메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2012, Pages

Genomic diversity in two related plant species with and without sex chromosomes - silene latifolia and S. vulgaris

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GENOMIC DNA; MICROSATELLITE DNA; SATELLITE DNA; VEGETABLE PROTEIN;

EID: 84857671845     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031898     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (19)

References (62)
  • 1
    • 33745888167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smallest angiosperm genomes found in Lentibulariaceae with chromosomes of bacterial size
    • Greilhuber J, Borsch T, Muller K, Worberg A, Porembski S, et al. (2006) Smallest angiosperm genomes found in Lentibulariaceae with chromosomes of bacterial size. Plant Biology 8: 770-777.
    • (2006) Plant Biology , vol.8 , pp. 770-777
    • Greilhuber, J.1    Borsch, T.2    Muller, K.3    Worberg, A.4    Porembski, S.5
  • 3
    • 0000822856 scopus 로고
    • The genetic organization of chromosomes
    • Thomas CA, (1971) The genetic organization of chromosomes. Annual Reviews of Genetics 5: 237-256.
    • (1971) Annual Reviews of Genetics , vol.5 , pp. 237-256
    • Thomas, C.A.1
  • 4
    • 0035090476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coincidence, coevolution, or causation? DNA content, cellsize, and the C-value enigma
    • Gregory TR, (2001) Coincidence, coevolution, or causation? DNA content, cellsize, and the C-value enigma. Biological Reviews 76: 65-101.
    • (2001) Biological Reviews , vol.76 , pp. 65-101
    • Gregory, T.R.1
  • 6
    • 33745371107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Significant expansion of Vicia pannonica genome size mediated by amplification of a single type of giant retroelement
    • Neumann P, Koblizkova A, Navratilova A, Macas J, (2006) Significant expansion of Vicia pannonica genome size mediated by amplification of a single type of giant retroelement. Genetics 173: 1047-1056.
    • (2006) Genetics , vol.173 , pp. 1047-1056
    • Neumann, P.1    Koblizkova, A.2    Navratilova, A.3    Macas, J.4
  • 7
    • 33749389724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential lineage-specific amplification of transposable elements is responsible for genome size variation in Gossypium
    • Hawkins JS, Kim HR, Nason JD, Wing RA, et al. (2006) Differential lineage-specific amplification of transposable elements is responsible for genome size variation in Gossypium. Genome Research 16: 1252-1261.
    • (2006) Genome Research , vol.16 , pp. 1252-1261
    • Hawkins, J.S.1    Kim, H.R.2    Nason, J.D.3    Wing, R.A.4
  • 8
    • 69749117757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contrasting evolutionary dynamics between angiosperm and mammalian genomes
    • Kejnovsky E, Leitch I, Leitch A, (2009) Contrasting evolutionary dynamics between angiosperm and mammalian genomes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution24: 572-582.
    • (2009) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.24 , pp. 572-582
    • Kejnovsky, E.1    Leitch, I.2    Leitch, A.3
  • 9
    • 0035105221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perspective: transposable elements, parasitic DNA, and genome evolution
    • Kidwell MG, Lisch DR, (2001) Perspective: transposable elements, parasitic DNA, and genome evolution. Evolution 55: 1-24.
    • (2001) Evolution , vol.55 , pp. 1-24
    • Kidwell, M.G.1    Lisch, D.R.2
  • 11
    • 0033976643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transposable elements contributions to plant gene and genome evolution
    • Bennetzen JL, (2000) Transposable elements contributions to plant gene and genome evolution. Plant Molecular Biology 42: 251-269.
    • (2000) Plant Molecular Biology , vol.42 , pp. 251-269
    • Bennetzen, J.L.1
  • 12
    • 0028108183 scopus 로고
    • The evolutionary dynamics of repetitive DNA in eukaryotes
    • Charlesworth B, Sniegowski P, Stephan W, (1994) The evolutionary dynamics of repetitive DNA in eukaryotes. Nature 371: 215-220.
