Peripheral arterial disease and abdominal aortic aneurysm in elderly people

Minerva Medica

Volumn 102, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 483-500

  Aronow, W S ^a  

^a NEW YORK MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Aortic aneurysm, abdominal; Hypertension; Peripheral arterial disease; Smoking

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AMFEBUTAMONE; ATORVASTATIN; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CILOSTAZOL; CLOPIDOGREL; ENALAPRIL; LEVOTHYROXINE; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; NICOTINE; NICOTINE GUM; NICOTINE PATCH; NISOLDIPINE; PENTOXIFYLLINE; RAMIPRIL; SIMVASTATIN; VARENICLINE; WARFARIN;

ABDOMINAL AORTA ANEURYSM; AGED; ANEURYSM SURGERY; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COMORBIDITY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSLIPIDEMIA; FOOT CARE; GERIATRIC PATIENT; HEART INFARCTION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTHYROIDISM; INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION; KINESIOTHERAPY; MORTALITY; NON INVASIVE MEASUREMENT; PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL ANGIOPLASTY; PERIPHERAL OCCLUSIVE ARTERY DISEASE; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; REVASCULARIZATION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING CESSATION; STROKE; TREATMENT INDICATION; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; AGED; ANTICOAGULANTS; AORTIC ANEURYSM, ABDOMINAL; CAUSE OF DEATH; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE; PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS; RISK FACTORS; SMOKING;

EID: 84857508404     PISSN: 00264806     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. Dormandy JA, Rutherford RB, for the TASC Working Group. TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC). Management of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). J Vasc Surg 2000;31.S1-S296.
2. McDermott MM, Greenland P, Liu K, Guralnik JM, Criqui MH, Dolan NC et al. Leg symptoms in peripheral arterial disease. Associated clinical characteristics and functional impairment. JAMA 2001;286:1599-606. (Pubitemid 33010284)
3. McDermott MM, Greenland P, Liu K, Criqui MH, Guralnik JM, Celic L et al. Sex differences in peripheral arterial disease: leg symptoms and physical functioning. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003;51:222-8. (Pubitemid 36205851)
4. McDermott MM, Ferrucci L, Liu K, Guralnik JM, Tian L, Kibbe M et al. Women with peripheral arterial disease experience faster functional decline than men with peripheral arterial disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:707-14.
5. McDermott MM, Liu K, Ferrucci L, Tian L, Guralnik JM, Liao Y et al. Greater sedentary hours and slower walking speed outside the home predict faster declines in functioning and adverse calf muscle changes in peripheral arterial disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:2356-64.
6. Garg PK, Liu K, Tian L, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Criqui MH et al. Physical activity during daily life and functional decline in peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 2009;119:251-60.
7. Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, Bakal CW, Creager MA, Halperin JL et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): Executive Summary. Circulation 2006;113:1474-547.
8. McDermott MM, Greenland P, Liu K, Guralnik JM, Celic L, Criqui MH et al. The ankle brachial index is associated with leg function and physical activity: the Walking and Leg Circulation Study. Ann Intern Med 2002;136:873-83. (Pubitemid 34625699)
9. Criqui MH, McClelland RL, McDermott MM, Allison MA, Blumenthal RS, Aboyans V et al. The ankle-brachial index and incident cardiovascular events in the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:1506-12.
10. Allison MA, Hiatt WR, Hirsch AT, Coll JR, Criqui MH. A high ankle-brachial index is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and lower quality of life. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:1292-8. (Pubitemid 351400901)
11. Kohler TR, Nance DR, Cramer MM, Vandenburghe H, Strandness DE Jr. Duplex scanning for diagnosis of aortoiliac and femoropopliteal disease: a prospective study. Circulation 1987;76:1074-80. (Pubitemid 17157289)
12. Sheikh MA, Bhatt DL, Li J, Lin S, Bartholomew JR. Usefulness of postexercise ankle-brachial index to predict all-cause mortality. Am J Cardiol 2011;107:778-82.
