Reducing the side effects of external beam radiotherapy in prostate cancer: Role of imaging techniques

Imaging in Medicine

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 107-128

  Alexander, Emma J ^a   Harris, Victoria A ^a   Sohaib, Aslam ^a   Dearnaley, David ^a  

^a ROYAL MARSDEN HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

cone beam CT; dominant intraprostatic lesion; electronic portal imaging device; image guided radiotherapy; intensity modulated radiotherapy; intraprostatic lesion; megavoltage CT; MRI; multiparametric imaging; prostate radiotherapy; tomography; toxicity

Indexed keywords

CARBON 11; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; MEDRONATE TECHNETIUM TC 99M; MOLECULAR MARKER; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; ULTRASMALL SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE;

BONE METASTASIS; BONE SCINTISCANNING; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER LOCALIZATION; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER SCREENING; CANCER STAGING; COMPUTER ASSISTED EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; CYBERKNIFE; DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; DOSIMETRY; EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY; FIDUCIAL MARKER; FLUOROSCOPY; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; HUMAN; IMAGE GUIDED RADIOTHERAPY; INTENSITY MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY; NEOVASCULARIZATION (PATHOLOGY); NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE ADENOCARCINOMA; PROSTATE CANCER; PROSTATE HYPERTROPHY; RADIATION DOSE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RECURRENCE FREE SURVIVAL; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; STEREORADIOGRAPHY; TRANSRECTAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY; ULTRASOUND; URETHROGRAPHY; UROGENITAL TRACT CANCER;

EID: 84857216456     PISSN: 17555191     EISSN: 17555205     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/iim.11.65     Document Type: Review

References (215)

1. Mayles WP. Survey of the availability and use of advanced radiotherapy technology in the UK. Clin. Oncol. (R. Coll. Radiol.) 22(8), 636-642 (2010).
2. Kupelian PA, Potters L, Khuntia D et al. Radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy or =72 Gy, permanent seed implantation, or combined seeds/external beam radiotherapy for stage T1-T2 prostate cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 58(1), 25-33 (2004). (Pubitemid 38010333)
3. Widmark A, Klepp O, Solberg A et al. Endocrine treatment, with or without radiotherapy, in locally advanced prostate cancer (SPCG-7/SFUO-3): an open randomised Phase 3 trial. Lancet 373(9660), 301-308 (2009).
4. Dearnaley DP, Hall E, Lawrence D et al. Phase III pilot study of dose escalation using conformal radiotherapy in prostate cancer: PSA control and side effects. Br. J. Cancer 92(3), 488-498 (2005). (Pubitemid 40395529)
5. Pollack A, Zagars GK, Starkschall G et al. Prostate cancer radiation dose response: results of the M. D. Anderson Phase III randomized trial. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 53(5), 1097-1105 (2002). (Pubitemid 34787842)
6. Peeters ST, Heemsbergen WD, Koper PC et al. Dose-response in radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: results of the Dutch multicenter randomized Phase III trial comparing 68 Gy of radiotherapy with 78 Gy. J. Clin. Oncol. 24(13), 1990-1996 (2006). (Pubitemid 46622106)
7. Dearnaley DP, Heemsbergen WD, Koper PC et al. Escalated-dose versus standard-dose conformal radiotherapy in prostate cancer: first results from the MRC RT01 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 8(6), 475-487 (2007). (Pubitemid 46805903)
8. Zietman AL, DeSilvio ML, Slater JD et al. Comparison of conventional-dose vs high-dose conformal radiation therapy in clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 294(10), 1233-1239 (2005). (Pubitemid 41352111)
9. Schroder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ et al. Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized European study. N. Engl. J. Med. 360(13), 1320-1328 (2009).
10. Kelloff GJP, Choyke DS. Coffey DS. Challenges in clinical prostate cancer: role of imaging. Am. J. Roentgenol. 192(6), 1455-1470 (2009).
11. Wang L, Hricak H, Kattan MW et al. Prediction of organ-confined prostate cancer: incremental value of MR imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging to staging nomograms. Radiology 238(2), 597-603 (2006). (Pubitemid 43134372)
12. Kwek JW, Thng CH, Tan PH et al. Phased-array magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate with correlation to radical prostatectomy specimens: local experience. Asian J. Surg. 27(3), 219-226, discussion 225-226 (2004).
13. Hricak H, White S, Vigneron D et al. Carcinoma of the prostate gland: MR imaging with pelvic phased-array coils versus integrated endorectal-pelvic phased-array coils. Radiology 193(3), 703-709 (1994). (Pubitemid 24366938)
14. Dearnaley DP, Khoo VS, Norman AR et al. Comparison of radiation side-effects of conformal and conventional radiotherapy in prostate cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet 353(9149), 267-272 (1999). (Pubitemid 29088118)
15. Khoo VS, Joon DL. New developments in MRI for target volume delineation in radiotherapy. Br. J. Radiol. 79(Spec No. 1), S2-S15 (2006). (Pubitemid 44614399)
16. Hricak H, Dooms GC, McNeal JE et al. MR imaging of the prostate gland: normal anatomy. Am. J. Roentgenol. 148(1), 51-58 (1987). (Pubitemid 17005360)
17. Baker GR. Localization: conventional and CT simulation. Br. J. Radiol. 79(Spec No. 1), S36-S49 (2006). (Pubitemid 44614402)
18. Kuban D, Pollack A, Huang E et al. Hazards of dose escalation in prostate cancer radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 57(5), 1260-1268 (2003). (Pubitemid 37443963)
19. Jacob R, Hanlon AL, Horwitz EM et al. The relationship of increasing radiotherapy dose to reduced distant metastases and mortality in men with prostate cancer. Cancer 100(3), 538-543 (2004). (Pubitemid 38124771)
20. Kuban DA, Thames HD, Levy LB et al. Long-term multi-institutional analysis of stage T1-T2 prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy in the PSA era. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 57(4), 915-928 (2003). (Pubitemid 37324109)
21. Zelefsky MJ, Reuter VE, Fuks Z, Scardino P, Shippy A. Influence of local tumor control on distant metastases and cancer related mortality after external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer. J. Urol. 179(4), 1368-1373, discussion 1373 (2008).