    • (1994) Nature , vol.371 , pp. 215-220
    • Charlesworth, B.1    Sniegowski, P.2    Stephan, W.3
  • 13
    • 0038523788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tandemly repeated DNA sequences and centromeric chromosomal regions of Arabidopsis species
    • Heslop-Harrison JS, Brandes A, Schwarzacher T, (2003) Tandemly repeated DNA sequences and centromeric chromosomal regions of Arabidopsis species. Chromosome Research 11: 241-253.
    • (2003) Chromosome Research , vol.11 , pp. 241-253
    • Heslop-Harrison, J.S.1    Brandes, A.2    Schwarzacher, T.3
  • 14
    • 0034966703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A quantitative genetic analysis of nuclear-cytoplasmic male sterility in structured populations of Silene vulgaris
    • Taylor DR, Olson MS, McCauley DE, (2001) A quantitative genetic analysis of nuclear-cytoplasmic male sterility in structured populations of Silene vulgaris. Genetics 158: 833-841.
    • (2001) Genetics , vol.158 , pp. 833-841
    • Taylor, D.R.1    Olson, M.S.2    McCauley, D.E.3
  • 15
    • 4143061437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender in plants: sex chromosomes are emerging from the fog
    • Vyskot B, Hobza R, (2004) Gender in plants: sex chromosomes are emerging from the fog. Trends in Genetics 20: 432-438.
    • (2004) Trends in Genetics , vol.20 , pp. 432-438
    • Vyskot, B.1    Hobza, R.2
  • 16
    • 67349191053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of repetitive DNA in structure and evolution of sex chromosomes in plants
    • Kejnovsky E, Hobza R, Kubat Z, Cermak T, Vyskot B, (2009) The role of repetitive DNA in structure and evolution of sex chromosomes in plants. Heredity 102: 533-541.
    • (2009) Heredity , vol.102 , pp. 533-541
    • Kejnovsky, E.1    Hobza, R.2    Kubat, Z.3    Cermak, T.4    Vyskot, B.5
  • 17
    • 0030980513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation and characterization of X chromosome-derived DNA sequences from a dioecious plant Melandrium album
    • Buzek J, Koutnikova H, Houben A, Riha K, Janousek B, et al. (1997) Isolation and characterization of X chromosome-derived DNA sequences from a dioecious plant Melandrium album. Chromosome Research 5: 57-65.
    • (1997) Chromosome Research , vol.5 , pp. 57-65
    • Buzek, J.1    Koutnikova, H.2    Houben, A.3    Riha, K.4    Janousek, B.5
  • 18
    • 0042383306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organization of the KpnI family of chromosomal distal-end satellite DNAs in Silene latifolia
    • Kazama Y, Sugiyama R, Matsunaga S, Shibata F, Uchida W, et al. (2003) Organization of the KpnI family of chromosomal distal-end satellite DNAs in Silene latifolia. Journal of Plant Research 116: 317-326.
    • (2003) Journal of Plant Research , vol.116 , pp. 317-326
    • Kazama, Y.1    Sugiyama, R.2    Matsunaga, S.3    Shibata, F.4    Uchida, W.5
  • 19
    • 33747849960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The clustering of four subfamilies of satellite DNA at individual chromosome ends in Silene latifolia
    • Kazama Y, Sugiyama R, Suto Y, Uchida W, Kawano S, (2006) The clustering of four subfamilies of satellite DNA at individual chromosome ends in Silene latifolia. Genome 49: 520-530.
    • (2006) Genome , vol.49 , pp. 520-530
    • Kazama, Y.1    Sugiyama, R.2    Suto, Y.3    Uchida, W.4    Kawano, S.5
  • 20
    • 33747888424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An accumulation of tandem DNA repeats on the Y chromosome in Silene latifolia during early stages of sex chromosome evolution
    • Hobza R, Lengerova M, Svoboda J, Kubekova H, Kejnovsky E, et al. (2006) An accumulation of tandem DNA repeats on the Y chromosome in Silene latifolia during early stages of sex chromosome evolution. Chromosoma 115: 376-382.
