic investigation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54 , 233-241. (Pubitemid 27132052)
114. Shin, L. M., McNally, R. J., Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., Rauch, S. L., Alpert, N. M., et al. (1999). Regional cerebral blood fl ow during script-driven imagery in childhood sexual abuserelated PTSD: A PET investigation. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156 , 575-584. (Pubitemid 29162979)
115. Spiegel, D. (1997). Foreword. In D. Spiegel (Ed.), Repressed memories (pp. 5-11). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
116. Terr, L. C. (1991). Childhood trauma: An outline and overview. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 148 , 10-20.
117. Trandel, D. V., & McNally, R. J. (1987). Perception of threat cues in posttraumatic stress disorder: Semantic processing without awareness? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25 , 469-476. (Pubitemid 17163881)
118. Widom, C. S., & Morris, S. (1997). Accuracy of adult recollections of childhood victimization: Part 2. Childhood sexual abuse. Psychological Assessment, 9 , 34-46. (Pubitemid 27146293)
119. Wilkinson, C. B. (1983). Aftermath of a disaster: The collapse of the Hyatt Regency Hotel skywalks. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 140 , 1134-1139. (Pubitemid 13050720)
120. Williams, J. M. G., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Hermans, D., Raes, F., Watkins, E., et al. (2007). Autobiographical memory specifi city and emotional disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 133 , 122-148.
121. Williams, J. M. G., Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1996). The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin, 120 , 3-24. (Pubitemid 126447646)
122. Williams, L. M. (1994). Recall of childhood trauma: A prospective study of women's memories of child sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62 , 1167-1176.