22. Zietman AL, Bae K, Slater JD et al. Randomized trial comparing conventional-dose with high-dose conformal radiation therapy in early-stage adenocarcinoma of the prostate: long-term results from proton radiation oncology group/american college of radiology 95-109. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(7), 1106-1111 (2010).
23. Kuban DA, Tucker SL, Dong L et al. Long-term results of the M. D. Anderson randomized dose-escalation trial for prostate cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 70(1), 67-74 (2008). (Pubitemid 350251041)
24. Zelefsky MJ, Yamada Y, Fuks Z et al. Long-term results of conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer: impact of dose escalation on biochemical tumor control and distant metastases-free survival outcomes. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol .Phys. 71(4), 1028-1033 (2008).
25. Cahlon O, Zelefsky MJ, Shippy A et al. Ultra-high-dose (86.4 Gy) IMRT for localized prostate cancer: toxicity and biochemical outcomes. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 71(2), 330-337 (2008).
26. Eade TN, Hanlon AL, Horwitz EM et al. What dose of external-beam radiation is high enough for prostate cancer? Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 68(3), 682-689 (2007). (Pubitemid 46818746)
27. Viani GA, Stefano EJ, Afonso SL. Higher-than-conventional radiation doses in localized prostate cancer treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 74(5), 1405-1418 (2009).
28. Peeters ST, Lebesque JV, Heemsbergen WD et al. Localized volume effects for late rectal and anal toxicity after radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 64(4), 1151-1161 (2006).
29. van Lin EN, FÜtterer JJ, Heijmink SW et al. IMRT boost dose planning on dominant intraprostatic lesions: gold marker-based three-dimensional fusion of CT with dynamic contrast-enhanced and 1H-spectroscopic MRI. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 65(1), 291-303 (2006).
30. Nutting CM, Corbishley CM, Sanchez-Nieto B et al. Potential improvements in the therapeutic ratio of prostate cancer irradiation: dose escalation of pathologically identified tumour nodules using intensity modulated radiotherapy. Br. J. Radiol. 75(890), 151-161 (2002). (Pubitemid 34256461)
31. Xia P, Corbishley CM, Sanchez-Nieto B et al. Forward or inversely planned segmental multileaf collimator IMRT and sequential Tomotherapy to treat multiple dominant intraprostatic lesions of prostate cancer to 90 Gy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 51(1), 244-254 (2001). (Pubitemid 32758884)
32. Pickett B, Vigneault E, Kurhanewicz J, Verhey L, Roach M. Static field intensity modulation to treat a dominant intra-prostatic lesion to 90 Gy compared to seven field 3-dimensional radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 44(4), 921-929 (1999). (Pubitemid 29284143)
33. Fonteyne V, Villeirs G, Speleers B et al. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy as primary therapy for prostate cancer: report on acute toxicity after dose escalation with simultaneous integrated boost to intraprostatic lesion. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 72(3), 799-807 (2008).
34. Miralbell R, Mollà M, Rouzaud M et al. Hypofractionated boost to the dominant tumor region with intensity modulated stereotactic radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a sequential dose escalation pilot study. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 78(1), 50-57 (2010).
35. Housri N, Ning H, Ondos J et al. Parameters favorable to intraprostatic radiation dose escalation in men with localized prostate cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 80(2), 614-620 (2011).
36. Ost P, Speleers B, De Meerleer G et al. Volumetric arc therapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for primary prostate radiotherapy with simultaneous integrated boost to intraprostatic lesion with 6 and 18 MV: a planning comparison study. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 79(3), 920-926 (2011).
37. van der Heide UA, Korporaal JG, Groenendaal G, Franken SP, van Vulpen M. Functional MRI for tumor delineation in prostate radiation therapy. Imaging Med. 3(2), 219-231 (2011).
38. Khoo VS, Padhani AR, Tanner SF, Finnigan DJ, Leach MO, Dearnaley DP. Comparison of MRI with CT for the radiotherapy planning of prostate cancer: a feasibility study. Br. J. Radiol. 72(858), 590-597 (1999). (Pubitemid 29295033)
39. Steenbakkers RJ, Padhani AR, Tanner SF et al. Reduction of dose delivered to the rectum and bulb of the penis using MRI delineation for radiotherapy of the prostate. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 57(5), 1269-1279 (2003). (Pubitemid 37443964)
40. Kessler ML. Image registration and data fusion in radiation therapy. Br. J. Radiol. 79(Spec No. 1), S99-S108 (2006). (Pubitemid 44614407)
41. Rasch C, Padhani AR, Tanner SF et al. Definition of the prostate in CT and MRI: a multi-observer study. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 43(1), 57-66 (1999). (Pubitemid 29065832)
42. Roach M 3rd, Faillace-Akazawa P, Malfatti C, Holland J, Hricak H. Prostate volumes defined by magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomographic scans for three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 35(5), 1011-1018 (1996). (Pubitemid 26279773)
43. Jackson AS, Reinsberg SA, Sohaib SA et al. Distortion-corrected T2 weighted MRI: a novel approach to prostate radiotherapy planning. Br. J. Radiol. 80(959), 926-933 (2007). (Pubitemid 350206223)
44. Sannazzari GL, Ragona R, Ruo Redda MG et al. CT-MRI image fusion for delineation of volumes in three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy in the treatment of localized prostate cancer. Br. J. Radiol. 75(895), 603-607 (2002). (Pubitemid 34830612)
45. Kagawa K, Lee WR, Schultheiss TE et al. Initial clinical assessment of CT-MRI image fusion software in localization of the prostate for 3D conformal radiation therapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 38(2), 319-325 (1997). (Pubitemid 27318647)
46. Debois M, Oyen R, Maes F et al. The contribution of magnetic resonance imaging to the three-dimensional treatment planning of localized prostate cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 45(4), 857-865 (1999). (Pubitemid 29525447)
47. Krempien RC, Schubert K, Zierhut D et al. Open low-field magnetic resonance imaging in radiation therapy treatment planning. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 53(5), 1350-1360 (2002). (Pubitemid 34787873)
48. Reinsberg SA, Doran SJ, Charles-Edwards EM, Leach MO. A complete distortion correction for MR images: II. Rectification of static-field inhomogeneities by similarity-based profile mapping. Phys. Med. Biol. 50(11), 2651-2661 (2005). (Pubitemid 40770645)
49. Ahmed HU, Calleary J, Arya M et al. Re: Dynamic contrast enhanced, pelvic phased array magnetic resonance imaging of localized prostate cancer for predicting tumor volume: correlation with radical prostatectomy findings. A. Villers, P. Puech, D. Mouton, X. Leroy, C. Ballereau and L. Lemaitre, J Urol 2006; 176: 2432-2437. J. Urol. 177(6), 2395, author reply 2395-2396 (2007).
