The CC genotype of transforming growth factor-β1 increases the risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease and is associated with AD-related depression

European Neuropsychopharmacology

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 281-289

  Caraci, Filippo ^a   Bosco, Paolo ^b   Signorelli, Maria ^a   Spada, Rosario S ^b   Cosentino, Filomena I ^b   Toscano, Giuseppe ^b   Bonforte, Cinzia ^b   Muratore, Stefano ^b   Prestianni, Giuseppina ^b   Panerai, Simonetta ^b   Giambirtone, Maria Concetta ^b   Gulotta, Eleonora ^b   Romano, Carmelo ^b   Salluzzo, Maria Grazia ^b   Nicoletti, Ferdinando ^c,d   Copani, Agata ^a   Drago, Filippo ^a   Aguglia, Eugenio ^a   Ferri, Raffaele ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CATANIA   (Italy)

^b OASI RESEARCH INSTITUTE IRCCS   (Italy)

^c SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^d IRCCS NEUROMED   (Italy)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; ; Depression; ; Genetic polymorphism; ; Risk factor; Transforming Growth Factor 1;

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN E4; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1;

AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ALZHEIMER DISEASE RELATED DEPRESSION; ARTICLE; CODON; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; GENE FREQUENCY; GENETIC RISK; GENOTYPE; HETEROZYGOTE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM;

AGE OF ONSET; AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; APOLIPOPROTEIN E4; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; GENE FREQUENCY; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; MALE; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1;

EID: 84857235756     PISSN: 0924977X     EISSN: 18737862     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.08.006     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Adler U.C., Marques A.H., Calil H.M. Inflammatory aspects of depression. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Targets 2006, 7:19-23.
2. Aharoni R., Eilam R., Domev H., Labunskay G., Sela M., Arnon R. The immunomodulator glatiramer acetate augments the expression of neurotrophic factors in brains of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2005, 102:19045-19050.
3. Anello G., Guéant-Rodríguez R.M., Bosco P., Guéant J.L., Romano A., Namour B., Spada R., Caraci F., Pourié G., Daval J.L., Ferri R. Homocysteine and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport 2004, 15:859-861.
4. Araria-Goumidi L., Lambert J.C., Mann D.M., Lendon C., Frigard B., Iwatsubo T., Cottel D., Amouyel P., Chartier-Harlin M.C. Association study of three polymorphisms of TGF-beta1 gene with Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2002, 73:62-64.
5. Arosio B., Bergamaschini L., Galimberti L., La Porta C., Zanetti M., Calabresi C., Scarpini E., Annoni G., Vergani C. +10 T/C polymorphisms in the gene of transforming growth factor-beta1 are associated with neurodegeneration and its clinical evolution. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2007, 128:553-557.
6. Awad M.R., El-Gamel A., Hasleton P., Turner D.M., Sinnott P., Hutchinson I.V. Genotypic variation in the transforming growth factor-b1 gene. Transplantation 1998, 66:1014.
7. Banerjee S., Hellier J., Dewey M., Romeo R., Ballard C., Baldwin R., Bentham P., Fox C., Holmes C., Katona C., Knapp M., Lawton C., Lindesay J., Livingston G., McCrae N., Moniz-Cook E., Murray J., Nurock S., Orrell M., O'Brien J., Poppe M., Thomas A., Walwyn R., Wilson K., Burns A. Sertraline or mirtazapine for depression in dementia (HTA-SADD): a randomised, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2011, 378:403-411.
8. Boerwinkle E., Sing C.F. The use of measured genotype information in the analysis of quantitative phenotypes in man. III. Simultaneous estimation of the frequencies and effects of the apolipoprotein E polymorphism and residual polygenetic effects on cholesterol, betalipoprotein and triglyceride levels. Ann. Hum. Genet. 1987, 51:211-226.