    • (2006) Chromosoma , vol.115 , pp. 376-382
    • Hobza, R.1    Lengerova, M.2    Svoboda, J.3    Kubekova, H.4    Kejnovsky, E.5
  • 21
    • 36048964885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of chromosomal rearrangements in the evolution of Silene latifolia sex chromosomes
    • Hobza R, Kejnovsky E, Vyskot B, Widmer A, (2007) The role of chromosomal rearrangements in the evolution of Silene latifolia sex chromosomes. Molecular Genetics and Genomics 278: 633-638.
    • (2007) Molecular Genetics and Genomics , vol.278 , pp. 633-638
    • Hobza, R.1    Kejnovsky, E.2    Vyskot, B.3    Widmer, A.4
  • 22
    • 44449104985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microsatellite accumulation on the Y chromosome in Silene latifolia
    • Kubat Z, Hobza R, Vyskot B, Kejnovsky E, (2008) Microsatellite accumulation on the Y chromosome in Silene latifolia. Genome 51: 350-356.
    • (2008) Genome , vol.51 , pp. 350-356
    • Kubat, Z.1    Hobza, R.2    Vyskot, B.3    Kejnovsky, E.4
  • 23
    • 33747891374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accumulation of chloroplast DNA sequences on the Y chromosome of Silene latifolia
    • Kejnovsky E, Kubat Z, Hobza R, Lengerova M, Sato I, et al. (2006) Accumulation of chloroplast DNA sequences on the Y chromosome of Silene latifolia. Genetica 128: 167-175.
    • (2006) Genetica , vol.128 , pp. 167-175
    • Kejnovsky, E.1    Kubat, Z.2    Hobza, R.3    Lengerova, M.4    Sato, I.5
  • 24
    • 0036434985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LTR retrotransposons in the dioecious plant Silene latifolia
    • Matsunaga S, Yagisawa F, Yamamoto M, Uchida W, Nakao S, et al. (2002) LTR retrotransposons in the dioecious plant Silene latifolia. Genome 45: 745-751.
    • (2002) Genome , vol.45 , pp. 745-751
    • Matsunaga, S.1    Yagisawa, F.2    Yamamoto, M.3    Uchida, W.4    Nakao, S.5
  • 25
    • 0037000314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A plant Y chromosome-STS marker encoding a degenerate retrotransposon
    • Obara M, Matsunaga S, Nakao S, Kawano S, (2002) A plant Y chromosome-STS marker encoding a degenerate retrotransposon. Genes and Genetic Systems 77: 393-398.
    • (2002) Genes and Genetic Systems , vol.77 , pp. 393-398
    • Obara, M.1    Matsunaga, S.2    Nakao, S.3    Kawano, S.4
  • 26
    • 33747594053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retand: A novel family of gypsy-like retrotransposon harboring an amplified tandem repeat
    • Kejnovsky E, Kubat Z, Macas J, Hobza R, Mracek J, et al. (2006) Retand: A novel family of gypsy-like retrotransposon harboring an amplified tandem repeat. Molecular Genetics and Genomics 276: 254-263.
    • (2006) Molecular Genetics and Genomics , vol.276 , pp. 254-263
    • Kejnovsky, E.1    Kubat, Z.2    Macas, J.3    Hobza, R.4    Mracek, J.5
  • 27
    • 0242318315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Ac-like transposable element family with transcriptionally active Y-linked copies in the white campion, Silene latifolia
    • Pritham AJ, Zhang YH, Feschotte C, Kesseli RV, (2003) An Ac-like transposable element family with transcriptionally active Y-linked copies in the white campion, Silene latifolia. Genetics 165: 799-807.