13. Schroll M, Munck O. Estimation of peripheral arteriosclerotic disease by ankle blood pressure measurements in a population of 60-year-old men and women. J Chron Dis 1981;34:261-9. (Pubitemid 11047991)
14. Criqui MH, Fronek A, Barrett-Connor E, Klauber MR, Gabriel S, Goodman D. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in a defined population. Circulation 1985;71:510-5. (Pubitemid 15133809)
15. Newman A, Siscovick DS, Manolio TA, Polak J, Fried LP, Borhani NO et al. Ankle-arm index as a marker of atherosclerosis in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation 1993;88:837-45. (Pubitemid 23263998)
16. Ness J, Aronow WS, Ahn C. Risk factors for peripheral arterial disease in an academic hospital-based geriatrics practice. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000;48:312-4. (Pubitemid 30164216)
17. Meijer WT, Hoes AW, Rutgers D, Botts ML, Hofman A, Grobbee DE. Peripheral arterial disease in the elderly. The Rotterdam Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998;18:185-92. (Pubitemid 28277594)
18. Aronow WS, Ahn C, Gutstein H. Prevalence and incidence of cardiovascular disease in 1160 older men and 2464 older women in a long-term health care facility. J Gerontol Med Sci 2002;57A:M45-M6.
19. Aronow WS. Prevalence of atherothrombotic brain infarction, coronary artery disease and peripheral arterial disease in elderly blacks, Hispanics and whites. Am J Cardiol 1992;70:1212-13.
20. Ness J, Aronow WS, Newkirk E, McDanel D. Prevalence of symptomatic peripheral arterial disease, modifiable risk factors, and appropriate use of drugs in the treatment of peripheral arterial disease in older persons seen in a university general medicine clinic. J Gerontol: Med Sci 2005;60A:M255-M7.
21. Hirsch AT, Criqui MH, Treat-Jacobson D, Regensteiner JC, Creager MA, Olin JW et al. Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care. JAMA 2001;286:1317-24. (Pubitemid 33015522)
22. Hughson WG, Mann JI, Garrod A. Intermittent claudication: prevalence and risk factors. Br Med J 1978;1:1379-81. (Pubitemid 8334003)
23. Beach KW, Brunzell JD, Strandness DE Jr. Prevalence of severe arteriosclerosis obliterans in patients with diabetes mellitus: relation to smoking and form of therapy. Arteriosclerosis 1982;2:275-80. (Pubitemid 12062183)
24. Reunanen A, Takkunen H, Aromaa A. Prevalence of intermittent claudication and its effect on mortality. Acta Med Scand 1982;211:249-56. (Pubitemid 12102543)
25. Pomrehn P, Duncan B, Weissfeld L, Wallace RB, Barnes R, Heiss G et al. The association of dyslipoproteinemia with symptoms and signs of peripheral arterial disease: the Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Circulation 1986;73(Suppl 1):I-100-1-7.
26. Stokes J III, Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Cupples LA, D'Agostino RB. The relative importance of selected risk factors for various manifestations of cardiovascular disease among men and women from 35 to 64 years old: 30 years of follow-up in the Framingham Study. Circulation 1987;75(Suppl V):V-65-V-73. (Pubitemid 18088349)
27. Aronow WS, Sales FF, Etienne F, Lee NH. Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and its correlation with risk factors for peripheral arterial disease in elderly patients in a long-term health care facility. Am J Cardiol 1988;62:644-6.
28. Murabito JM, Evans JC, Nieto K, Larson MG, Levy D, Wilson PW Prevalence and clinical correlates of peripheral arterial disease in the Framingham Offspring Study. Am Heart J 2002;143:961-5. (Pubitemid 34666884)
29. Sukhija R, Yalamanchili K, Aronow WS. Prevalence of left main coronary artery disease, of 3-vessel or 4-vessel coronary artery disease, and of obstructive coronary artery disease in patients with and without peripheral arterial disease undergoing coronary angiography for suspected coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2003;92:304-5. (Pubitemid 36897717)
30. Conen D, Everet BM, Kurth T, Creager MA, Buring JE, Ridker PM et al. Smoking, smoking status, and risk for symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in women. A cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2011;154:719-26.
31. Beach KW, Brunzell JD, Conquest LL, Strandness DE. The correlation of arteriosclerosis obliterans with lipoproteins in insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes 1979;28:836-40. (Pubitemid 9251207)
32. Aronow WS, Fleg JL, Pepine CJ, Artinian NT, Bakris G, Brown AS et al. ACCF/AHA 2011 Expert Consensus Document on Hypertension in the Elderly. A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. Developed in collaboration with the American Academy of Neurology, American Geriatrics Society, American Society for Preventive Cardiology, American Society for Hypertension, American Society of Nephrology, Association of Black Cardiologists, and European Society of Hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:2037-114.
