Exclusionary school punishment: The effect of racial threat on expulsion and suspension

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 155-171

  Welch, Kelly ^a   Payne, Allison Ann ^a  

^a VILLANOVA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

exclusionary punishment; racial threat; school discipline; social control

Indexed keywords

EID: 84857660363     PISSN: 15412040     EISSN: 15569330     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1541204011423766     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. APA Zero Tolerance Task Force. (2006). Are zero tolerance policies effective in the schools? An evidentiary review and recommendations. Washington, DC: APA Council of Representatives.
2. Barkan S.E.,Cohn S.F.Why whites favor spending more money to fight crime: The role of racial prejudice.Social Problems. 2005;52:300-314.
3. Beger R.R.Expansion of police power in public schools and the vanishing rights of students.Social Justice. 2002;29:119-130.
4. Behrens A.,Uggen C.,Manza J.Ballot manipulation and the menace of Negro domination: Racial threat and felon disenfranchisement in the United States, 1850-2002.American Journal of Sociology. 2003;109:559-605.
5. Bernard H.R.Social science methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; 2000.
6. Blalock H.Towards a theory of minority group relations. New York, NY: Capricorn Books; 1967.
7. Blumer H.Race prejudice as a sense of group position.The Pacific Sociological Review. 1958;1:3-7.
8. Brantlinger E.Social class distinctions in adolescents' reports of problems and punishment in school.Behavioral Disorders. 1991;17:36-46.
9. Brooks K.,Schiraldi V.,Ziedenberg J.School house hype: Two years later. San Francisco, CA: Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice; 1999.
10. Brown L.H.,Beckett K.S.The role of the school district in student discipline: Building consensus in Cincinnati.The Urban Review. 2006;38:235-256.
11. Cameron M.Managing school discipline and implications for school social workers: A review of the literature.Children and Schools. 2006;28:219-227.
12. Centers for Disease Control. (2004). Violence-related behaviors among high school students-United States, 1991-2003. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 53, 651-655.
13. Chiricos T.,Welch K.,Gertz M.Racial typification of crime and support for punitive measures.Criminology. 2004;42:359-389.
14. Costelloe M.T.,Chiricos T.,Gertz M.Punitive attitudes toward criminals: Exploring the relevance of crime salience and economic insecurity.Punishment and Society. 2009;11:25-49.
15. Crawford C.,Chiricos T.,Kleck G.Race, racial threat, and sentencing of habitual offenders.Criminology. 1998;36:481-511.
16. Demuth S.,Steffensmeier D.Ethnicity effects on sentence outcomes in large urban courts: Comparisons among White, Black, and Hispanic defendants.Social Science Quarterly. 2004;85:994-1011.
17. DeVoe J.F.,Peter K.,Noonan M.,Snyder T.D.,Baum K.Indicators of school crime and safety: 2005. Washington, DC: U.S. Departments of Education and Justice; 2005.
18. Di Lullo L.Appropriate conduct.Principal Leadership (High School Education). 2004;4:27-29.
19. Dinkes R.,Cataldi E.F.,Lin-Kelly W.Indicators of school crime and safety: 2007': (NCES 2007-NCES 2008) US Departments of Education and Justice. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office; 2009.
20. Eitle D.J.,Taylor J.Are Hispanics the new 'threat'? Minority group threat and fear of crime in Miami-Dade County.Social Science Research. 2008;37:1102-1115.
21. Eitle T.M.,Eitle D.J.Inequality, segregation, and the overrepresentation of African Americans in school suspensions.Sociological Perspectives. 2004;47:269-287.
22. Fabelo T.,Thompson M.D.,Plotkin M.,Carmichael D.,Marchbanks M.P.,Booth E.A.Breaking schools' rules: A statewide study of how school discipline relates to students' success and juvenile justice involvement. New York, NY: Council of State Governments Justice Center; 2011.
23. Ferguson A.A.Bad boys: Public schools in the making of black masculinity. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; 2000.