    • (2003) Genetics , vol.165 , pp. 799-807
    • Pritham, A.J.1    Zhang, Y.H.2    Feschotte, C.3    Kesseli, R.V.4
  • 28
    • 55149110544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survey of repetitive sequences in Silene latifolia with respect to their distribution on sex chromosomes
    • Cermak T, Kubat Z, Hobza R, Koblizkova A, Widmer A, et al. (2008) Survey of repetitive sequences in Silene latifolia with respect to their distribution on sex chromosomes. Chromosome Research 16: 961-976.
    • (2008) Chromosome Research , vol.16 , pp. 961-976
    • Cermak, T.1    Kubat, Z.2    Hobza, R.3    Koblizkova, A.4    Widmer, A.5
  • 29
    • 40849105280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Active miniature transposons from a plant genome and its nonrecombining Y chromosome
    • Bergero R, Forrest A, Charlesworth D, (2008) Active miniature transposons from a plant genome and its nonrecombining Y chromosome. Genetics 178: 1085-1092.
    • (2008) Genetics , vol.178 , pp. 1085-1092
    • Bergero, R.1    Forrest, A.2    Charlesworth, D.3
  • 30
    • 41549121807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for degeneration of the Y chromosome in the dioecious plant Silene latifolia
    • Marais G, Nicolas M, Bergero R, Chambrier P, Kejnovsky E, et al. (2008) Evidence for degeneration of the Y chromosome in the dioecious plant Silene latifolia. Current Biology 18: 545-549.
    • (2008) Current Biology , vol.18 , pp. 545-549
    • Marais, G.1    Nicolas, M.2    Bergero, R.3    Chambrier, P.4    Kejnovsky, E.5
  • 31
    • 77955605935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure and evolution of Apetala3, a sex-linked gene in Silene latifolia
    • Cegan R, Marais GAB, Kubekova H, Blavet N, Widmer A, et al. (2010) Structure and evolution of Apetala3, a sex-linked gene in Silene latifolia. BMC Plant Biol 10: 180.
    • (2010) BMC Plant Biol , vol.10 , pp. 180
    • Cegan, R.1    Marais, G.A.B.2    Kubekova, H.3    Blavet, N.4    Widmer, A.5
  • 33
    • 62449092544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent spread of retrotransposon in the Silene latifolia genome, apart from the Y chromosome
    • Filatov DA, Howell EC, Groutides C, Armstrong SJ, (2009) Recent spread of retrotransposon in the Silene latifolia genome, apart from the Y chromosome. Genetics 181: 811-817.
    • (2009) Genetics , vol.181 , pp. 811-817
    • Filatov, D.A.1    Howell, E.C.2    Groutides, C.3    Armstrong, S.J.4
  • 34
    • 20044382804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A gradual process of recombination restriction in the evolutionary history of the sex chromosomes in dioecious plants
    • Nicolas M, Marais G, Hykelova V, Janousek B, Laporte V, et al. (2005) A gradual process of recombination restriction in the evolutionary history of the sex chromosomes in dioecious plants. PLoS Biology 3: e4.
    • (2005) PLoS Biology , vol.3
    • Nicolas, M.1    Marais, G.2    Hykelova, V.3    Janousek, B.4    Laporte, V.5
  • 35
    • 80655139062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Next Generation Sequencing-Based Analysis of Repetitive DNA in the Model Dioceous Plant Silene latifolia
    • Macas J, Kejnovský E, Neumann P, Novák P, Koblížková A, et al. (2011) Next Generation Sequencing-Based Analysis of Repetitive DNA in the Model Dioceous Plant Silene latifolia. PLoS One 6: e27335.