33. Aronow WS, Ahn C. Correlation of serum lipids with the presence or absence of atherothrombotic brain infarction and peripheral arterial disease in 1,834 men and women aged 562 years. Am J Cardiol 1994;73:995-7.
34. Aronow WS. Treatment of older persons with hypercholesterolemia with and without cardiovascular disease. J Gerontol: Med Sci 2001;56A:M138-M45.
35. Aronow WS. Should hypercholesterolemia in older persons be treated to reduce cardiovascular events? J Gerontol: Med Sci 2002;57A:M411-M3.
36. Boushey CJ, Beresford SAA, Omenn GS, Motulsky AG. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA 1995;274:1049-57.
37. Malinow MR, Kang SS, Taylor IM, Wong PW, Caull B, Inahara T et al. Prevalence of hyperhomocyst(e) inemia in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Circulation 1989;79:1180-8. (Pubitemid 19155752)
38. Clarke R, Daly L, Robinson K, Naughten E, Cahalane S, Fowler B et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia: an independent risk factor for vascular disease. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1149-55.
39. Aronow WS, Ahn C. Association between plasma homocysteine and peripheral arterial disease in older persons. Coronary Artery Dis 1998,9:49-50. (Pubitemid 28200947)
40. Mya MM, Aronow WS. Increased prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in older men and women with subclinical hypothyroidism. J Gerontol: Med Sci 2003;58A:M68-M9.
41. Tison GH, Ndumele CE, Gerstenblith G, Allison MA, Polak JF, Szklo M. Usefulness of baseline obesity to predict development of a high ankle brachial index from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol 2011;107:1386-91.
42. Joseph J, Koka M, Aronow WS. Prevalence of moderate and severe renal insufficiency in older persons with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, ischemic stroke, or congestive heart failure in an academic nursing home. J Am Dir Assoc 2008;9:257-9.
43. Duncan K, Aronow WS, Babu S. Prevalence of moderate or severe chronic kidney disease in patients with severe peripheral arterial disease versus mild or moderate peripheral arterial disease. Med Sci Monit 2010;16:CR584-CR7.
44. Baber U, Mann D, Shimbo D, Woodward M, Olin JW, Muntner P. Combined role of reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate and microalbuminuria on the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease. Am J Cardiol 2009;104:1446-51.
45. 362 years of age. Am J Cardiol 1994,74.64-5.
46. Ness J, Aronow WS. Prevalence of coexistence of coronary artery disease, ischemic stroke, and peripheral arterial disease in older persons, mean age 80 years, in an academic hospital-based geriatrics practice J Am Geriatr Soc 1999;47:1255-6. (Pubitemid 29473300)
47. Aronow WS, Ahn C, Kronzon I. Association of mitral annular calcium with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in older persons. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:333-4. (Pubitemid 32721972)
48. Aronow WS, Ahn C, Kronzon I. Association of valvular aortic stenosis with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in older persons. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:1046-7. (Pubitemid 33042624)
49. Park H, Das M, Aronow WS, McClung JA, Belkin RN. Relation of decreased ankle-brachial index to prevalence of atherosclerotic risk factors, coronary artery disease, aortic valve calcium, and mitral annular calcium. Am J Cardiol 2005;95:1005-6. (Pubitemid 40487761)
50. Sukhija R, Aronow WS, Yalamanchili K, Peterson SJ, Frishman WH, Babu S. Association of ankle-brachial index with severity of angiographic coronary artery disease in patients with peripheral arterial disease and coronary artery disease. Cardiology 2005;103:158-60. (Pubitemid 41094865)
51. Hussein AA, Uno K, Wolski K, Kapadia S, Schoenhagen P, Tuzcu EM et al. Peripheral arterial disease and progression of coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:1220-5.
52. Ward RP, Goonewardena SN, Lammertin G, Lang RM. Comparison of the frequency of abnormal cardiac findings by echocardiography in patients with and without peripheral arterial disease. Am J Cardiol 2007;99:499-503. (Pubitemid 46215566)
53. Criqui MH, Langer RD, Fronek A, Feigelson HS, Klauber MR, McCann TJ et al. Mortality over a period of 10 years in patients with peripheral arterial disease. N Engl J Med 1992;326:381-6.
54. Smith GD, Shipley MJ, Rose G. Intermittent claudication, heart disease risk factors, and mortality: the Whitehall study. Circulation 1990;82:1925-31.
55. Aronow WS, Ahn C, Mercando AD, Epstein S. Prognostic significance of silent ischemia in elderly patients with peripheral arterial disease with and without previous myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:137-9.