24. Fine M.,Burns A.,Payne Y.A.,Torre M.E.Civics lessons: The color and class of betrayal.Teachers College Record. 2004;106:2193-2223.
25. Foney D.M.,Cunningham M.Why do good kids do bad things? Considering multiple contexts in the study of antisocial fighting behaviors in African American urban youth.Journal of Negro Education. 2002;71:143-157.
26. Freund R.J.,Little R.C.SAS system for regression. Cary, NC: SAS Institute; 2000.
27. Giroux H.A.Racial injustice and disposable youth in the age of zero tolerance.International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education. 2003;16:553-565.
28. Gottfredson G.D.,Gottfredson D.C.What schools do to prevent problem behavior and promote safe environments.Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation. 2001;12:313-344.
29. Gottfredson G.D.,Gottfredson D.C.,Czeh E.R.,Cantor D.,Crosse S.B.,Hantman I.A national study of delinquency prevention in school: Final report. Ellicott City, MD: Gottfredson; 2000.
30. Gregory A.,Weinstein R.S.The discipline gap and African Americans: Defiance or cooperation in the high school classroom.Journal of School Psychology. 2008;46:455-475.
31. Hagan J.,Shedd C.,Payne M.R.Race, ethnicity, and youth perceptions of criminal injustice.American Sociological Review. 2005;70:381-407.
32. Henkel R.E.Tests of significance. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE; 1976.
33. Holmes M.D.,Hosch H.M.,Daudistel H.C.,Perez D.A.,Graves J.B.Ethnicity, legal resources, and felony dispositions in two southwestern jurisdictions.Justice Quarterly. 1996;13:11-30.
34. Jacobs D.,Carmichael J.T.The politics of punishment across time and space: A pooled time-series analysis of imprisonment rates.Social Forces. 2001;80:61-89.
35. Jacobs D.,Carmichael J.T.The political sociology of the death penalty: A pooled time-series analysis.American Sociological Review. 2002;67:109-123.
36. Jacobs D.,Kleban R.Political institutions, minorities, and punishment: A pooled cross-national analysis of imprisonment rates.Social Forces. 2003;80:725-755.
37. Keen B.,Jacobs D.Racial threat, partisan politics, and racial disparities in prison admissions: A panel analysis.Criminology. 2009;47:209-238.
38. Kent S.L.,Jacobs D.Social divisions and coercive control in advanced societies: Law enforcement strength in eleven nations from 1975 to 1994.Social Problems. 2004;51:343-361.
39. Krohn M.,Thornberry T.,Gibson C.,Baldwin J.The development and impact of self-report measures of crime and delinquency.Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 2010;26:509-525.
40. Kupchik A.Things are tough all over: Race, ethnicity, class and school discipline.Punishment and Society. 2009;11:291-317.
41. Kupchik A.,Ellis N.D.School discipline and security: Fair for all students?.Youth and Society. 2008;39:549-574.
42. Kupchik A.,Monahan T.The new American school: Preparation for post-industrial discipline.British Journal of Sociology of Education. 2006;5:617-631.
43. Lasley T.J.,Wayson W.W.Characteristics of schools with good discipline.Educational Leadership. 1982;40:28-31.
44. Liska A.E.Social threat and social control. Albany: State University of New York Press; 1992.
45. Massachusetts Advocacy Center. (1986). The way out: Student exclusion practices in Boston middle schools. Boston: Massachusetts Advocacy Center.
46. McCarthy J.D.,Hoge D.R.The social construction of school punishment: Racial disadvantage out of universalistic process.Social Forces. 1987;65:1101-1120.
47. Meier K.J.,Stewart J.,England R.E.Race, class, and education: The politics of second-generation discrimination. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press; 1989.
48. Mohr L.B.Understanding significance testing. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE; 1990.
49. Morrison G.M.,D'Incau B.The web of zero-tolerance: Characteristics of students who are recommended for expulsion from school.Education and Treatment of Children. 1997;20:316-335.
50. Morrow R.A.,Torres C.A.Social theory and education: A critique of theories of social and cultural reproduction. Albany: State University of New York; 1995.
