Non-invasive biomarkers of lung inflammation in smoking subjects

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 187-196

  Malerba, M ^a   Montuschi, Paolo ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRESCIA   (Italy)

^b CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

Author keywords

Cigarette smoke; Early lung damage; Non invasive biomarkers

Indexed keywords

8 ISOPROSTANE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CARBON MONOXIDE; EOSINOPHIL PEROXIDASE; GELATINASE B; HYDROCARBON; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; INTERLEUKIN 8; LEUKOTRIENE B4; MALONALDEHYDE; MYELOPEROXIDASE; NEUTROPHIL COLLAGENASE; NITRIC OXIDE; PROSTAGLANDIN E RECEPTOR 2; PROSTANOID; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE OXIDASE; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VARENICLINE; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

AIR CONDITIONING; ARTICLE; BREATHING RATE; CELL ACTIVATION; CELL INFILTRATION; CELL SURVIVAL; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CIGARETTE SMOKING; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DNA DAMAGE; EXHALATION; EXPIRED AIR; GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; HUMAN; IMMUNOASSAY; INFLAMMATORY CELL; LIPID PEROXIDATION; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; LUNG LAVAGE; LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; MACROPHAGE; MASS FRAGMENTOGRAPHY; NEUTROPHIL; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; OXIDATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PH; SPUTUM; SPUTUM ANALYSIS; TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY; TIDAL VOLUME; UPREGULATION;

EID: 84857606308     PISSN: 09298673     EISSN: 1875533X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/092986712803414204     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Barnes, P.J. Mechanisms in COPD: Differences from asthma, Chest, 2000, 117(2), 10-14.
2. Davis, R.M.; Novotny, T.E. The epidemiology of cigarette smoking and its impact on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1989, 140, S82-84. (Pubitemid 19231340)
3. Kharitonov, A.S.; Barnes, P.J. Exhaled biomarkers. Chest, 2006, 130, 1541-1546. (Pubitemid 44786751)
4. Balbi, B.; Pignatti, P.; Corradi, M.; Baiardi P.; Bianchi L.; Brunetti G.; Radaeli A.; Moscato G.; Mutti A.; Spanevello A.; Malerba M; Bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum and exhaled clinically relevant inflammatory markers: Values in healthy adults. Eur. Respir. J., 2007, 30, 769-781. (Pubitemid 351194840)
5. Kirkham P., Rahman I. Oxidative stress in asthma and COPD: Antioxidants as a therapeutic strategy. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2006; 111: 476-494 (Pubitemid 43832007)
6. Pizzichini, E.; Pizzichini, M.M.; Leigh, R.; Djukanovic, R.; Sterk, P.J. Safety of sputum induction. Eur. Respir. J., 2002, 37, 9s-18s. (Pubitemid 35024262)
7. Tzanakis, N.; Chrysofakis, G.; Tsoumakidou, M.; Kyriakou, D.; Tsiligianni, J.; Bouros,D.;Tzanakis;Siafakas NM; Induced sputum CD8+ T-lymphocyte subpopulations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir. Med., 2004, 98, 57-65. (Pubitemid 38100756)
8. Chung KF. Cytokines in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. J., 2001, 34(Suppl.), 50s-59s. (Pubitemid 34760609)
9. Beeh, K.M.; Beier, J.; Kornmann, O.; Mander, A.; Buhl, R. Long-term repeatability of induced sputum cells and inflammatory markers in stable, moderately severe COPD. Chest, 2003, 123, 778-783. (Pubitemid 36315493)
10. Stanescu, D.; Sanna, A.; Veriter, C.; Kostianev, S.; Calcagni, P.G.; Fabbri, L.M.; Maestrelli P.; Airways obstruction, chronic expectoration, and rapid decline of FEV1 in smokers are associated with increased levels of sputum neutrophils. Thorax, 1996, 51, 267-271. (Pubitemid 26086470)
11. Van der Vaart, H.; Postma, D.S.; Timens, W.; Hylkema M.H.; Willemse B.W.M.; Boezen H.M.; Vonk J.M.; De Reus D.M.; Kauffman H.F.; Ten Hacken N.H.T.; Acute effects of cigarette smoking on inflammation in healthy intermittent smokers. Respir. Res. 2005, 1, 6-22.
12. Aoshiba, K.; Tamaoki, J.; Nagai, A. Acute cigarette smoke exposure induces apoptosis of alveolar macrophages. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol., 2001, 281, L1392-L1401.