50. Riches SF, Payne GS, Morgan VA et al. MRI in the detection of prostate cancer: combined apparent diffusion coefficient, metabolite ratio, and vascular parameters. Am. J. Roentgenol. 193(6), 1583-1591 (2009).
51. Franiel T, Stephan C, Erbersdobler A et al. Areas suspicious for prostate cancer: MR-guided biopsy in patients with at least one transrectal US-guided biopsy with a negative finding-multiparametric MR imaging for detection and biopsy planning. Radiology 259(1), 162-172 (2011).
52. Afaq A, Koh DM, Padhani A, van As N, Sohaib SA. Clinical utility of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in prostate cancer. BJU Int. 108(11), 1716-1722 (2011).
53. desouza NM, Reinsberg SA, Scurr ED, Brewster JM, Payne GS. Magnetic resonance imaging in prostate cancer: the value of apparent diffusion coefficients for identifying malignant nodules. Br. J. Radiol. 80(950), 90-95 (2007). (Pubitemid 46951251)
54. Morgan VA, Kyriazi S, Ashley SE, DeSouza NM. Evaluation of the potential of diffusion-weighted imaging in prostate cancer detection. Acta Radiol. 48(6), 695-703 (2007). (Pubitemid 47147765)
55. Kozlowski P, Chang SD, Jones EC, Berean KW, Chen H, Goldenberg SL. Combined diffusion-weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for prostate cancer diagnosis - correlation with biopsy and histopathology. J. Magn Reson. Imaging 24(1), 108-113 (2006).
56. Ogura K, Maekawa S, Okubo K et al. Dynamic endorectal magnetic resonance imaging for local staging and detection of neurovascular bundle involvement of prostate cancer: correlation with histopathologic results. Urology 57(4), 721-726 (2001).
57. Futterer JJ, Engelbrecht MR, Huisman HJ et al. Staging prostate cancer with dynamic contrast-enhanced endorectal MR imaging prior to radical prostatectomy: experienced versus less experienced readers. Radiology 237(2), 541-549 (2005). (Pubitemid 41507892)
58. Engelbrecht MR, Huisman HJ, Laheij RJ et al. Discrimination of prostate cancer from normal peripheral zone and central gland tissue by using dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 229(1), 248-254 (2003). (Pubitemid 37152132)
59. Padhani AR, Gapinski CJ, Macvicar DA et al. Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI of prostate cancer: correlation with morphology and tumour stage, histological grade and PSA. Clin. Radiol. 55(2), 99-109 (2000). (Pubitemid 32054531)
60. Kayhan A, Fan X, Oto A. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in prostate cancer. Top. Magn. Reson. Imaging 20(2), 105-112 (2009).
61. Casciani E, Polettini E, Bertini L et al. Prostate cancer: evaluation with endorectal MR imaging and three-dimensional proton MR spectroscopic imaging. Radiol. Med. 108(5-6), 530-541 (2004). (Pubitemid 40186474)
62. Augustin H, Hammerer PG, Blonski J et al. Zonal location of prostate cancer: significance for disease-free survival after radical prostatectomy? Urology 62(1), 79-85 (2003). (Pubitemid 36802076)
63. Weinreb JC, Blume JD, Coakley FV et al. Prostate cancer: sextant localization at MR imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging before prostatectomy - results of ACRIN prospective multi-institutional clinicopathologic study. Radiology 251(1), 122-133 (2009).
64. Senft A, de Bree R, Hoekstra OS et al. Screening for distant metastases in head and neck cancer patients by chest CT or whole body FDG-PET: a prospective multicenter trial. Radiother. Oncol. 87(2), 221-229 (2008).
65. Shreve PD, Grossman HB, Gross MD, Wahl RL. Metastatic prostate cancer: initial findings of PET with 2-deoxy-2-[F-18] fluoro-d-glucose. Radiology 199(3), 751-756 (1996).
66. Giovacchini G, Picchio M, Coradeschi E et al. 11C choline uptake with PET/CT for the initial diagnosis of prostate cancer: relation to PSA levels, tumour stage and anti-androgenic therapy. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 35(6), 1065-1073 (2008).
67. Seppala J, Seppänen M, Arponen E, Lindholm P, Minn H. Carbon-11 acetate PET/CT based dose escalated IMRT in prostate cancer. Radiother. Oncol. 93(2), 234-240 (2009).
68. Kim SH, Choi BI, Han JK et al. Preoperative staging of uterine cervical carcinoma: comparison of CT and MRI in 99 patients. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 17(4), 633-640 (1993). (Pubitemid 23206749)
69. Oyen RH, Van Poppel HP, Ameye FE et al. Lymph node staging of localized prostatic carcinoma with CT and CT-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy: prospective study of 285 patients. Radiology 190(2), 315-322 (1994). (Pubitemid 24044226)
70. Fukuda H, Nakagawa T, Shibuya H. Metastases to pelvic lymph nodes from carcinoma in the pelvic cavity: diagnosis using thin-section CT. Clin. Radiol. 54(4), 237-242 (1999). (Pubitemid 29178865)
71. Hawnaur JM, Johnson RJ, Buckley CH, Tindall V, Isherwood I. Staging, volume estimation and assessment of nodal status in carcinoma of the cervix: comparison of magnetic resonance imaging with surgical findings. Clin. Radiol. 49(7), 443-452 (1994). (Pubitemid 24229496)
72. Kim SH, Kim SC, Choi BI, Han MC. Uterine cervical carcinoma: evaluation of pelvic lymph node metastasis with MR imaging. Radiology 190(3), 807-811 (1994). (Pubitemid 24071051)
73. Jager GJ, Barentsz JO, Oosterhof GO et al. Pelvic adenopathy in prostatic and urinary bladder carcinoma: MR imaging with a three-dimensional TI-weighted magnetization-prepared-rapid gradient-echo sequence. Am. J. Roentgenol. 167(6), 1503-1507 (1996). (Pubitemid 26418741)
74. Roy C, Le Bras Y, Mangold L et al. Small pelvic lymph node metastases: evaluation with MR imaging. Clin. Radiol. 52(6), 437-440 (1997).