56. Vogt MT, Cauley JA, Newman AB, Kuller LH, Hulley SB. Decreased ankle/arm blood pressure index and mortality in elderly women. JAMA 1993;270:465-9. (Pubitemid 23223483)
57. Eagle KA, Rihal CS, Foster ED, Michel MC, Gersh BJ. Long-term survival in patients with coronary artery disease: importance of peripheral vascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:1091-5. (Pubitemid 24117141)
58. Farkouh ME, Rihal CS, Gersh BJ, Rooke TW, Hallett JW Jr, O'Fallon WM et al. Influence of coronary heart disease on morbidity and mortality after lower extremity revascularization surgery: a population-based study in Olmsted County, MN (1970-1987). J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:1290-6. (Pubitemid 24331869)
59. Simonsick EM, Guralnik JM, Hennekens CH, Wallace RB, Ostfeld AM. Intermittent claudication and subsequent cardiovascular disease in the elderly. J Gerontol: Med Sci 1995;50A:M17-M22.
60. Newman AB, Tyrrell KS, Kuller LH. Mortality over four years in SHEP participants with a low ankle-arm index. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997;45:1472-8. (Pubitemid 27523123)
61. Saw J, Bhatt DL, Moliterno DJ, Brenner SJ, Steinhubl SR, Lincoff AM et al. The influence of peripheral arterial disease on outcomes. A pooled analysis of mortality in eight large randomized percutaneous coronary intervention trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:1567-72. (Pubitemid 44528177)
62. Criqui MH, Ninomiya JK, Wingard DL, Ji M, Fronck A. Progression of peripheral arterial disease predicts cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1736-42.
63. Schouten O, van Kujik J-P, Flu W-J, Winkel TA, Welten GM, Boersma E et al. Long-term outcome of prophylactic coronary revascularization in cardiac high-risk patients undergoing major vascular surgery (from the Randomized DECREASE-V Pilot Study). Am J Cardiol 2009;103:897-901.
64. Aronow WS, Ahmed MI, Ekundayo OJ, Allman RM, Ahmed A. A propensity-matched study of the association of peripheral arterial disease with cardiovascular outcomes in community-dwelling older adults. Am J Cardiol 2009,103:130-5.
65. Diehm C, Allenberg JR, Pittrow D, Mahn M, Tepohl G, Haben RL et al. Mortality and vascular morbidity in older adults with asymptomatic versus symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 2009;120:2053-61.
66. Popovic B, Arnould MA, Selton-Suty C, Latarche C, Angioi M, Carreaux JP et al. Comparison of two-year outcomes in patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting with and without peripheral arterial disease. Am J Cardiol 2009;104:1377-82.
67. Ahmed MI, Aronow WS, Criqui MH, Aban I, Love TE, Eichhorn EJ et al. Effect of peripheral arterial disease on outcomes in advanced chronic systolic heart failure. A propensity-matched study. Circ Heart FaU 2010;3:118-24.
68. Parikh SV, Saya S, Divanji P, Bannerjee S, Selzer F, Abbott JD et al. Risk of death and myocardial infarction in patients with peripheral arterial disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Dynamic Registry). Am J Cardiol 2011;107:959-64.
69. Hendel RC, Whitfield SS, Villegas BJ, Cutler BS, Leppo JA. Prediction of late cardiac events by dipyridamole thallium imaging in patients undergoing elective vascular surgery. Am J Cardiol 1992;70:1243-9.
70. Juergens IL, Barker NW, Hines EA. Arteriosclerosis of veterans: a review of 520 cases with special reference to pathogenic and prognostic factors. Circulation 1960:21:188-99.
71. Myers KA, King RB, Scott DF, Johnson N, Morris PJ. The effect of smoking on the late patency of arterial reconstructions in the legs. Br J Surg 1978;65:267-71. (Pubitemid 8307345)
72. Quick CRG, Cotton LT. The measured effect of stopping smoking on intermittent claudication. Br J Surg 1982;69(Suppl):S24-S6.