13. Patiar, S.; Slade, D.; Kirkpatrick, U.; McCollum, C. Smoking causes a dosedependent increase in granulocyte-bound L-selectin. Thromb. Res., 2002, 106, 1-6. (Pubitemid 34879957)
14. van Eeden, S.F.; Hogg, J.C. The response of human bone marrow to chronic cigarette smoking. Eur. Respir. J., 2000, 15, 915-921. (Pubitemid 30321851)
15. Kalra, V.K.; Ying, Y.; Deemer, K.; Natarajan, R.; Nadler, J.L.; Coates, T.D. Mechanism of cigarette smoke condensate induced adhesion of human monocytes to cultured endothelial cells. J. Cell Physiol., 1994, 160, 154-162. (Pubitemid 24214046)
16. Dippolito, R.; Foresi, A.; Chetta, A.; Castagnaro, A.; Malorgio, R.; Marangio, E.; Olivieri, D. Eosinophils in induced sputum from asymptomatic smokers with normal lung function. Respir. Med., 2001, 95, 969-974. (Pubitemid 34013545)
17. Willemse, B.W.; ten Hacken, N.H.; Rutgers, B.; Lesman-Leegte, I.G.; Postma, D.S.; Timens, W. Effect of 1-year smoking cessation on airway inflammation in COPD and asymptomatic smokers. Eur. Respir. J., 2005, 26, 835-845. (Pubitemid 41632040)
18. Skold, C.M.; Hed, J.; Eklund, A. Smoking cessation rapidly reduces cell recovery in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, while alveolar macrophage fluorescence remains high. Chest, 1992, 101, 989-995.
19. Swan, G.E.; Hodgkin, J.E.; Roby, T.; Mittman, C.; Jacobo, N.; Peters, J. Reversibility of airways injury over a 12-month period following smoking cessation. Chest, 1992, 101, 607-612.
20. Comandini, A.; Rogliani, P.; Nunziata, A.; Cazzola, M.; Curradi, G.; Saltini C. Biomarkers of lung damage associated with tobacco smoke in induced sputum. Respir. Med., 2009, 103, 1592-1613.
21. Montuschi, P.; Barnes, P.J.; Roberts, L.J. Insights into oxidative stress: The isoprostanes. Curr. Med. Chem., 2007, 14, 703-717. (Pubitemid 46477722)
22. Kinnula VL, Ilumets H, Myllärniemi M, Sovijärvi A, Rytilä P. 8-Isoprostane as a marker of oxidative stress in nonsymptomatic cigarette smokers and COPD. Eur. Respir. J., 2007, 29, 51-55. (Pubitemid 46091997)
23. Montuschi, P.; Collins, J.V.; Ciabattoni, G.; Lazzeri, N.; Corradi, M.; Kharitonov, S.A.; Barnes, P.J. Exhaled 8-isoprostane as an in vivo biomarker of lung oxidative stress in patients with COPD and healthy smokers. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2000, 162, 1175-1177.
24. Juanita H. J. Vernooy, PhD; Jan H. N. Lindeman, MD, PhD; Jan A. Jacobs, MD, PhD; Roeland Hanemaaijer, PhD; and Emiel F. M. Wouters, MD, PhD, FCCP Increased Activity of Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Induced Sputum From Patients With COPD. Chest, 2004, 126 (6), 1802-1810 (Pubitemid 39643983)
25. Ohnishi, K.; Takagi, M.; Kurokawa, Y.; Satomi, S.; Konttinen, Y.T. Matrix metalloproteinase-mediated extracellular matrix protein degradation in human pulmonary emphysema. Lab Invest. 1998, 78,1077-87. (Pubitemid 28440824)
26. Avilés, B.; Belda, J.; Margarit, G.; Bellido-Casado, J.; Martinez-Brú, C.; Casan, P. Markers of airway remodeling in induced sputum from healthy smokers. Arch. Bronconeumol., 2006, 42, 235-240. (Pubitemid 43886704)
27. Demedts, I.K.; Morel-Montero, A.; Lebecque, S.; Pacheco, Y.; Cataldo, D.; Joos, G.F.; Pauwels, R.A.; Brusselle, G.G. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Elevated MMP-12 protein levels in induced sputum from patients with COPD. Thorax, 2006, 61, 196-201.
28. Cox, G.; Gauldie, J.; Jordana, M. Bronchial epithelial cell-derived cytokines (G-CSF and GM-CSF) promote the survival of peripheral blood neutrophils in vitro. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 1992, 7, 507-513.