75. Vinnicombe SJ, Norman AR, Nicolson V, Husband JE et al. Normal pelvic lymph nodes: evaluation with CT after bipedal lymphangiography. Radiology 194(2), 349-355 (1995).
76. Grubnic S, Vinnicombe SJ, Norman AR, Husband JE. MR evaluation of normal retroperitoneal and pelvic lymph nodes. Clin. Radiol. 57(3), 193-200, discussion 201-204 (2002).
77. Mir N, Sohaib SA, Collins D, Koh DM. Fusion of high b-value diffusion-weighted and T2-weighted MR images improves identification of lymph nodes in the pelvis. J. Med. Imaging Radiat. Oncol. 54(4), 358-364 (2010).
78. Harisinghani MG, Saini S, Weissleder R et al. MR lymphangiography using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide in patients with primary abdominal and pelvic malignancies: radiographic-pathologic correlation. Am. J. Roentgenol. 172(5), 1347-1351 (1999). (Pubitemid 29508795)
79. Taylor A, Rockall AG, Reznek RH, Powell ME. Mapping pelvic lymph nodes: guidelines for delineation in intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 63(5), 1604-1612 (2005). (Pubitemid 41628062)
80. Dinniwell R, Chan P, Czarnota G et al. Pelvic lymph node topography for radiotherapy treatment planning from ferumoxtran-10 contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 74(3), 844-851 (2009).
81. Shih HA, Harisinghani M, Zietman AL et al. Mapping of nodal disease in locally advanced prostate cancer: rethinking the clinical target volume for pelvic nodal irradiation based on vascular rather than bony anatomy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 63(4), 1262-1269 (2005). (Pubitemid 41505308)
82. Lawton CA, Michalski J, El-Naqa I et al. RTOG GU Radiation oncology specialists reach consensus on pelvic lymph node volumes for high-risk prostate cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 74(2), 383-387 (2009).
83. Schiavina R, Scattoni V, Castellucci P et al. 11C-choline positron emission tomography/computerized tomography for preoperative lymph-node staging in intermediate-risk and high-risk prostate cancer: comparison with clinical staging nomograms. Eur. Urol. 54(2), 392-401 (2008).
84. Zelefsky MJ, Levin EJ, Hunt M et al. Incidence of late rectal and urinary toxicities after three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 70(4), 1124-1129 (2008). (Pubitemid 351296130)
85. Nutting CM, Rowbottom CG, Cosgrove VP et al. Optimisation of radiotherapy for carcinoma of the parotid gland: a comparison of conventional, three-dimensional conformal, and intensity-modulated techniques. Radiother. Oncol. 60(2), 163-172 (2001). (Pubitemid 32601969)
86. Nutting CM, Morden JP, Harrington KJ et al. Parotid-sparing intensity modulated versus conventional radiotherapy in head and neck cancer (PARSPORT): a Phase 3 multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 12(2), 127-136 (2011).
87. Vigneault E, Pouliot J, Laverdière J, Roy J, Dorion M. Electronic portal imaging device detection of radioopaque markers for the evaluation of prostate position during megavoltage irradiation: a clinical study. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 37(1), 205-212 (1997). (Pubitemid 27090154)
88. Crook JM, Raymond Y, Salhani D, Yang H, Esche B. Prostate motion during standard radiotherapy as assessed by fiducial markers. Radiother. Oncol. 37(1), 35-42 (1995).
89. Schallenkamp JM, Raymond Y, Salhani D, Yang H, Esche B. Prostate position relative to pelvic bony anatomy based on intraprostatic gold markers and electronic portal imaging. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 63(3), 800-811 (2005). (Pubitemid 41400069)
90. Kupelian P, Willoughby T, Mahadevan A et al. Multi-institutional clinical experience with the calypso system in localization and continuous, real-time monitoring of the prostate gland during external radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 67(4), 1088-1098 (2007).
91. McNair HA, Hansen VN, Parker CC et al. A comparison of the use of bony anatomy and internal markers for offline verification and an evaluation of the potential benefit of online and offline verification protocols for prostate radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 71(1), 41-50 (2008). (Pubitemid 351491391)
92. de Crevoisier R, Tucker SL, Dong L et al. Increased risk of biochemical and local failure in patients with distended rectum on the planning CT for prostate cancer radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 62(4), 965-973 (2005). (Pubitemid 40884405)
93. Heemsbergen WD, Hoogeman MS, Witte MG et al. Increased risk of biochemical and clinical failure for prostate patients with a large rectum at radiotherapy planning: results from the Dutch trial of 68 Gy versus 78 Gy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 67(5), 1418-1424 (2007). (Pubitemid 46467163)
94. Greer PB, Dahl K, Ebert MA et al. Assessment of a daily online implanted fiducial marker-guided prostate radiotherapy process. J. Med. Imaging Radiat. Oncol. 52(5), 517-524 (2008).
95. Kupelian PA, Lee C, Langen KM et al. Evaluation of image-guidance strategies in the treatment of localized prostate cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 70(4), 1151-1157 (2008). (Pubitemid 351296109)
96. Little DJ, Lee C, Langen KM et al. Use of portal images and BAT ultrasonography to measure setup error and organ motion for prostate IMRT: implications for treatment margins. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 56(5), 1218-1224 (2003). (Pubitemid 36842871)
97. Huang E, Dong L, Chandra A et al. Intrafraction prostate motion during IMRT for prostate cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 53(2), 261-268 (2002). (Pubitemid 34522091)
98. Morr J, DiPetrillo T, Tsai JS, Engler M, Wazer DE. Implementation and utility of a daily ultrasound-based localization system with intensity-modulated radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 53(5), 1124-1129 (2002). (Pubitemid 34787846)
99. Serago CF, Chungbin SJ, Buskirk SJ et al. Initial experience with ultrasound localization for positioning prostate cancer patients for external beam radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 53(5), 1130-1138 (2002). (Pubitemid 34787847)
100. Lattanzi J, McNeeley S, Pinover W et al. A comparison of daily CT localization to a daily ultrasound-based system in prostate cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 43(4), 719-725 (1999). (Pubitemid 29152644)
101. Trichter F, Ennis RD. Prostate localization using transabdominal ultrasound imaging. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 56(5), 1225-1233 (2003). (Pubitemid 36842872)
102. Jani AB, Gratzle J, Muresan E et al. Analysis of acute toxicity with use of transabdominal ultrasonography for prostate positioning during intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Urology 65(3), 504-508 (2005). (Pubitemid 40385998)
103. Bohrer M, Schröder P, Welzel G et al. Reduced rectal toxicity with ultrasound-based image guided radiotherapy using BAT (B-mode acquisition and targeting system) for prostate cancer. Strahlenther. Onkol. 184(12), 674-678 (2008).