9. Borroni B., Archetti S., Costanzi C., Grassi M., Ferrari M., Radeghieri A., Caimi L., Caltagirone C., Di Luca M., Padovani A. Role of BDNF Val66Met functional polymorphism in Alzheimer's disease-related depression. Neurobiol. Aging 2009, 30:1406-1412. ITINAlzheimer's disease Working Group.
10. Borroni B., Costanzi C., Padovani A. Genetic susceptibility to behavioural and psychological symptoms in Alzheimer disease. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 2010, 7:158-164.
11. Bosco P., Guéant-Rodríguez R.M., Anello G., Romano A., Namour B., Spada R.S., Caraci F., Tringali G., Ferri R., Guéant J.L. Association of IL-1 RN*2 allele and methionine synthase 2756 AA genotype with dementia severity of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2004, 75:1036-1038.
12. Brazzelli M., Capitani E., Della Sala S., Spinnler H., Zuffi M. A neuropsychological instrument adding to the description of patients with suspected cortical dementia: the Milan overall dementia assessment. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1994, 57:1510-1517.
13. Cacabelos R., Barquero M., García P., Alvarez X.A., Varela de Seijas E. Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) in Alzheimer's disease and neurological disorders. Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 1991, 13:455-458.
14. Caraci F., Battaglia G., Busceti C., Biagioni F., Mastroiacovo F., Bosco P., Drago F., Nicoletti F., Sortino M.A., Copani A. TGF-beta 1 protects against Abeta-neurotoxicity via the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathway. Neurobiol. Dis. 2008, 30:234-242.
15. Caraci F., Battaglia G., Bruno V., Bosco P., Carbonaro V., Giuffrida M.L., Drago F., Sortino M.A., Nicoletti F., Copani A. TGF-beta1 Pathway as a New Target for Neuroprotection in Alzheimer's Disease. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 2009, 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2009.00115.x.
16. Caraci F., Copani A., Nicoletti F., Drago F. Depression and Alzheimer's disease: neurobiological links and common pharmacological targets. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2010, 626:64-71.
17. Caraci F., Molinaro G., Battaglia G., Giuffrida M.L., Riozzi B., Traficante A., Bruno V., Cannella M., Merlo S., Wang X., Heinz B.A., Nisenbaum E.S., Britton T.C., Drago F., Sortino M.A., Copani A., Nicoletti F. Targeting group-II metabotropic glutamate receptors for the treatment of psychosis associated with Alzheimer's disease: selective activation of mGlu2 receptors amplifies {beta}-amyloid toxicity in cultured neurons whereas dual activation of mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptors is neuroprotective. Mol. Pharmacol. 2010, 10.1124/mol.110.067488.
18. Castren E., Tanila H. Neurotrophins and dementia-keeping in touch. Neuron 2006, 51:1-3.
19. Cerpa W., Dinamarca M.C., Inestrosa N.C. Structure-function implications in Alzheimer's disease: effect of Abeta oligomers at central synapses. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 2008, 5:233-243.
20. Cotman C.W. The role of neurotrophins in brain aging: a perspective in honor of Regino Perez-Polo. Neurochem. Res. 2005, 30:877-881.
21. De Berardis D., Conti C.M., Serroni N., Moschetta F.S., Olivieri L., Carano A., Salerno R.M., Cavuto M., Farina B., Alessandrini M., Janiri L., Pozzi G., Di Giannantonio M. The effect of newer serotonin-noradrenalin antidepressants on cytokine production: a review of the current literature. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 2010, 23:17-22.
22. Di Rosa M., Dell'Ombra N., Zambito A.M., Malaguarnera M., Nicoletti F., Malaguarnera L. Chitotriosidase and inflammatory mediator levels in Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular dementia. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2006, 23:2648-2656.
23. Dickson M.R., Perry R.T., Wiener H., Go R.C. Association studies of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2005, 139B:38-41.
24. Dotson V.M., Beydoun M.A., Zonderman A.B. Recurrent depressive symptoms and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 2010, 75:27-34.