    • (2011) PLoS One , vol.6
    • Macas, J.1    Kejnovský, E.2    Neumann, P.3    Novák, P.4    Koblížková, A.5
  • 37
    • 80053180357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Next generation sequencing reveals genome downsizing in allotetraploid Nicotiana tabacum, predominantly through the elimination of paternally derived repetitive DNAs
    • Renny-Byfield S, Chester M, Kovarík A, Le Comber SC, Grandbastien M-A, et al. (2011) Next generation sequencing reveals genome downsizing in allotetraploid Nicotiana tabacum, predominantly through the elimination of paternally derived repetitive DNAs. Mol Biol Evol 28: 2843-2854.
    • (2011) Mol Biol Evol , vol.28 , pp. 2843-2854
    • Renny-Byfield, S.1    Chester, M.2    Kovarík, A.3    Le Comber, S.C.4    Grandbastien, M.-A.5
  • 38
    • 79958278227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Artificial duplicate reads in sequencing data of 454 Genome Sequencer FLX System
    • Dong H, Chen Y, Shen Y, Wang S, Zhao G, et al. (2011) Artificial duplicate reads in sequencing data of 454 Genome Sequencer FLX System. Acta Bioch Bioph Sin 43: 496-500.
    • (2011) Acta Bioch Bioph Sin , vol.43 , pp. 496-500
    • Dong, H.1    Chen, Y.2    Shen, Y.3    Wang, S.4    Zhao, G.5
  • 40
    • 0032760309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional and Structural Chromosome Analyses in Autotetraploid Silene latifolia
    • Siroky J, Hodurkova J, Negrutiu I, Vyskot B, (1999) Functional and Structural Chromosome Analyses in Autotetraploid Silene latifolia. Annals of Botany 84: 633-638.
    • (1999) Annals of Botany , vol.84 , pp. 633-638
    • Siroky, J.1    Hodurkova, J.2    Negrutiu, I.3    Vyskot, B.4
  • 42
    • 34250319005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genome evolution in eukaryotes: The genome size perspective
    • In: Fox CW, Wolf JB, editors, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
    • Petrov DA, Wendel JF, (2006) Genome evolution in eukaryotes: The genome size perspective. In: Fox CW, Wolf JB, editors. Evolutionary genetics: Concepts and case studies pp. 144-156 Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
    • (2006) Evolutionary Genetics: Concepts and Case Studies , pp. 144-156
    • Petrov, D.A.1    Wendel, J.F.2
  • 43
    • 79955468851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Arabidopsis lyrata genome sequence and the basis of rapid genome size change
    • Hu TT, Pattyn P, Bakker EG, Cao J, Cheng J-F, et al. (2011) The Arabidopsis lyrata genome sequence and the basis of rapid genome size change. Nature Genetics 43: 476-481.
    • (2011) Nature Genetics , vol.43 , pp. 476-481
    • Hu, T.T.1    Pattyn, P.2    Bakker, E.G.3    Cao, J.4    Cheng, J.-F.5
  • 44
    • 2342466982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analyses of LTR-retrotransposon structures reveal recent and rapid genomic DNA loss in rice
    • Ma J, Devos KM, Bennetzen JL, (2004) Analyses of LTR-retrotransposon structures reveal recent and rapid genomic DNA loss in rice. Genome Research 14: 860-869.
    • (2004) Genome Research , vol.14 , pp. 860-869
    • Ma, J.1    Devos, K.M.2    Bennetzen, J.L.3
  • 46
    • 67849121611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extrachromosomal circular DNA in eukaryotes: possible involvement in the plasticity of tandem repeats
    • Cohen S, Segal D, (2009) Extrachromosomal circular DNA in eukaryotes: possible involvement in the plasticity of tandem repeats. Cytogenetic and Genome Research 124: 327-338.
    • (2009) Cytogenetic and Genome Research , vol.124 , pp. 327-338
    • Cohen, S.1    Segal, D.2
  • 47
    • 33745212250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A sunflower BAC library suitable for PCR screening and physical mapping of targeted genomic regions
    • Bouzidi MF, Franchel J, Tao QZ, Stormo K, Mraz A, et al. (2006) A sunflower BAC library suitable for PCR screening and physical mapping of targeted genomic regions. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 113: 81-89.