104. Jani AB, Gratzle J, Muresan E, Martel MK. Impact on late toxicity of using transabdominal ultrasound for prostate cancer patients treated with intensity modulated radiotherapy. Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. 4(1), 115-120 (2005). (Pubitemid 40189677)
105. Langen KM, Pouliot J, Anezinos C et al. Evaluation of ultrasound-based prostate localization for image-guided radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 57(3), 635-644 (2003). (Pubitemid 37194289)
106. McNair HA, Mangar SA, Coffey J et al. A comparison of CT- and ultrasound-based imaging to localize the prostate for external beam radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 65(3), 678-687 (2006). (Pubitemid 43795837)
107. Chandra A, Dong L, Huang E et al. Experience of ultrasound-based daily prostate localization. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 56(2), 436-447 (2003). (Pubitemid 36546257)
108. Pinkawa M, Pursch-Lee M, Asadpour B et al. Image-guided radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Implementation of ultrasound-based prostate localization for the analysis of inter- and intrafraction organ motion. Strahlenther. Onkol. 184(12), 679-685 (2008).
109. McGahan JP, Ryu J, Fogata M. Ultrasound probe pressure as a source of error in prostate localization for external beam radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 60(3), 788-793 (2004). (Pubitemid 39311758)
110. Dobler B, Mai S, Ross C et al. Evaluation of possible prostate displacement induced by pressure applied during transabdominal ultrasound image acquisition. Strahlenther. Onkol. 182(4), 240-246 (2006).
111. Artignan X, Smitsmans MH, Lebesque JV et al. Online ultrasound image guidance for radiotherapy of prostate cancer: impact of image acquisition on prostate displacement. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 59(2), 595-601 (2004) (Pubitemid 38622619)
112. Van den Heuvel F, Powell T, Seppi E et al. Independent verification of ultrasound based image-guided radiation treatment, using electronic portal imaging and implanted gold markers. Med. Phys. 30(11), 2878-2887 (2003). (Pubitemid 37444297)
113. Johnston H, Hilts M, Beckham W, Berthelet E. 3D ultrasound for prostate localization in radiation therapy: a comparison with implanted fiducial markers. Med. Phys. 35(6), 2403-2413 (2008). (Pubitemid 351748648)
114. Falco T, Shenouda G, Kaufmann C et al. Ultrasound imaging for external-beam prostate treatment setup and dosimetric verification. Med. Dosim. 27(4), 271-273 (2002). (Pubitemid 36026508)
115. Kupelian PA, Willoughby TR, Reddy CA et al. Impact of image guidance on outcomes after external beam radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 70(4), 1146-1150 (2008). (Pubitemid 351296115)
116. Balter JM, Sandler HM, Lam K et al. Measurement of prostate movement over the course of routine radiotherapy using implanted markers. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 31(1), 113-118 (1995).
117. Dehnad H, Nederveen AJ, van der Heide UA et al. Clinical feasibility study for the use of implanted gold seeds in the prostate as reliable positioning markers during megavoltage irradiation. Radiother. Oncol. 67(3), 295-302 (2003). (Pubitemid 36831082)
118. Henry AM, Wilkinson C, Wylie JP et al. Trans-perineal implantation of radio-opaque treatment verification markers into the prostate: an assessment of procedure related morbidity, patient acceptability and accuracy. Radiother. Oncol. 73(1), 57-59 (2004). (Pubitemid 39304125)
119. Igdem S, Akpinar H, Alço G et al. Implantation of fiducial markers for image guidance in prostate radiotherapy: patient-reported toxicity. Br. J. Radiol. 82(983), 941-945 (2009).
120. Kupelian PA, Willoughby TR, Meeks SL et al. Intraprostatic fiducials for localization of the prostate gland: monitoring intermarker distances during radiation therapy to test for marker stability. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 62(5), 1291-1296 (2005). (Pubitemid 40982046)
121. Litzenberg D, Dawson LA, Sandler H et al. Daily prostate targeting using implanted radiopaque markers. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 52(3), 699-703 (2002). (Pubitemid 34158732)
122. Poggi MM, Gant DA, Sewchand W, Warlick WB. Marker seed migration in prostate localization. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 56(5), 1248-1251 (2003). (Pubitemid 36842875)
123. Pouliot J, Aubin M, Langen KM et al. (Non)-migration of radiopaque markers used for on-line localization of the prostate with an electronic portal imaging device. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 56(3), 862-866 (2003). (Pubitemid 36677383)
124. Moman MR, van der Heide UA, Kotte AN et al. Long-term experience with transrectal and transperineal implantations of fiducial gold markers in the prostate for position verification in external beam radiotherapy; feasibility, toxicity and quality of life. Radiother. Oncol. 96(1), 38-42 (2010).
125. Ullman KL, Ning H, Susil RC et al. Intra- and inter-radiation therapist reproducibility of daily isocenter verification using prostatic fiducial markers. Radiat. Oncol. 1, 2 (2006).
126. Kong V, Lockwood G, Yan J et al. The effect of registration surrogate and patient factors on the interobserver variability of electronic portal image guidance during prostate radiotherapy. Med. Dosim. 36(4), 337-343 (2010).
127. van Haaren PM, Bel A, Hofman P et al. Influence of daily setup measurements and corrections on the estimated delivered dose during IMRT treatment of prostate cancer patients. Radiother. Oncol. 90(3), 291-298 (2009).