25. Folstein M.F., Folstein S.E., McHugh P.R. "Mini-Mental State": a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J. Psychiatry Res. 1975, 12:189-198.
26. Forlenza O.V., Diniz B.S., Teixeira A.L., Ojopi E.B., Talib L.L., Mendonça V.A., Izzo G., Gattaz W.F. Effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism and serum levels on the progression of mild cognitive impairment. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 2010, 11:774-780.
27. Grainger D.J., Heathcote K., Chiano M., Snieder H., Kemp P.R., Metcalfe J.C., Carter N.D., Spector T.D. Genetic control of the circulating concentration of transforming growth factor type beta1. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1999, 8:93-97.
28. Grünblatt E., Zehetmayer S., Bartl J., Löffler C., Wichart I., Rainer M.K., Jungwirth S., Bauer P., Danielczyk W., Tragl K.H., Riederer P., Fischer P. Genetic risk factors and markers for Alzheimer's disease and/or depression in the VITA study. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2009, 43:298-308.
29. Hamaguchi T., Okino S., Sodeyama N., Itoh Y., Takahashi A., Otomo E., Matsushita M., Mizusawa H., Yamada M. Association of a polymorphism of the transforming growth factor-beta1 gene with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2005, 76:696-699.
30. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1960, 23:56-62.
31. Hardy J., Selkoe D.J. The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science 2002, 297:353-356.
32. Hixon J.E., Vernier D.T. Restriction isotyping of human apolipoprotein E by gene amplification and cleavage with HhaI. J. Lipid Res. 1990, 31:545-548.
33. Hollingworth P., Harold D., Sims R., Gerrish A., Lambert J.C., Carrasquillo M.M., Abraham R., Hamshere M.L., Pahwa J.S., Moskvina V., Dowzell K., Jones N., Stretton A., Thomas C., Richards A., Ivanov D., Widdowson C., Chapman J., Lovestone S., Powell J., Proitsi P., Lupton M.K., Brayne C., Rubinsztein D.C., Gill M., Lawlor B., Lynch A., Brown K.S., Passmore P.A., Craig D., McGuinness B., Todd S., Holmes C., Mann D., Smith A.D., Beaumont H., Warden D., Wilcock G., Love S., Kehoe P.G., Hooper N.M., Vardy E.R., Hardy J., Mead S., Fox N.C., Rossor M., Collinge J., Maier W., Jessen F., Rüther E., Schürmann B., Heun R., Kölsch H., van den Bussche H., Heuser I., Kornhuber J., Wiltfang J., Dichgans M., Frölich L., Hampel H., Gallacher J., Hüll M., Rujescu D., Giegling I., Goate A.M., Kauwe J.S., Cruchaga C., Nowotny P., Morris J.C., Mayo K., Sleegers K., Bettens K., Engelborghs S., De Deyn P.P., Van Broeckhoven C., Livingston G., Bass N.J., Gurling H., McQuillin A., Gwilliam R., Deloukas P., Al-Chalabi A., Shaw C.E., Tsolaki M., Singleton A.B., Guerreiro R., Mühleisen T.W., Nöthen M.M., Moebus S., Jöckel K.H., Klopp N., Wichmann H.E., Pankratz V.S., Sando S.B., Aasly J.O., Barcikowska M., Wszolek Z.K., Dickson D.W., Graff-Radford N.R., Petersen R.C., van Duijn C.M., Breteler M.M., Ikram M.A., DeStefano A.L., Fitzpatrick A.L., Lopez O., Launer L.J., Seshadri S., Berr C., Campion D., Epelbaum J., Dartigues J.F., Tzourio C., Alpérovitch A., Lathrop M., Feulner T.M., Friedrich P., Riehle C., Krawczak M., Schreiber S., Mayhaus M., Nicolhaus S., Wagenpfeil S., Steinberg S., Stefansson H., Stefansson K., Snaedal J., Björnsson S., Jonsson P.V., Chouraki V., Genier-Boley B., Hiltunen M., Soininen H., Combarros O., Zelenika D., Delepine M., Bullido M.J., Pasquier F., Mateo I., Frank-Garcia A., Porcellini E., Hanon O., Coto E., Alvarez V., Bosco P., Siciliano G., Mancuso M., Panza F., Solfrizzi V., Nacmias B., Sorbi S., Bossù P., Piccardi P., Arosio B., Annoni G., Seripa D., Pilotto A., Scarpini E., Galimberti D., Brice A., Hannequin D., Licastro F., Jones L., Holmans P.A., Jonsson T., Riemenschneider M., Morgan K., Younkin S.G., Owen M.J., O'Donovan M., Amouyel P., Williams J. Common variants at ABCA7, MS4A6A/MS4A4E, EPHA1, CD33 and CD2AP are associated with Alzheimer's disease. Nat. Genet. 2011, 43:429-435. Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, CHARGE consortiumCHARGE consortium, EADI1 consortiumEADI1 consortium.