29. Profita, M.; Chiappara, G.; Mirabella, F.; Di Giorgi R., Chimenti L., Costanzo G., Riccobono L., Bellia V., Bousquet J., Vignola A.M.; Effect of cilomilast (Ariflo) on TNF-alpha, IL-8, and GM-CSF release by airway cells of patients with COPD. Thorax, 2003, 58, 573-579. (Pubitemid 36808126)
30. Costa, C.; Rufino, R.; Traves, S.L.; Lapa, E.; Silva, J.R.; Barnes, P.J.; Donnelly, L.E. CXCR3 and CCR5 chemokines in induced sputum from patients with COPD. Chest, 2008, 133, 26-33.
31. Vignola, A.M.; Bonanno, A.; Mirabella, A.; Riccobono A.; Mirabella F.; Profita M.; Bellia V.; Buosquet J.; Bonsignore G.; Increased levels of elastase and alpha1-antitrypsin in sputum of asthmatic patients. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 1998, 157, 505-511. (Pubitemid 28090542)
32. Kanazawa, H.; Yoshikawa, J. Elevated oxidative stress and reciprocal reduction of vascular endothelial growth factor levels with severity of COPD. Chest, 2005, 128, 3191-3197. (Pubitemid 41698640)
33. Rovina, N.; Papapetropoulos, A.; Kollintza, A.; Michailidou M., Simoes D.C.M.,2 Roussos C.,1,2 and Gratziou C.; Vascular endothelial growth factor: An angiogenic factor reflecting airway inflammation in healthy smokers and in patients with bronchitis type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Respir. Res., 2007, 8, 53
34. Vernooy JH, Küçükaycan M, Jacobs JA, Chavannes NH, Buurman WA, Dentener MA, Wouters EF; Local and systemic inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors are increased in sputum. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2002, 166, 1218-1224. (Pubitemid 35222599)
35. Keatings, V.M.; Collins, P.D.; Scott, D.M.; Barnes, P.J. Differences in interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in induced sputum from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 1996, 153, 530-534.
36. Yamamoto, C.; Moneda, T.; Yoshikawa, M.; Fu A.; Tokuyama T.; Tsukaguchi K.; Narita N.; Airway inflammation in COPD assessed by sputum levels of interleukin-8. Chest, 1997, 112, 505-510. (Pubitemid 27349446)
37. Kuschner, W.G., D'Alessandro, A.; Wong, H.; Blanc, P.D. Dose-dependent cigarette smoking-related inflammatory responses in healthy adults. Eur. Respir. J., 1996, 9, 1989-1994. (Pubitemid 26333532)
38. Schulz, C.; Kratzel, K.; Wolf, K.; Schroll, S.; Kohler, M.; Pfeifer, M. Activation of bronchial epithelial cells in smokers without airway obstruction and patients with COPD. Chest, 2004, 125, 1706-1713. (Pubitemid 38648401)
39. Gelder, C.M.; Thomas, P.S.; Yates, D.H.; Adcock, I.M.; Morrison, J.F.; Barnes, P.J. Cytokine expression in normal, atopic, and asthmatic subjects using the combination of sputum induction and the polymerase chain reaction. Thorax, 1995, 50, 1033-1037.
40. Takanashi S; Hasegawa Y; Kanehira Y; Yamamoto K; Fujimoto K; Satoh K; Okamura K; Interleukin-10 level in sputum is reduced in bronchial asthma, COPD and in smokers. Eur.Respir. J., 1999, 14(2), 309-14 (Pubitemid 29461294)
41. Rytila, P. ; Rehn, T.; Ilumets, H. ; Rouhos, A.; Sovijärvi, A.; Myllärniemi, M.; Kinnula, V.L. Increased oxidative stress in asymptomatic current chronic smokers and GOLD stage 0 COPD. Respir. Res. 2006,7,69.
42. Amin, K.; Ekberg-Jansson, A.; Löfdahl, CG.; Venge, P. Relationship between inflammatory cells and structural changes in the lungs of asymptomatic and never smokers: A biopsy study. Thorax, 2003, 58, 135-42. (Pubitemid 36183001)
43. Redington A.E. Modulation of nitric oxide pathways: Therapeutic potential in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2006, 533, 263-276. (Pubitemid 43340018)
44. Smith, A.D.; Cowan, J.O.; Brassett, K.P.; Herbison, G.P.; Taylor, D.R. Use of exhaled nitric oxide measurements to guide treatment in chronic asthma. N. Engl. J. Med., 2005, 352, 2163-2173.