128. Pawlowski JM, Yang ES, Malcolm AW et al. Reduction of dose delivered to organs at risk in prostate cancer patients via image-guided radiation therapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 76(3), 924-934 (2010).
129. Tanyi JA, He T, Summers PA et al. Assessment of planning target volume margins for intensity- modulated radiotherapy of the prostate gland: role of daily inter- and intrafraction motion. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 78(5), 1579-1585 (2010).
130. Graf R, Wust P, Budach V, Boehmer D. Potentials of on-line repositioning based on implanted fiducial markers and electronic portal imaging in prostate cancer radiotherapy. Radiat. Oncol. 4, 13 (2009).
131. Kotte AN, Hofman P, Lagendijk JJ et al. Intrafraction motion of the prostate during external-beam radiation therapy: analysis of 427 patients with implanted fiducial markers. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol Biol. Phys. 69(2), 419-425 (2007). (Pubitemid 47380089)
132. Greer PB, Dahl K, Ebert MA et al. Comparison of prostate set-up accuracy and margins with off-line bony anatomy corrections and online implanted fiducial-based corrections. J. Med. Imaging Radiat. Oncol. 52(5), 511-516 (2008).
133. Wu J, Haycocks T, Alasti H et al. Positioning errors and prostate motion during conformal prostate radiotherapy using on-line isocentre set-up verification and implanted prostate markers. Radiother. Oncol. 61(2), 127-133 (2001). (Pubitemid 33016571)
134. Skarsgard D, Cadman P, El-Gayed A et al. Planning target volume margins for prostate radiotherapy using daily electronic portal imaging and implanted fiducial markers. Radiat. Oncol. 5, 52 (2010).
135. Enmark M, Korreman S, Nystrom H. IGRT of prostate cancer; is the margin reduction gained from daily IG time-dependent? Acta Oncol. 45(7), 907-914 (2006). (Pubitemid 44423139)
136. Kron T, Thomas J, Fox C et al. Intra-fraction prostate displacement in radiotherapy estimated from pre- and post-treatment imaging of patients with implanted fiducial markers. Radiother. Oncol. 95(2), 191-197 (2010).
137. Litzenberg DW, Balter JM, Hadley SW et al. Influence of intrafraction motion on margins for prostate radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 65(2), 548-553 (2006).
138. Beltran C, Herman MG, Davis BJ. Planning target margin calculations for prostate radiotherapy based on intrafraction and interfraction motion using four localization methods. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 70(1), 289-295 (2008). (Pubitemid 350251049)
139. Scarbrough TJ, Golden NM, Ting JY et al. Comparison of ultrasound and implanted seed marker prostate localization methods: implications for image-guided radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 65(2), 378-387 (2006).
140. Shi W, Li JG, Zlotecki RA et al. Evaluation of kV cone-beam CT performance for prostate IGRT: a comparison of automatic grey-value alignment to implanted fiducial-marker alignment. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 34(1), 16-21 (2010).
141. Gauthier I, Carrier JF, Béliveau-Nadeau D et al. Dosimetric impact and theoretical clinical benefits of fiducial markers for dose escalated prostate cancer radiation treatment. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 74(4), 1128-1133 (2009).
142. Martin JM, Bayley A, Bristow R et al. Image guided dose escalated prostate radiotherapy: still room to improve. Radiat. Oncol. 4, 50 (2009).
143. Uematsu M, Fukui T, Shioda A et al. A dual computed tomography linear accelerator unit for stereotactic radiation therapy: a new approach without cranially fixated stereotactic frames. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 35(3), 587-592 (1996). (Pubitemid 26242908)
144. Kuriyama K, Onishi H, Sano N et al. A new irradiation unit constructed of self-moving gantry-CT and linac. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 55(2), 428-435 (2003). (Pubitemid 36069101)
145. Sonke JJ, Zijp L, Remeijer P, van Herk M. Respiratory correlated cone beam CT. Med. Phys. 32(4), 1176-1186 (2005). (Pubitemid 40590074)
146. Dietrich L, Jetter S, TÜcking T, Nill S, Oelfke U. Linac-integrated 4D cone beam CT: first experimental results. Phys. Med. Biol. 51(11), 2939-2952 (2006). (Pubitemid 43832946)
147. Adamson J, Wu Q. Prostate intrafraction motion evaluation using kV fluoroscopy during treatment delivery: a feasibility and accuracy study. Med. Phys. 35(5), 1793-1806 (2008). (Pubitemid 351614793)
148. Jaffray DA, Siewerdsen JH, Wong JW, Martinez AA. Flat-panel cone-beam computed tomography for image-guided radiation therapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 53(5), 1337-1349 (2002). (Pubitemid 34787872)
149. Smitsmans MH, de Bois J, Sonke JJ et al. Automatic prostate localization on cone-beam CT scans for high precision image-guided radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 63(4), 975-984 (2005). (Pubitemid 41505272)
150. Fung AY, Grimm SY, Wong JR, Uematsu M. Computed tomography localization of radiation treatment delivery versus conventional localization with bony landmarks. J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys. 4(2), 112-119 (2003).
151. Moseley DJ, White EA, Wiltshire KL et al. Comparison of localization performance with implanted fiducial markers and cone-beam computed tomography for on-line image-guided radiotherapy of the prostate. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 67(3), 942-953 (2007). (Pubitemid 46215891)
152. Barney BM, Lee RJ, Handrahan D et al. Image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) for prostate cancer comparing kV imaging of fiducial markers with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 80(1), 301-305 (2011).
153. Owen R, Foroudi F, Kron T et al. A comparison of in-room computerized tomography options for detection of fiducial markers in prostate cancer radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 77(4), 1248-1256 (2010).
154. Nijkamp J, Pos FJ, Nuver TT et al. Adaptive radiotherapy for prostate cancer using kilovoltage cone-beam computed tomography: first clinical results. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 70(1), 75-82 (2008). (Pubitemid 350251024)
155. Wong JR, Grimm L, Uematsu M et al. Image-guided radiotherapy for prostate cancer by CT-linear accelerator combination: prostate movements and dosimetric considerations. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 61(2), 561-569 (2005). (Pubitemid 40164454)
156. Chen L, Paskalev K, Xu X et al. Rectal dose variation during the course of image-guided radiation therapy of prostate cancer. Radiother. Oncol. 95(2), 198-202 (2010).