34. Hughes C.P., Berg L., Danziger W.L., Coben L.A., Martin R.L. A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. Br. J. Psychiatry 1982, 140:566-572.
35. Juraskova B., Andrys C., Holmerova I., Solichova D., Hrnciarikova D., Vankova H., Vasatko T., Krejsek J. Transforming growth factor Beta and soluble endoglin in the healthy senior and in Alzheimer 's disease patients. J. Nutr. Health Aging 2010, 14:758-761.
36. Kessing L.V., Andersen P.K. Does the risk of developing dementia increase with the number of episodes in patients with depressive disorder and in patients with bipolar disorder?. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2004, 275:1662-1666.
37. Kessing L.V., Søndergård L., Forman J.L., Andersen P.K. Antidepressants and dementia. J. Affect. Disord. 2009, 117:24-29.
38. Krishnan V., Nestler E.J. The molecular neurobiology of depression. Nature 2008, 455:894-902.
39. Lambert J.C., Amouyel P. Genetics of Alzheimer's disease: new evidences for an old hypothesis?. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 2011, 21:295-301.
40. Lambert J.C., Heath S., Even G., Campion D., Sleegers K., Hiltunen M., Combarros O., Zelenika D., Bullido M.J., Tavernier B., Letenneur L., Bettens K., Berr C., Pasquier F., Fiévet N., Barberger-Gateau P., Engelborghs S., De Deyn P., Mateo I., Franck A., Helisalmi S., Porcellini E., Hanon O., de Pancorbo M.M., Lendon C., Dufouil C., Jaillard C., Leveillard T., Alvarez V., Bosco P., Mancuso M., Panza F., Nacmias B., Bossù P., Piccardi P., Annoni G., Seripa D., Galimberti D., Hannequin D., Licastro F., Soininen H., Ritchie K., Blanché H., Dartigues J.F., Tzourio C., Gut I., Van Broeckhoven C., Alpérovitch A., Lathrop M., Amouyel P. Genome-wide association study identifies variants at CLU and CR1 associated with Alzheimer's disease. Nat. Genet. 2009, 41:1094-1099. European Alzheimer's Disease Initiative Investigators.
41. Lee K.M., Kim Y.K. The role of IL-12 and TGF-beta1 in the pathophysiology of major depressive Disorder. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2006, 6:1298-1304.
42. Leonard B.E. Inflammation, depression and dementia: are they connected?. Neurochem. Res. 2007, 32:1749-1756.
43. Luedecking E.K., DeKosky S.T., Mehdi H., Ganguli M., Kamboh M.I. Analysis of genetic polymorphisms in the transforming growth factor-beta1 gene and the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Hum. Genet. 2000, 106:565-569.
44. Luppi C., Fioravanti M., Bertolini B., Inguscio M., Grugnetti A., Guerriero F., Rovelli C., Cantoni F., Guagnano P., Marazzi E., Rolfo E., Ghianda D., Levante D., Guerrini C., Bonacasa R., Solerte S.B. Growth factors decrease in subjects with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD): potential correction with dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEAS). Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 2009, 49:173-184.