73. Benowitz NL. Treating tobacco addiction: nicotine or no nicotine. N Eng J Med 1997;337:1230-1.
74. Hurt RD, Sachs DPL, Glover ED, Offord KP, Johnston JA, Dale LC et al. A comparison of sustained-release buproprion and placebo for smoking cessation. N Eng J Med 1997;337:1195-202. (Pubitemid 27454451)
75. Frishman WH, Ky T, Ismail A. Tobacco smoking, nicotine, and non-nicotine replacement therapies. Heart Dis 2001;3:365-77. (Pubitemid 34003377)
76. Reid RD, Mullen KA, Pipe AL. Systematic approaches to smoking cessation in the cardiac setting. Curr Opin Cardiol 2011 [Epub ahead of print].
77. Tonnesen P, Fryd V, Hansen M, Helsted J, Gunnersen AB, Forchanner H et al. Effect of nicotine chewing gum in combination with group counseling on the cessation of smoking. N Eng J Med 1988;318:15-8. (Pubitemid 18025473)
78. Adler AI, Stratton IM, Neil HAW, Yudkin JS, Matthews DR, Cull CA et al. Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36): prospective observational study. Brit Med J 2000;321:412-9. (Pubitemid 30609443)
79. Ostergren J, Sleight P, Dagenais G, Danesa K, Bosch J, Qilong Y et al. Impact of ramipril in patients with evidence of clinical or subclinical peripheral arterial disease. Eur Heart J 2004;25:17-24. (Pubitemid 38055588)
80. Mehler PS, Coll JR, Estacio R, Esler A, Schrier RW, Hiatt WR. Intensive blood pressure control reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral arterial disease and type 2 diabetes. Circulation 2003;107:753-6. (Pubitemid 36222605)
81. Aronow WS, Ahn C. Elderly diabetics with peripheral arterial disease and no coronary artery disease have a higher incidence of new coronary events than elderly nondiabetics with peripheral arterial disease and prior myocardial infarction treated with statins and with no lipid-lowering drug. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003;58:M573-M5.
82. 1c levels to severity of peripheral arterial disease in patients with diabetes mellitus. Amer J Cardiol 2007;99:1468-9.
83. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HAW, Matthews DR, Manley SE, Cull CA et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. Brit Med J 2000;321:405-12. (Pubitemid 30609442)
84. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003;289:2560-72. (Pubitemid 37430158)
85. Aronow WS, Ahn C, Gutstein H. Reduction of new coronary events and of new atherothrombotic brain infarction in older persons with diabetes mellitus, prior myocardial infarction, and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥125 mg/dL treated with statins. J Gerontol: Med Sci 2002;57A:M747-M50.
86. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, Brewer HB Jr, Clark LT, Hunninghake DB et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation 2004;110:227-39. (Pubitemid 38924592)
87. Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J, Pyorala K, Olsson AG, Cook TJ, Musliner TA et al. Effect of simvastatin on ischemic signs and symptoms in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Am J Cardiol 1998;81:333-6.
88. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group: MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:7-22.
89. Aronow WS, Ahn C. Incidence of new coronary events in older persons with prior myocardial infarction and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥125 mg/dL treated with statins versus no lipid-lowering drug. Am J Cardiol 2002;89:67-9. (Pubitemid 34066591)
90. Aronow WS, Ahn C, Gutstein H. Incidence of new atherothrombotic brain infarction in older persons with prior myocardial infarction and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥125 mg/dL treated with statins versus no lipid-lowering drug. J Gerontol: Med Sci 2002;57A:M333-M5.
91. Aronow WS, Ahn C. Frequency of congestive heart failure in older persons with prior myocardial infarction and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol 3125 mg/dl treated with statins versus no lipid-lowering drug. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:147-9. (Pubitemid 34775124)
92. Aronow WS, Ahn C. Frequency of new coronary events in older persons with peripheral arterial disease and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol 3125 mg/dl treated with statins versus no lipid-lowering drug. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:789-91. (Pubitemid 35279409)
93. Vidula H, Tian L, Liu K, Criqui MH, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM et al. Comparison of effects of statin use on mortality in patients with peripheral arterial disease with versus without elevated C-reactive protein and D-dimer levels. Am J Cardiol 2010;105:1348-52.