45. Silkoff, P.E.; Martin, D.; Pak, J.; Westcott, J.Y.; Martin, R.J. Exhaled nitric oxide correlated with induced sputum findings in COPD. Chest, 2001, 119, 1049-1055. (Pubitemid 32679429)
46. Kanazawa, H.; Shoji, S.; Yoshikawa, T.; Hirata, K.; Yoshikawa, J. Increased production of endogenous nitric oxide in patients with bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 1998, 28, 1244-1250. (Pubitemid 29087015)
47. Delen, F.M.; Sippel, J.M.; Osborne, M.L.; Law, S.; Thukkani, N.; Holden, W.E. Increased Exhaled nitric oxide in chronic bronchitis: Comparison with asthma and COPD. Chest, 2000, 117, 695-701. (Pubitemid 30152207)
48. Papi, A.; Romagnoli, M.; Baraldo, S.; Braccioni, F.; Guzzinati, I.; Saetta, M.; Ciaccia, A.; Fabbri, L.M. Partial reversibility of airflow limitation and increased exhaled NO and sputum eosinophilia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2000, 162, 1773-1777.
49. Kharitonov, S.A.; Robbins, R.A.; Yates, D.; Keatings, V.; Barnes, P.J. Acute and chronic effects of cigarette smoking on exhaled nitric oxide. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 1995, 152, 609-612.
50. Montuschi, P.; Kharitonov, S.A,; Barnes, P.J. Exhaled carbon monoxide and nitric oxide in COPD. Chest, 2001, 120, 496-501. (Pubitemid 32881266)
51. Horvath, I.; Donnelly, L.E.; Kiss, A.; Balint B.; Kharitonov S.A.; Barnes P.J. Exhaled nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide concentrations in asthmatic smokers. Respiration, 2004, 71, 463-468. (Pubitemid 39370466)
52. Maniscalco, M.; Di Mauro V.; Marinaro, E.; Carratù, L.; Sofia, M. Transient decrease of exhaled nitric oxide after acute exposure to passive smoke in healthy subjects. Arch. Environ. Health, 2002, 57, 437-440. (Pubitemid 36284695)
53. Yates, D.H.; Breen, H.; Thomas, P.S. Passive smoke inhalation decreases exhaled nitric oxide in normal subjects. Am. J. Respir. Crit, Care Med., 2001, 164, 1043-1046. (Pubitemid 32971656)
54. Hoyt, J.C.; Robbins, R.A.; Habib, M.; Springall D.R; Buttery L.; Polak J.M.; Barnes P.J.; Cigarette smoke decreases inducible nitric oxide synthase in lung epithelial cells. Exp. Lung Res., 2003, 29, 17-28. (Pubitemid 36024188)
55. Su, Y.; Han, W.; Giraldo, C.; De Li Y.; Block E.R.; Effect of cigarette smoke extract on nitric oxide synthase in pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 1998, 19, 819-825. (Pubitemid 128353682)
56. Hogman, M.; Holmkvist, T.; Walinder, R.; Meriläinen P., Lúdvíksdóttir D., Håkansson L.; Hedenström H.; Increased nitric oxide elimination from the airways after smoking cessation. Clin. Sci. (London), 2002, 103, 15-19. (Pubitemid 34729120)
57. Robbins, R.A.; Millatmal, T.; Lassi, K.; Rennard, S.; Daughton, D. Smoking cessation is associated with an increase in exhaled nitric oxide. Chest, 1997, 112, 313-318. (Pubitemid 27349418)
58. Montuschi, P. Exhaled Breath Condensate Biomarkers of Airway Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in COPD . In Basu, S.; Wiklund, L. Studies on Experimental Models, Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice, Humana press 2011, 421-440.
59. Mutlu, G.M.; Garey, K.W.; Robbins, R.A.; Danziger, L.H.; Rubinstein, I. Collection and analysis of exhaled breath condensate in humans. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2001, 164, 731-737. (Pubitemid 32881905)
60. Kharitonov, S.A.; Barnes, P.J. Exhaled markers of pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001, 163, 1693-1722. (Pubitemid 32578777)
61. Montuschi, P. Analysis of exhaled breath condensate in respiratory medicine: Methodological aspects and potential clinical applications. Ther. Adv. Respir. Dis., 2007, 1, 5-23.