45. Luterman J.D., Haroutunian V., Yemul S., Ho L., Purohit D., Aisen P.S., et al. Cytokine gene expression as a function of the clinical progression of Alzheimer disease dementia. Arch. Neurol. 2000, 57:1153-1160.
46. Lyketsos C.G., Steele C., Baker L., Galik E., Kopunek S., Steinberg M., Warren A. Major and minor depression in Alzheimer's disease: prevalence and impact. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1997, 9:556-561.
47. Maes M., Yirmyia R., Noraberg J., Brene S., Hibbeln J., Perini G., Kubera M., Bob P., Lerer B., Maj M. The inflammatory & neurodegenerative (I&ND) hypothesis of depression: leads for future research and new drug developments in depression. Metab. Brain Dis. 2009, 24:27-53.
48. McKhann G., Drachman D., Folstein M., Katzman R., Price D., Stadlan E.M. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1984, 34:939-944.
49. Mocali A., Cedrola S., Della Malva N., Bontempelli M., Mitidieri V.A., Bavazzano A., Comolli R., Paoletti F., La Porta C.A. Increased plasma levels of soluble CD40, together with the decrease of TGF beta 1,as possible differential markers of Alzheimer disease. Exp. Gerontol. 2004, 39:1555-1561.
50. Modrego P.J., Ferrández J. Depression in patients with mild cognitive impairment increases the risk of developing dementia of Alzheimer type: a prospective cohort study. Arch. Neurol. 2004, 61:1290-1293.
51. Motta M., Imbesi R., Di Rosa M., Stivala F., Malaguarnera L. Altered plasma cytokine levels in Alzheimer's disease: correlation with the disease progression. Immunol. Lett. 2007, 114:46-51.
52. Murer M.G., Yan Q., Raisman-Vozari R. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the control human brain, and in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Prog. Neurobiol. 2001, 63:71-124.
53. Myint A.M., Leonard B.E., Steinbusch H.W., Kim Y.K. Th1, Th2, and Th3 cytokine alterations in major depression. J. Affect. Disord. 2005, 88:167-173.
54. Naarding P., Leentjens A.F., van Kooten F., Verhey F.R. Disease-specific properties of the Rating Scale for Depression in patients with stroke, Alzheimer's dementia, and Parkinson's disease. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2002, 14:329-334.
55. Okello A., Edison P., Archer H.A., Turkheimer F.E., Kennedy J., Bullock R., Walker Z., Kennedy A., Fox N., Rossor M., Brooks D.J. Microglial activation and amyloid deposition in mild cognitive impairment: a PET study. Neurology 2009, 72:56-62.
56. Ownby R.L., Crocco E., Acevedo A., John V., Loewenstein D. Depression and risk for Alzheimer disease: systematic review, meta-analysis, and metaregression analysis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2006, 63:530-538.
57. Patil S.T., Zhang L., Martenyi F., Lowe S.L., Jackson K.A., Andreev B.V., Avedisova A.S., Bardenstein L.M., Gurovich I.Y., Morozova M.A., Mosolov S.N., Neznanov N.G., Reznik A.M., Smulevich A.B., Tochilov V.A., Johnson B.G., Monn J.A., Schoepp D.D. Activation of mGlu2/3 receptors as a new approach to treat schizophrenia: a randomized Phase 2 clinical trial. Nat. Med. 2007, 13:1102-1107.
58. Peila R., Yucesoy B., White L.R., Johnson V., Kashon M.L., Wu K., Petrovitch H., Luster M., Launer L.J. A TGF-beta1 polymorphism association with dementia and neuropathologies: the HAAS. Neurobiol. Aging 2007, 28:1367-1373.