157. Adamson J, Wu Q. Prostate intrafraction motion assessed by simultaneous kV fluoroscopy at MV delivery II: adaptive strategies. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 78(5), 1323-1330 (2010).
158. Chang Z, Wang Z, Ma J et al. 6D image guidance for spinal non-invasive stereotactic body radiation therapy: comparison between ExacTrac x-ray 6D with kilo-voltage cone-beam CT. Radiother. Oncol. 95(1), 116-121 (2010).
159. Xie Y, Djajaputra D, King CR et al. Intrafractional motion of the prostate during hypofractionated radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 72(1), 236-246 (2008).
160. Freeman DE, King CR. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for low-risk prostate cancer: five-year outcomes. Radiat. Oncol. 6, 3 (2011).
161. Sterzing F, Kalz J, Sroka-Perez G et al. Megavoltage CT in helical Tomotherapy - clinical advantages and limitations of special physical characteristics. Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. 8(5), 343-352 (2009).
162. Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Evans PM, Swindell W, Webb S, Partridge M. A cone-beam megavoltage CT scanner for treatment verification in conformal radiotherapy. Radiother. Oncol. 48(3), 319-328 (1998). (Pubitemid 28555666)
163. Groh BA, Siewerdsen JH, Drake DG et al. A performance comparison of flat-panel imager-based MV and kV cone-beam CT. Med. Phys. 29(6), 967-975 (2002). (Pubitemid 34670523)
164. Nakagawa K, Aoki Y, Tago M, Terahara A, Ohtomo K. Megavoltage CT-assisted stereotactic radiosurgery for thoracic tumors: original research in the treatment of thoracic neoplasms. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 48(2), 449-457 (2000).
165. Ruchala KJ, Olivera GH, Schloesser EA, Mackie TR. Megavoltage CT on a Tomotherapy system. Phys. Med. Biol. 44(10), 2597-2621 (1999). (Pubitemid 29484944)
166. Maurer J, Godfrey D, Wang Z, Yin FF. On-board four-dimensional digital tomosynthesis: first experimental results. Med. Phys. 35(8), 3574-3583 (2008).
167. Pouliot J, Bani-Hashemi A, Chen J et al. Low-dose megavoltage cone-beam CT for radiation therapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 61(2), 552-560 (2005). (Pubitemid 40164453)
168. Faddegon BA, Aubin M, Bani-Hashemi A et al. Comparison of patient megavoltage cone beam CT images acquired with an unflattened beam from a carbon target and a flattened treatment beam. Med. Phys. 37(4), 1737-1741 (2010).
169. Miften M, Gayou O, Reitz B et al. IMRT planning and delivery incorporating daily dose from mega-voltage cone-beam computed tomography imaging. Med. Phys. 34(10), 3760-3767 (2007). (Pubitemid 47482877)
170. Morin O, Gillis A, Descovich M et al. Patient dose considerations for routine megavoltage cone-beam CT imaging. Med. Phys. 34(5), 1819-1827 (2007). (Pubitemid 46669176)
171. Shah AP, Chen SS, Strauss JB et al. A dosimetric analysis comparing treatment of low-risk prostate cancer with Tomotherapy versus static field intensity modulated radiation therapy. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. doi:10.1097/COC. 0b013e3181967d89 (2009) (Epub ahead of print).
172. Wolff D, Stieler F, Welzel G et al. Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) vs. serial Tomotherapy, step-and-shoot IMRT and 3D-conformal RT for treatment of prostate cancer. Radiother. Oncol. 93(2), 226-233 (2009).
173. Langen KM, Zhang Y, Andrews RD et al. Initial experience with megavoltage (MV) CT guidance for daily prostate alignments. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 62(5), 1517-1524 (2005). (Pubitemid 40982078)
174. Yang D, Chaudhari SR, Goddu SM et al. Deformable registration of abdominal kilovoltage treatment planning CT and Tomotherapy daily megavoltage CT for treatment adaptation. Med. Phys. 36(2), 329-338 (2009).
175. Lin SH, Sugar E, Teslow T et al. Comparison of daily couch shifts using MVCT (TomoTherapy) and B-mode ultrasound (BAT System) during prostate radiotherapy. Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. 7(4), 279-285 (2008).
176. Peng C, Kainz K, Lawton C, Li XA. A comparison of daily megavoltage CT and ultrasound image guided radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Med. Phys. 35(12), 5619-5628 (2008).
177. Gayou O, Miften M. Comparison of mega-voltage cone-beam computed tomography prostate localization with online ultrasound and fiducial markers methods. Med. Phys. 35(2), 531-538 (2008). (Pubitemid 351190873)
178. Song WY, Chiu B, Bauman GS et al. Prostate contouring uncertainty in megavoltage computed tomography images acquired with a helical Tomotherapy unit during image-guided radiation therapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 65(2), 595-607 (2006).
179. Kupelian PA, Langen KM, Zeidan OA et al. Daily variations in delivered doses in patients treated with radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 66(3), 876-882 (2006). (Pubitemid 44436702)
180. Varadhan R, Hui SK, Way S, Nisi K. Assessing prostate, bladder and rectal doses during image guided radiation therapy - need for plan adaptation? J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys. 10(3), 2883 (2009).
181. Iori M, Cattaneo GM, Cagni E et al. Dose-volume and biological-model based comparison between helical tomotherapy and (inverse-planned) IMAT for prostate tumours. Radiother. Oncol. 88(1), 34-45 (2008).
182. Roland TF, Stathakis S, Ramer R, Papanikolaou N. Measurement and comparison of skin dose for prostate and head-and-neck patients treated on various IMRT delivery systems. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 66(12), 1844-1849 (2008).
183. Korreman S, Rasch C, McNair H et al. The European society of therapeutic radiology and oncology-European institute of radiotherapy (ESTRO-EIR) report on 3D CT-based in-room image guidance systems: a practical and technical review and guide. Radiother. Oncol. 94(2), 129-144 (2010).
184. Staton RJ, Langen KM, Kupelian PA, Meeks SL. Dosimetric effects of rotational output variation and x-ray target degradation on helical tomotherapy plans. Med. Phys. 36(7), 2881-2888 (2009).