    • (2006) Theoretical and Applied Genetics , vol.113 , pp. 81-89
    • Bouzidi, M.F.1    Franchel, J.2    Tao, Q.Z.3    Stormo, K.4    Mraz, A.5
  • 48
    • 3042615882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using the miraEST Assembler for Reliable and automated mRNA Transcript Assembly and SNP Detection in Sequenced ESTs
    • Chevreux B, Pfisterer T, Drescher B, Driesel AJ, Müller WEG, et al. (2004) Using the miraEST Assembler for Reliable and automated mRNA Transcript Assembly and SNP Detection in Sequenced ESTs. Genome Research 14: 1147-1159.
    • (2004) Genome Research , vol.14 , pp. 1147-1159
    • Chevreux, B.1    Pfisterer, T.2    Drescher, B.3    Driesel, A.J.4    Müller, W.E.G.5
  • 49
    • 0037460985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TIGR Gene Indices clustering tools (TGICL): a software system for fast clustering of large EST datasets
    • Pertea G, Huang X, Liang F, Antonescu V, Sultana R, et al. (2003) TIGR Gene Indices clustering tools (TGICL): a software system for fast clustering of large EST datasets. Bioinformatics 19: 651-2.
    • (2003) Bioinformatics , vol.19 , pp. 651-652
    • Pertea, G.1    Huang, X.2    Liang, F.3    Antonescu, V.4    Sultana, R.5
  • 51
    • 0031586003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of complete gene structures in human genomic DNA
    • Burge C, Karlin S, (1997) Prediction of complete gene structures in human genomic DNA. Journal of Molecular Biology 268: 78-94.
    • (1997) Journal of Molecular Biology , vol.268 , pp. 78-94
    • Burge, C.1    Karlin, S.2
  • 55
    • 33750831582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Annotation, submission and screening of repetitive elements in Repbase: Repbase Submitter and Censor
    • Kohany O, Gentless AJ, Hankus L, Jurka J, (2006) Annotation, submission and screening of repetitive elements in Repbase: Repbase Submitter and Censor. BMC Bioinformatics 7: 474.
    • (2006) BMC Bioinformatics , vol.7 , pp. 474
    • Kohany, O.1    Gentless, A.J.2    Hankus, L.3    Jurka, J.4
  • 56
    • 24944555175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RepeatMasker Open-3.0
    • Smit AFA, Hubley R, Green P, (1996) RepeatMasker Open-3.0. http://www.repeatmasker.org.
    • (1996)
    • Smit, A.F.A.1    Hubley, R.2    Green, P.3
  • 57
    • 34547592867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LTR_FINDER: an efficient tool for the prediction of full-length LTR retrotransposons
    • Xu Z, Wang H, (2007) LTR_FINDER: an efficient tool for the prediction of full-length LTR retrotransposons. Nucleic Acids Research 35(Web Server issue): W265-W268.
    • (2007) Nucleic Acids Research , vol.35 , Issue.Web Server issue
    • Xu, Z.1    Wang, H.2
  • 58
    • 1042304214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • JDotter: a Java interface to multiple doplots generated by dotter
    • Brodie R, Roper RL, Upton C, (2004) JDotter: a Java interface to multiple doplots generated by dotter. Bioinformatics 20: 279-281.
    • (2004) Bioinformatics , vol.20 , pp. 279-281
    • Brodie, R.1    Roper, R.L.2    Upton, C.3
  • 59
    • 0034199476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Sequence Manipulation Suite: JavaScript programs for analyzing and formatting protein and DNA sequences
    • Stothard P, (2000) The Sequence Manipulation Suite: JavaScript programs for analyzing and formatting protein and DNA sequences. Biotechniques 28: 102-1104.
    • (2000) Biotechniques , vol.28 , pp. 102-1104
    • Stothard, P.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.