62. Hunt, J. Exhaled breath condensate: An evolving tool for non-invasive evaluation of lung disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2002, 110, 28-34. (Pubitemid 36132721)
63. Effros, R.M.; Su, J.; Casaburi, R.; Shaker, R.; Biller, J.; Dunning, M. Utility of exhaled breath condensates in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A critical review. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med., 2005, 11, 135-139. (Pubitemid 40279920)
64. Montuschi, P. Indirect monitoring of lung inflammation. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 2002, 1, 238-242. (Pubitemid 37361428)
65. Montuschi, P.; Barnes, P.J. Analysis of exhaled breath condensate for monitoring airway inflammation. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 2002, 23, 232-237. (Pubitemid 34465543)
66. Cepelak, I.; Dodig, S. Exhaled breath condensate: A new method for lung disease diagnosis. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 2007, 45, 945-952. (Pubitemid 47430558)
67. Horváth, I.; Hunt, J.; Barnes, P.J.; Alving, K.; Antczak, A.; Baraldi, E.; Becher, G.; van Beurden, W.J.; Corradi, M.; Dekhuijzen, R.; Dweik, R.A.; Dwyer, T.; Effros, R.; Erzurum, S.; Gaston, B.; Gessner, C.; Greening, A.; Ho, L.P.; Hohlfeld, J.; Jöbsis, Q.; Laskowski, D.; Loukides, S.; Marlin, D.; Montuschi, P.; Olin, A.C.; Redington, A.E.; Reinhold, P.; van Rensen, E.L.; Rubinstein, I.; Silkoff, P.; Toren, K.; Vass, G.; Vogelberg, C.; Wirtz, H.; ATS/ERS Task Force on exhaled breath condensate. Exhaled breath condensate: Methodological recommendations and unresolved questions. Eur. Respir. J., 2005, 26, 523-548. (Pubitemid 41264218)
68. Effros, R.M.; Biller, J.; Dunning, M.; Shaker, R. In: New perspectives in monitoring lung inflammation: Analysis of exhaled breath condensate; Montuschi, P., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, 2005, 31-52.
69. Dwyer, T.M. Expired breath condensate (EBC) and the ultimate disposition of airway surface liquid (ASL). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2001, 163, A406.
70. Soyer, O.U.; Dizdar, E.A.; Keskin, O.; Lilly, C.; Kalayci, O. Comparison of two methods for exhaled breath condensate collection. Allergy, 2006, 61, 1016-1018. (Pubitemid 44024902)
71. Montuschi, P.; Varone, F.; Valente, S.; Spina, D.; Mondino, C.; Ciappi, G.; Ciabattoni, G. Methodological aspects of exhaled prostanoid measurements. Eur. Respir. J.(Suppl.45), 2003, 22, 18s.
72. Montuschi, P.; Kharitonov, S.A.; Ciabattoni, G.; Barnes, P.J. Exhaled leukotrienes and prostaglandins in COPD. Thorax, 2003, 58, 585-588. (Pubitemid 36808128)
73. Lehtimaki, L.; Kankaanranta, H.; Saarelainen, S.; Annida, I.; Aine, T.; Nieminen, R.; Moilanen, E. Bronchial nitric oxide is related to symptom relief during fluticasone treatment in COPD. Eur. Respir. J., 2010, 35, 72-78.
74. Biernacki, W.A.; Kharitonov, S.A.; Barnes, P.J. Increased leukotriene B4 and 8-isoprostane in exhaled breath condensate of patients with exacerbations of COPD. Thorax, 2003, 58, 294-298. (Pubitemid 36411413)
75. Hoffmeyer, F.; Harth, V.; Bunger, J.; Bruning, T.; Raulf-Heimsoth, M. Leukotriene B4, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2β, and pH in exhaled breath condensate from asymptomatic smokers. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 2009, 60(Suppl. 5), 57-60.
76. Kostikas, K.; Papatheodorou, G.; Psathakis, K.; Panagou, P.; Loukides, S. Oxidative stress in expired breath condensate of patients with COPD. Chest, 2003, 124, 1373-1380. (Pubitemid 37290047)
77. Garcia-Rio, F.; Lore, V.; Mediano, O.; Rojo, B.; Hernanz, A.; López-Collazo, E.; Alvarez-Sala, R. Daily physical activity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is mainly associated with dynamic hyperinflation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2009, 180, 506-512.
78. García-Rio, F.; Romero, D.; Lores, V.; Casitas, R.; Hernanz, A.; Galera, R.; Alvarez-Sala, R.; Torres, I. Dynamic hyperinflation, arterial blood oxygen and airway oxidative stress in stable COPD patients. Chest, 2011, Epub ahead of print.