185. Yadav P, Tolakanahalli R, Rong Y, Paliwal BR. The effect and stability of MVCT images on adaptive tomotherapy. J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys. 11(4), 3229 (2010).
186. Lu W, Chen M, Ruchala KJ et al. Real-time motion-adaptive-optimization (MAO) in Tomotherapy. Phys. Med. Biol. 54(14), 4373-4398 (2009).
187. Ngwa W, Meeks SL, Kupelian PA et al. Validation of a computational method for assessing the impact of intra-fraction motion on helical tomotherapy plans. Phys. Med. Biol. 54(21), 6611-6621 (2009).
188. Broggi S, Cozzarini C, Fiorino C et al. Modeling set-up error by daily MVCT for prostate adjuvant treatment delivered in 20 fractions: implications for the assessment of the optimal correction strategies. Radiother. Oncol. 93(2), 246-252 (2009).
189. Beldjoudi G, Yartsev S, Bauman G et al. Schedule for CT image guidance in treating prostate cancer with helical Tomotherapy. Br. J. Radiol. 83(987), 241-251 (2010).
190. Balter JM, Wright JN, Newell LJ et al. Accuracy of a wireless localization system for radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 61(3), 933-937 (2005). (Pubitemid 40247993)
191. Zhu X, Bourland JD, Yuan Y et al. Tradeoffs of integrating real-time tracking into IGRT for prostate cancer treatment. Phys. Med. Biol. 54(17), N393-N401 (2009).
192. Langen KM, Willoughby TR, Meeks SL et al. Observations on real-time prostate gland motion using electromagnetic tracking. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 71(4), 1084-1090 (2008).
193. Rajendran RR, Plastaras JP, Mick R et al. Daily isocenter correction with electromagnetic-based localization improves target coverage and rectal sparing during prostate radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 76(4), 1092-1099 (2010).
194. Li HS, Chetty IJ, Enke CA et al. Dosimetric consequences of intrafraction prostate motion. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 71(3), 801-812 (2008).
195. Noel C, Parikh PJ, Roy M et al. Prediction of intrafraction prostate motion: accuracy of pre- and post-treatment imaging and intermittent imaging. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 73(3), 692-698 (2009).
196. Sawant A, Smith RL, Venkat RB et al. Toward submillimeter accuracy in the management of intrafraction motion: The integration of real-time internal position monitoring and multileaf collimator target tracking. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 74(2), 575-582 (2009).
197. Anastasiadis AG, Lichy MP, Nagele U et al. MRI-guided biopsy of the prostate increases diagnostic performance in men with elevated or increasing PSA levels after previous negative TRUS biopsies. Eur. Urol. 50(4), 738-748, discussion 748-749 (2006).
198. Buyyounouski MK, Horwitz EM, Price RA et al. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy with MRI simulation to reduce doses received by erectile tissue during prostate cancer treatment. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 58(3), 743-749 (2004). (Pubitemid 38221130)
199. Rouviere O, Hartman RP, Lyonnet D. Prostate MR imaging at high-field strength: evolution or revolution? Eur. Radiol. 16(2), 276-284 (2006). (Pubitemid 43149626)
200. Shchory T, Schifter D, Lichtman R et al. Tracking accuracy of a real-time fiducial tracking system for patient positioning and monitoring in radiation therapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 78(4), 1227-1234 (2010).
201. Chamberland M, Wassenaar R, Spencer B, Xu T. Performance evaluation of real-time motion tracking using positron emission fudicial markers. Med. Phys. 38(2), 810-819 (2011).
202. Lagendijk JJ, Raaymakers BW, Raaijmakers AJ et al. MRI/linac integration. Radiother. Oncol. 86(1), 25-29 (2008).
203. Raaijmakers AJ, Raaymakers BW, Lagendijk JJ. Magnetic-field-induced dose effects in MR-guided radiotherapy systems: dependence on the magnetic field strength. Phys. Med. Biol. 53(4), 909-923 (2008). (Pubitemid 351238113)
204. Chen J, Morin O, Aubin M et al. Dose-guided radiation therapy with megavoltage cone-beam CT. Br. J. Radiol. 79(Spec No. 1), S87-S98 (2006). (Pubitemid 44614406)
205. Cheung J, Aubry JF, Yom SS et al. Dose recalculation and the dose-guided radiation therapy (DGRT) process using megavoltage cone-beam CT. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 74(2), 583-592 (2009).
206. Coen JJ, Zietman AL, Rossi CJ et al. Comparison of high-dose proton radiotherapy and brachytherapy in localized prostate cancer: a case-matched analysis. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 82(1), e25-e31 (2012).
207. Trofimov A, Nguyen PL, Efstathiou JA et al. Interfractional variations in the setup of pelvic bony anatomy and soft tissue, and their implications on the delivery of proton therapy for localized prostate cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 80(3), 928-937 (2011).
208. Bogdanich W. As technology surges, radiation safeguards lag. New York Times, 26th January (2010).
209. Coen JJ, Zietman AL. Proton radiation for localized prostate cancer. Nat. Rev. Urol. 6(6), 324-330 (2009).
210. Murphy MJ, Balter J, Balter S et al. The management of imaging dose during image-guided radiotherapy: report of the AAPM Task Group 75. Med. Phys. 34(10), 4041-4063 (2007). (Pubitemid 47482906)
211. Alonso-Arrizabalaga S, Brualla González L, Roselló Ferrando JV et al. Prostate planning treatment volume margin calculation based on the ExacTrac x-ray 6D image-guided system: margins for various clinical implementations. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 69(3), 936-943 (2007). (Pubitemid 47418422)
212. Amies C, Bani-Hashemi A, Celi JC et al. A multi-platform approach to image guided radiation therapy (IGRT). Med. Dosim. 31(1), 12-19 (2006).
213. Ding GX, Coffey CW. Radiation dose from kilovoltage cone beam computed tomography in an image-guided radiotherapy procedure. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 73(2), 610-617 (2009).
214. Islam MK, Purdie TG, Norrlinger BD et al. Patient dose from kilovoltage cone beam computed tomography imaging in radiation therapy. Med. Phys. 33(6), 1573-1582 (2006). (Pubitemid 43830246)
215. Shah AP, Langen KM, Ruchala KJ et al. Patient dose from megavoltage computed tomography imaging. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 70(5), 1579-1587 (2008).