94. Aronow WS, Nayak D, Woodworth S, Ahn C. Effect of simvastatin versus placebo on treadmill exercise time until the onset of intermittent claudication in older patients with peripheral arterial disease at 6 months and at 1 year after treatment. Am J Cardiol 2003:92:711-2. (Pubitemid 37103026)
95. Mohler ER III, Hiatt WR, Creager MA, for the Study Investigators. Cholesterol reduction with atorvastatin improves walking distance in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 2003;108:1481-6. (Pubitemid 37176455)
96. Mondillo S, Ballo P, Barbati R, Guerrini F, Ammaturo T, Agricola E et al. Effects of simvastatin on walking performance and symptoms of intermittent claudication in hypercholesterolemic patients with peripheral vascular disease. Am J Med 2003;114:359-64. (Pubitemid 36513683)
97. Poldermans D, Bax JJ, Kertai MD, Krenning B, Westerhout CM, Schinkel AF et al. Statins are associated with a reduced incidence of perioperative mortality in patients undergoing major noncardiac vascular surgery. Circulation 2003;107:1848-51. (Pubitemid 36444123)
98. Desai H, Aronow WS, Ahn C, Gandhi K, Amin H, Lai HM et al. Incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction and of 2-year mortality in 577 elderly patients undergoing noncardiac vascular surgery treated with and without statins. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2010;51:149-51.
99. Ghosh S, Ziesmer V, Aronow WS. Underutilization of aspirin, beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and lipid-lowering drugs and overutilization of calcium channel blockers in older persons with coronary artery disease in an academic nursing home. J Gerontol: Med Sci 2002;57A:M398-M400. (Pubitemid 34575733)
100. Ghosh S, Aronow WS. Utilization of lipid-lowering drugs in elderly persons with increased serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol associated with coronary artery disease, symptomatic peripheral arterial disease, prior stroke, or diabetes mellitus before and after an educational program to treat dyslipidemia. J Gerontol: Med Sci 2003;58A:M432-M5.
101. Sanal S, Aronow WS. Effect of an educational program on the prevalence of use of antiplatelet drugs, beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, lipid-lowering drugs, and calcium channel blockers prescribed during hospitalization and at hospital discharge in patients with coronary artery disease. J Gerontol: Med Sci 2003;58A:M1046-M8.
102. Nayak D, Aronow WS. Effect of an ongoing educational program on the use of antiplatelet drugs, beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and lipid-lowering drugs in patients with coronary artery disease seen in an academic cardiology clinic. Cardiol in Review 2005;13:95-7. (Pubitemid 40279878)
103. Mya MM, Aronow WS. Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with coronary artery disease in older persons. J Gerontol: Med Sci 2002;57A:M658-M9.
104. Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analyis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002;324:71-86.
105. Chew DP, Bhatt DL, Sapp S, Topol EJ. Increased mortality with oral platelet glycoprotein Hb/IIIa antagonists. A meta-analysis of phase III multicenter randomized trials. Circulation 2001;103:201-6. (Pubitemid 32095403)
106. Bennett CL, Weinberg PD, Rozenberg-Ben-Dror K, Yarnold PR, Kwaan HC, Green D. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with ticlopidine; a review of 60 cases. Ann Intern Med 1998;128.541-4.
107. Roth GJ, Majerus PW. The mechanism of the effect of aspirin on human platelets: I. Acetylation of a particulate fraction protein. J Clin Invest 1975;56:624-2.
108. Mills DC, Puri R, Hu CJ, Minniti C, Grana G, Freedman MD et al. Clopidogrel inhibits the binding of ADP analogues to the receptor mediating inhibition of platelet adenylate cyclase. Arterioscler Thromb 1992;12:430-6.
109. CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet 1996;348:1329-39.
110. Sukhija R, Yalamanchili K, Aronow WS, Kakar B, Babu S. Clinical characteristics, risk factors, and medical treatment of 561 patients with peripheral arterial disease followed in an academic vascular surgery clinic. Cardiol in Rev 2005;13:108-10. (Pubitemid 40279880)
111. Dutch Bypass Oral Anticoagulants or Aspirin (BOA) Study Group. Efficacy of oral anticoagulants compared with aspirin after infrainguinal bypass surgery (The Dutch Bypass Oral Anticoagulants or Aspirin Study): a randomized trial. Lancet 2000;355:346-51.
112. Faggiotto A, Paoletti R. Statins and blockers of the renin-angiotensin system. Vascular protection beyond their primary mode of action. Hypertension 1999;34(part 2):987-96. (Pubitemid 29501335)
113. Smith SC Jr, Blair SN, Bonow RO, Brass LM, Cerqueira MD, Dracup K et al. A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:1581-3.
114. Radack K, Deck C. Beta-aderenergic blocker therapy does not worsen intermittent claudication in subjects with peripheral arterial disease: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1991;151:1769-76.