79. Montuschi, P.; Macagno, F.; Parente, P.; Ciappi, G.; Kharitonov, S.A.; Barnes, P.J.; Ciabattoni, G. Effects of cyclo-oxygenase inhibition on exhaled eicosanoids in patients with COPD. Thorax, 2005, 60, 827-833. (Pubitemid 41475209)
80. Morrow, J.D.; Hill, K.E.; Burk, R.F.; Nammour, T.M.; Badr, K.F.; Roberts, L.J., II. A series of prostaglandin F2-like compounds are produced in vivo in humans by a non-cyclooxygenase, free radical-catalyzed mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1990, 87, 9383-9387. (Pubitemid 120030630)
81. Montuschi, P.; Barnes, P.J.; Roberts, L.J., II. Isoprostanes: Markers and mediators of oxidative stress. FASEB J., 2004, 18, 1791-1800. (Pubitemid 39602265)
82. Montuschi, P.; Barnes, P.J.; Roberts, L.J., II Insights into oxidative stress: The isoprostanes. Curr. Med. Chem., 2007, 14, 703-717.
83. Vancheri, C.; Mastruzzo, C.; Sortino, M.A.; Crimi, N. The lung as a privileged site for the beneficial actions of PGE2. Trends Immunol., 2004, 25, 40-46. (Pubitemid 38032806)
84. Kostikas, K.; Papatheodorou, G.; Psathakis, K.; Panagou, P.; Loukides, S. Prostaglandin E2 in the expired breath condensate of patients with asthma. Eur. Respir. J., 2003, 22, 743-747. (Pubitemid 37369561)
85. Dekhuijzen, P.N.; Aben, K.K.; Dekker, I.; Aarts, L.P.; Wielders, P.L.; van Herwaarden, C.L.; Bast, A. Increased exhalation of hydrogen peroxide in patients with stable and unstable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 1996, 154, 813-816. (Pubitemid 26327310)
86. Nowak, D.; Kasielski, M.; Antczak, A.; Pietras, T.; Bialasiewicz, P. Increased content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and hydrogen peroxide in the expired breath condensate of patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: No significant effect of cigarette smoking. Respir. Med., 1999, 93, 389-396. (Pubitemid 29265348)
87. De Benedetto, F.; Aceto, A.; Dragani, B.; Spacone, A.; Formisano, R.; Cocco, R.; Sanguinetti, C.M. Validation of a new technique to assess exhaled hydrogen peroxide: Results from normals and COPD patients. Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis., 2001, 55, 185-188 (Pubitemid 30636137)
88. Ferreira, I.M.; Hazari, M.S.; Gutierrez, C.; Zamel, N.; Chapman, K.R. Exhaled nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Effects of inhaled beclomethasone. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2001, 164, 1012-1015. (Pubitemid 32971650)
89. van Beurden, W.J.; Harff, A.; Dekhuijzen, P.N.; van der Poel-Smet, S.M.; Smeenk, FW. Effects of inhaled corticosteroids with different lung deposition on exhaled hydrogen peroxide in stable COPD patients. Respiration, 2003, 70, 242-248. (Pubitemid 36980767)
90. van Beurden, W.J.; Smeenk, F.W.; Harff, G.A.; Dekhuijzen, P.N. Markers of inflammation and oxidative stress during lower respiratory tract infections in COPD patients. Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis., 2003, 59, 273-280. (Pubitemid 38745284)
91. Kasielski, M.; Nowak, D. Long-term administration of N-acetylcysteine decreases hydrogen peroxide exhalation in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir. Med., 2001, 95, 448-456. (Pubitemid 32621997)
92. Decramer, M.; Rutten-van Molken, M.; Dekhuijzen, P.N.; Troosters, T.; van Herwaarden, C.; Pellegrino, R.; Van Schayck, C.P.; Olivieri, D.; Del Donno, M.; De Backer, W., Lankhorst, I.; Ardia, A. Effects of N-acetylcysteine on outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Bronchitis Randomized on NAC Cost-Utility Study, BRONCUS): A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 2005, 365, 1552-1560. (Pubitemid 40615404)
93. Rysz, J.; Stolarek, R.A.; Luczynski, R.; Sarniak, A.; Wlodarczyk, A.; Kasielski, M.; Nowak, D. Increased hydrogen peroxide concentration in the exhaled breath condensate of stable COPD patients after nebulized Nacetylcysteine. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther., 2007, 20, 281-289. (Pubitemid 46240956)
94. Vaughan, J.; Ngamtrakulpanit, L.; Pajewski, T.N.; Turner, R.; Nguyen, T.A.; Smith, A.; Urban, P.; Hom, S.; Gaston, B.; Hunt, J. Exhaled breath condensate pH is a robust and reproducible assay of airway acidity. Eur. Respir. J., 2003, 22, 889-894. (Pubitemid 37540637)
95. Koczulla, A.R.; Noeske, S.; Herr, C.; Jörres, R.A.; Römmelt, H.; Vogelmeier, C.; Bals, R. Acute and chronic effects of smoking on inflammation markers in exhaled breath condensate in current smokers. Respiration, 2010, 79, 61-67.