59. Perrey C., Turner S.J., Pravica V., Howell W.M., Hutchinson I.V. ARMS-PCR methodologies to determine IL-10, TNF-alpha, TNF-beta and TGF-beta1 gene polymorphisms. Transplant. Immunol. 1999, 7:127.
60. Redondo S., Santos-Gallego C.G., Tejerina T. TGF-beta1: a novel target for cardiovascular pharmacology. Cytokine Growth Factor. Rev. 2007, 18:279-286.
61. Ribizzi G., Fiordoro S., Barocci S., Ferrari E., Megna M. Cytokine polymorphisms and Alzheimer disease: possible associations. Neurol. Sci. 2010, 31:321-325.
62. Rodríguez-Rodríguez E., Sánchez-Juan P., Mateo I., Llorca J., Infante J., García-Gorostiaga I., Berciano J., Combarros O. Serum levels and genetic variation of TGF-beta1 are not associated with Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol. Scand. 2007, 116:409-412.
63. Rojo L.E., Fernández J.A., Maccioni A.A., Jimenez J.M., Maccioni R.B. Neuroinflammation: implications for the pathogenesis and molecular diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Med. Res. 2008, 39:1-16.
64. Shim Y.S., Yang D.W. Depression as prognostic factor: 6months follow-up in a geriatric institution. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 2006, 43:277-283.
65. Singh V.K., Guthikonda P. Circulating cytokines in Alzheimer's disease. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1997, 31:657-660.
66. Sometani A., Kataoka H., Nitta A., Fukumitsu H., Nomoto H., Furukawa S. Transforming growth factor-beta1 enhances expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor, TrkB, in neurons cultured from rat cerebral cortex. J. Neurosci. Res. 2001, 66:369-376.
67. Starkstein S.E., Jorge R., Mizrahi R., Robinson R.G. The construct of minor and major depression in Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Psychiatry 2005, 162:2086-2093.
68. Sutcigil L., Oktenli C., Musabak U., Bozkurt A., Cansever A., Uzun O., Sanisoglu S.Y., Yesilova Z., Ozmenler N., Ozsahin A., Sengul A. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance in major depression: effect of sertraline therapy. Clin. Dev. Immunol. 2007, 2007:76396. 10.1155/2007/76396.
69. Tesseur I., Zou K., Esposito L., Bard F., Berber E., Can J.V., Lin A.H., Crews L., Tremblay P., Mathews P., Mucke L., Masliah E., Wyss-Coray T. Deficiency in neuronal TGF-beta signaling promotes neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's pathology. J. Clin. Invest. 2006, 116:3060-3069.
70. Van Oijen M., Arp P.P., De Jong F.J., Hofman A., Koudstaal P.J., Uitterlinden A.G., Breteler M.M. Polymorphisms in the interleukin 6 and transforming growth factor beta1 gene and risk of dementia. The Rotterdam Study. Neurosci. Lett. 2006, 402:113-117.
71. Vivien D., Ali C. Transforming growth factor-β signalling in brain disorder. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2006, 17:121-128.
72. Walsh D.M., Selkoe D.J. A beta oligomers - a decade of discovery. J. Neurochem. 2007, 101:1172.
73. Wetherell J.L., Gatz M., Johansson B., Pedersen N.L. History of depression and other psychiatric illness as risk factors for Alzheimer disease in a twin sample. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 1999, 13:47-52.
74. Williams J.B. A structured interview guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1988, 45:742-747.
75. Wuwongse S., Chang R.C., Law A.C. The putative neurodegenerative links between depression and Alzheimer's disease. Prog. Neurobiol. 2010, 91:362-375.
76. Wyss-Coray T. Tgf-Beta pathway as a potential target in neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 2006, 3:191-195.
77. Yokota M., Ichihara S., Lin T.L., Nakashima N., Yamada Y. Association of a T29->C polymorphism of the transforming growth factor-beta1 gene with genetic susceptibility to myocardial infarction in Japanese. Circulation 2000, 101:2783-2787.