51. Mosher C.Predicting drug arrest rates: Conflict and social disorganization Perspectives.Crime and Delinquency. 2001;47:84-104.
52. Nichols J.D.An exploration of discipline and suspension data.Journal of Negro Education. 2004;73:408-423.
53. Noguera P.A.Schools, prisons, and social implications of punishment: Rethinking disciplinary practices.Theory into Practice. 2003;42:341-350.
54. Noguera P.A.The trouble with black boys ... and other reflections on race, equity, and the future of public education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2008.
55. Parenti C.Lockdown America: Police and prisons in the age of crisis. New York, NY: Verso; 2000.
56. Payne A.A.,Welch K.Modeling the effects of racial threat on punitive and restorative school discipline practices.Criminology. 2010;48:1019-1062.
57. Raffaele Mendez L.M.,Knoff H.M.,Ferron J.M.School demographic variables and out-of-school suspension rates: A quantitative analysis of a large, ethnically diverse school district.Psychology in Schools. 2002;39:259-277.
58. Schiraldi V.,Zeidenberg J.Schools and suspensions: Self-reported crime and the growing use of suspensions. Washington, DC: Justice Policy Institute; 2001.
59. SchwarzA. (2011). School discipline study raises fresh questions. The New York Times, July 19. Retrieved July 23 fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/19/education/19discipline.html.
60. Shaw S.R.,Braden J.B.Race and gender bias in the administration of corporal punishment.School Psychology Review. 1990;19:378-383.
61. Simon J.Governing through crime: How the war on crime transformed American democracy and created a culture of fear. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2007.
62. Simonsen A.A.The Effects of Community Disorganization on School Administrative Practices: Implications for Delinquency Prevention Practice. University of Maryland, College Park: Unpublished Masters Thesis; 1998.
63. Skiba R.J.Zero tolerance, zero evidence: An analysis of school disciplinary practice (Policy Research Report). Indiana: Indiana Education Policy Center; 2000.
64. Skiba R.J.,Michael R.S. Michael, Nardo, A. C.,Peterson R.L.The color of discipline: Sources of racial and gender disproportionality in school punishment.Urban Review. 2002;34:317-342.
65. Smith B.W.,Holmes M.D.Community accountability, minority threat, and police brutality: An examination of civil rights criminal complaints.Criminology. 2003;41:1035-1063.
66. Steen S.,Engen R.L.,Gainey R.R.Images of danger and culpability: Racial stereotyping, case processing, and criminal sentencing.Criminology. 2005;43:435-468.
67. Thornberry, T. P., & Krohn, M. D. (2000). The self-report method for measuring delinquency and crime. In D. Duffee, R. C. Crutchfield, S. Mastrofski, L. Mazerolle, D. McDowall & B. Ostrom (Eds.), CJ 2000: Innovations in measurement and analysis (pp.33-83). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice
68. Tolnay S.E.,Beck E.M.,Massey J.L.Black competition and white vengeance. Legal executions of blacks as social control in the cotton south, 1890 to 1929.Social Science Quarterly. 1992;73:627-644.
69. Vavrus F.,Cole K.M."I didn't do nothin": The discursive construction of school suspension.Urban Review. 2002;34:87-111.
70. Wallace J.M.,Goodkind S.,Wallace C.M.,Bachman J.G.Racial, ethnic, and gender differences in school discipline among US high school students: 1991-2005.Negro Educational Review. 2008;59:47-62.
71. Watts I.E.,Erevelles N.These deadly times: Reconceptualizing school violence by using critical race theory and disability studies.American Educational Research Journal. 2004;41:271-299.
72. Welch K.,Payne A.A.Racial threat and punitive school discipline.Social Problems. 2010;57:25-48.
73. Welsh W.,Stokes R.,Greene J.R.A macro-level model of school disorder.Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 2000;37:243-283.
74. Wilcox R.R.British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology. 2004:265-280.
75. Wu S.,Pink W.,Crain R.,Moles O.Student suspension: A critical reappraisal.Urban Review. 1982;14:245-303.