96. Kostikas, K.; Papatheodorou, G.; Ganas, K., Psathakis, K.; Panagou, P.; Loukides, S. pH in expired breath condensate of patients with inflammatory airway diseases. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2002, 165, 1364-1370. (Pubitemid 34522938)
97. Macnee, W.; Rennard, S.I.; Hunt, J.F.; Edwards, L.D.; Miller, B.E.; Locantore, N.W.; Tal-Singer, R. Evaluation of exhaled breath condensate pH as a biomarker for COPD. Respir. Med., 2011, 105, 1037-1045.
98. Papaioannou, A.I.; Loukides, S.; Minas, M.; Kontogianni, K.; Bakakos, P.; Gourgoulianis, K.I.; Alchanatis, M.; Papiris, S.; Kostikas, K. Exhaled breath condensate pH as a biomarker of COPD severity in ex-smokers. Respir. Res., 2011, 12, 67.
99. Antus, B.; Barta, I.; Kullmann, T.; Lazar, Z.; Valyon, M.; Horvath, I.; Csiszer, E. Assessment of exhaled breath condensate pH in exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A longitudinal study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2010, 182, 1492-1497.
100. Malerba, M.; Ragnoli, B.; Corradi, M. Non-invasive methods to assess biomarkers of exposure and early stage of pulmonary disease in smoking subjects. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2008, 69(3), 128-33.
101. Doruk, S.; Ozyurt, H.; Inonu, H.; Erkorkmaz, U.; Saylan, O.; Seyfikli, Z. Oxidative status in the lungs associated with tobacco smoke exposure. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2011 [Epub ahead of print]
102. Inonu, H.; Doruk, S.; Sahin, S.; Erkorkmaz, U.; Celik, D.; Celikel, S.; Seyfikli, Z. The Comparison of Oxidative Stress Levels in Exhaled Breath Condensate Between Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Smokers. Respir Care. 2011 [Epub ahead of print]
103. de Laurentiis, G.; Paris, D.; Melck, D.; Maniscalco, M.; Marsico, S.; Corso, G.; Motta, A.; Sofia, M. Metabonomic analysis of exhaled breath condensate in adults by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Eur. Respir. J., 2008, 32, 1175-1183.
104. Casado, B.; Luisetti, M.; Iadarola, P. Advances in proteomic techniques for biomarker discovery in COPD. Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol., 2011, 7, 111-123.
105. Lin, J.L.; Bonnichsen, M.H.; Nogeh, E.U.; Raftery, M.J.; Thomas, P.S. Proteomics in detection and monitoring of asthma and smoking-related lung diseases. Expert Rev. Proteomics, 2010, 7, 361-372.
106. Rihák, V.; Zatloukal, P.; Chládková, J.; Zimulová, A.; Havlínová, Z.; Chládek, J. Nitrite in exhaled breath condensate as a marker of nitrossative stress in the airways of patients with asthma, COPD, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J. Clin. Lab. Anal., 2010, 24, 317-322.
107. Phillips, M. Method for the collection and assay of volatile organic compounds in breath. Anal. Biochem., 1997, 247, 272-278. (Pubitemid 27200161)
108. Montuschi, P.; Santonico, M.; Mondino, C.; Pennazza, G.; Mantini, G.; Martinelli, E.; Capuano, R.; Ciabattoni, G.; Di Natale, C.; Barnes, P.J.; D'Amico, A. Diagnostic performance of an electronic nose, fractional exhaled nitric oxide and lung function testing in asthma. Chest, 2010, 137, 790-796.
109. Fens, N.; Zwinderman A.H.; van der Schee M.P.; de Nijs S.B.; Dijkers, E.; Roldaan, A.C.; Cheung, D.; Bel, E.H.; Sterk, P.J. Exhaled breath profiling enables discrimination of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med., 2009, 180, 1076-1082.