115. Aronow WS, Ahn C. Effect of beta blockers on incidence of new coronary events in older persons with prior myocardial infarction and symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Am J Cardiol 2001;87:1284-6. (Pubitemid 32493871)
116. McDermott MM, Guralnik JM, Greenland P, Pearce WH, Criqui MH, Liu K et al. Statin use and leg functioning in patients with and without lower-extremity peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 2003;107:757-61. (Pubitemid 36222606)
117. Ernst E. Chelation therapy for peripheral arterial occlusive disease: a systematic review. Circulation 1997;96:1031-3. (Pubitemid 27329642)
118. Hiatt WR. Medical treatment of peripheral arterial disease and claudication. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1608-21. (Pubitemid 32479915)
119. Eberhardt RT, Coffman JD. Drug treatment of peripheral vascular disease. Heart Dis 2000;2:62-74.
120. 2 analogue. A double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1679-86.
121. Lehert P, Comte S, Gamand S, Brown TM. Naftidrofuryl in intermittent claudication:a retrospective analysis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1994;23(Suppl 3).S48-S52. (Pubitemid 24113083)
122. Brevetti G, Perna S, Sabba C, Martone VD, Condorelli M. Propionyl-L-carnitine in intermittent claudication: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose titration, multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:1411-6.
123. Radack K, Wyderski RJ. Conservative management of intermittent claudication. Ann Intern Med 1990;113:135-46. (Pubitemid 20218631)
124. Porter JM, Cutler BS, Lee BY, Reich T, Reichle FA, Scogin JT et al. Pentoxifylline efficacy in the treatment of intermittent claudication: multicenter controlled double-blind trial with objective assessment of chronic occlusive arterial disease patients. Am Heart J 1982;104:66-72. (Pubitemid 13114585)
125. Eberhardt RT, Coffman JD. Drug treatment of peripheral vascular disease. In: Frishman WH, Sonnenblick EH, Sica DA, editors. Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapeutics. 2nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 2003. p. 919-34.
126. Dawson DL, Cutler BS, Meissner MH, Strandness DE Jr. Cilostazol has beneficial effects in treatment of intermittent claudication. Results from a multicenter, randomized, prospective, double-blind trial. Circulation 1998;98:678-86. (Pubitemid 28387495)
127. Thompson PD, Zimet R, Forbes WP, Zhang P. Meta-analysis of results from eight randomized, placebo-controlled trials on the effect of cilostazol on patients with intermittent claudication. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:1314-9. (Pubitemid 35449476)
128. Dawson DL, Cutler BS, Hiatt WR, Hobson RV 2nd, Martin JD, Bortey EB et al. A comparison of cilostazol and pentoxifylline for treating intermittent claudication. Am J Med 2000;109:523-30.
129. Money SR, Herd JA, Isaacsohn JL, Davidson M, Cutler B, Hechman J et al. Effect of cilostazol on walking distances in patients with intermittent claudication caused by peripheral vascular disease. J Vasc Surg 1998;27:267-74.
130. Gardner AW, Katzel LI, Sorkin JD, Killewich LA, Ryan A, Flinn WR et al. Improved functional outcomes following exercise rehabilitation in patients with intermittent claudication. J Gerontol: Med Sci 2000;55A:M570-M7.
131. Hamburg NM, Balady GJ. Exercise rehabilitation in peripheral arterial disease. Functional impact and mechanisms of benefits. Circulation 2011;123:87-97.
132. Gardner AW, Poehlman ET Exercise rehabilitation programs for the treatment of claudication pain. A meta-analysis. JAMA 1995;274:975-80.
133. Hiatt WR, Wolfel EE, Meier RH, Regensteiner JG. Superiority of treadmill walking exercise versus strength training for patients with peripheral arterial disease. Implications for the mechanism of the training response. Circulation 1994;90:1866-74. (Pubitemid 24320937)
134. McDermott MM, Liu K, Ferrucci L, Criqui MH, Greenland P, Guralnik JM et al. Physical performance in peripheral arterial disease: a slower rate of decline in patients who walk more. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:10-20. (Pubitemid 46780715)
135. rd ed. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 2003. p. 707-63.
136. Weitz JI, Byrne J, Clagett GP, Farkouh ME, Porter JM, Sackett DL et al. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic arterial insufficiency of the lower extremities: a critical review. Circulation 1996;94:3026-49. (Pubitemid 26411793)
137. Palmaz JC, Garcia OJ, Schatz RA, Rees CR, Roeren T, Richter GM et al. Placement of balloon-expandable intraluminal stents in iliac arteries. First 171 procedures. Radiology 1990;174.969.