110. Röck, F.; Barsan, N.; Weimar, U. Electronic nose: Current status and future trends. Chem. Rev., 2008, 108, 705-711.
111. D'Amico, A.; Di Natale, C.; Paolesse, R.; Macagnano, A.; Martinelli, E.; Pennazza, G.; Santonico, M.; Bernabei, M.; Roscioni, C.; Galluccio, G.; Bono, R.; Finazzi-Agrò, E.; Rullo, S. Olfactory systems for medical applications. Sensor Actuat. B-Chem., 2008, 130, 458-465. (Pubitemid 351380438)
112. Dragonieri, S.; Schot, R.; Mertens, B.J.; Le Cessie, S.; Gauw, S.A.; Spanevello, A.; Resta, O.; Willard, N.P.; Vink, T.J.; Rabe, K.F.; Bel, E.H.; Sterk, P.J. An electronic nose in the discrimination of patients with asthma and controls. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2007, 120, 856-862. (Pubitemid 47542280)
113. Di Natale, C.; Magagnano, A.; Martinella, E.; Paolesse, R.; D'Arcangelo, G.; Roscioni, C.; Finazzi-Agrò, A.; D'Amico, A. Lung cancer identification by the analysis of breath by means of an array of non-selective gas sensors. Biosens. Bioelectron., 2003, 18, 1209-1218. (Pubitemid 36776581)
114. Hakim, M.; Billan, S.; Tisch, U.; Peng, G.; Dvrokind, I.; Marom, O.; Abdah-Bortnyak, R.; Kuten, A.; Haick, H. Diagnosis of head-and-neck cancer from exhaled breath. Brit J Cancer, 2011, in press.
115. Peng, G.; Tisch, U.; Adams, O.; Hakim, M.; Shehada, N.; Broza, Y.Y.; Billian, S.; Abdah-Bortnyak, R.; Kuten, A.; Haick, H. Diagnosing lung cancer in exhaled breath using gold nanoparticles. Nature Nanotechnol., 2009, 4, 669-673.
116. Humphreys, L.; Orme, R.M.; Moore, P.; Charaklias, N.; Sahgal, N.; Pont, N.P.; Magan, N.; Stone, N.; Kendall, C.A. Electronic nose analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 2011, 41, 52-58.
117. Kolk, A.; Hoelscher, M.; Maboko, L.; Jung, J.; Kuijper, S.; Cauchi, M.; Bessant, C.; van Beers, S.; Dutta, R.; Gibson, T.; Reither, K. Electronic-nose technology using sputum samples in diagnosis of patients with tuberculosis. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2010, 48, 4235-4238.
118. Haddad, R.; Medhanie, A.; Roth, Y.; Harel, D.; Sobel, N. Predicting odor pleasantness with an electronic nose. PLoS Comput. Biol., 2010, 6, e1000740.
119. Johnson, R.; Wichern, D. Applied multivariate statistical analysis. 3rd ed.; Prentice Hall: New York, 1992.
120. Bossuyt, P.M.; Reitsma, J.B.; Bruns, D.E.; Gatsonis, C.A.; Glasziou, P.P.; Irwig, L.M.; Moher, D.; Rennie, D.; de Vet, H.C.; Lijmer, J.G. Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy. The STARD statement for reporting studies of diagnostic accuracy: Explanation and elaboration. Ann. Intern. Med., 2003, 138, W1-12.
121. Dragonieri, S.; Annema, J.T.; Schot, R.; van der Schee, M.P.; Spanevello, A.; Carratú, P.; Resta, O.; Rabe, K.F.; Sterk, P.J. An electronic nose in the discrimination of patients with non-small cell lung cancer and COPD. Lung Cancer, 2009, 64, 166-170.
122. Plymoth, A.; Löfdahl, C.G.; Ekberg-Jansson, A.; Dahlbäck, M.; Broberg, P.; Foster, M.; Fehniger, T.; Marko-Varga, G. Protein expression patterns associated with progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in bronchoalveolar lavage of smokers. Clin. Chem. 2007, 53, 636-44. (Pubitemid 46580233)
123. Pottelberge, G.R.; Mestdagh, P.; Bracke, K.R.; Thas, O.; Durme, Y.; Joos, G.; Vandesompele, J.; Brusselle, G.G. MicroRNA expression in induced sputum of smokers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011, 183, 7, 898-906.
124. Showe, M.K.; Vachani, A.; Kossenkov, AV.; Yousef, M.; Nichols, C.; Nikonova, E.V.; Chang, C,; Kucharczuk, J.; Tran, B.; Wakeam, E.; Yie, T.A.; Speicher, D.; Rom, W.N.; Albelda, S.; Showe, L.C. Gene expression profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells can distinguish patients with non-small cell lung cancer from patients with nonmalignant lung disease. Cancer. Res. 2009, 69 (24), 9202-9210.
125. Karimi, K.; Sarir, H.; Mortaz, E.; Smit, J.J.; Hosseini, H.; De Kimpe, S.J.; Nijkamp, F.P.; Folkerts, G. Toll-like receptor-4 mediates cigarette smokeinduced cytokine production by human macrophages. Respir Res. 2006, 7, 66.
126. Koppelman, G.H.; Nawijn, M. Recent advances in the epigenetics and genomics of asthma. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2011,11(5), 414-419.