138. Dutch Bypass Oral anticoagulants or Aspirin (BOA) Study Group. Efficacy of oral anticoagulants compared with aspirin after infrainguinal bypass surgery (The Dutch Bypass Oral anticoagulants or Aspirin study): a randomised trial. Lancet 2000;355:346-51.
139. Comerota AJ. Endovascular and surgical revascularization for patients with intermittent claudication. Am J Cardiol 2001;87(Suppl):34D-43D.
140. BASIL trial participants. Bypass versus angioplasty in severe ischaemia of the leg (BASIL): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:1925-34.
141. Ouriel K, Fiore WM, Geary JE. Limb-threatening ischemia in the medically compromised patient: amputation or revascularization? Surgery 1988;104:667-72.
142. DeFrang RD, Taylor LM Jr, Porter JM. Basic data related to amputations. Ann Vasc Surg 1991;5:202-7.
143. Jones WS, Annex BH. Growth factors for therapeutic angiogenesis in peripheral arterial disease. Curr Opin Cardiol 2007;22:458-63. (Pubitemid 47356953)
144. Rodin MB, Daviglus ML, Wong GC, Liu K, Garside DB, Greenland P et al. Middle age cardiovascular risk factors and abdominal aortic aneurysm in older age. Hypertension 2003;42:61-8. (Pubitemid 36842237)
145. Forsdahl SH, Singh K, Solberg S, Jacobsen BK. Risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms. A 7-year prospective study: the Tromso study, 1994-2001. Circulation 2009;119:2202-8.
146. Sule S, Aronow Ws, Babu S. Prevalence of risk factors and of coronary artery disease, ischemic stroke, carotid arterial disease and lower extremity peripheral arterial disease in 96 patients undergoing elective surgery for an abdominal aortic aneurysm. In J Angiol 2008;17:141-2.
147. Sukhija R, Aronow WS, Yalamanchili K, Sinha N, Babu S. Prevalence of coronary artery disease, lower extremity peripheral arterial disease, and cerebrovascular disease in 110 men with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Am J Cardiol 2004;94:1358-9. (Pubitemid 39469972)
148. Norman PE, Powell JT. Abdominal aortic aneurysm. The prognosis in women is worse. Circulation 2007;115:2865-9. (Pubitemid 46869674)
149. Kim LG, Scott AP, Ashton HA, Thompson SG, for the Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study Group. A sustained mortality benefit from screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:699-706. (Pubitemid 351639997)
150. Sullivan CA, Rohrer MJ, Cutler BS. Clinical management of the symptomatic but unruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg 1990;11:799-803. (Pubitemid 20205041)
151. Sukhija R, Aronow WS, Mathew J, Yalamanchili K, Kakar P, Frishman WH et al. Treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms with an endovascular stent-graft prosthesis in 96 high-risk patients. Cardiol in Review 2005;13:165-6. (Pubitemid 40863616)
152. Sule S, Aronow WS. Management of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Comp Ther 2009;35:3-8.
153. Lederle FA, Johnson GR, Wilson SE, Ballard DJ, Jordan WD Jr, Blebea J et al. Rupture rate of large abdominal aortic aneurysms in patients refusing or unfit for elective repair. JAMA 2002;287:2968-72. (Pubitemid 34620000)
154. The United kingdom EVAR Trial Investigators. Endovascular versus open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1863-71.
155. Hackam DG, Thiruchelvam D, Redelmeier DA. Angiotensin-Converting enzyme inhibitors and aortic rupture: a population-based case-control study. Lancet 2006;368:659-65. (Pubitemid 44226485)
156. Sukhija R, Aronow WS, Sandhu R, Kakar P, Babu S. Mortality and size of abdominal aortic aneurysm at long-term follow-up of patients not treated surgically and treated with and without statins. Am J Cardiol 2006;97:279-80. (Pubitemid 43139252)
157. Kertai MD, Boersma E, Westerhout CM, Klein J, van Urk H, Bax JJ et al. A combination of statins and beta-blockers is independently associated with a reduction in the incidence of perioperative mortality and nonfatal myocardial infarction in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2004;28:343-52. (Pubitemid 39207082)
158. Kertai MD, Boersma E, Westerhout CM, van Domburg R, Klein J, Bax JJ et al. Association between long-term statin use and mortality after successful abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Am J Med 2004;116:96-103. (Pubitemid 38056662)