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3
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33745091826
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11 tons per year, see
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11 tons per year, see: K. Kurita Mar. Biotechnol. 2006 8 203-226.
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Kurita, K.1
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5
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0004169627
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1st Edition, Macmillan, London, UK
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G. A. F. Roberts, Chitin chemistry, 1st Edition, Macmillan, London, UK, 1992.
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Chitin Chemistry
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Roberts, G.A.F.1
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11
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0027543804
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K. Kurita K. Tomita T. Tada S. Ishii S. Nishimura K. Shimoda J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1993 31 485-491.
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Kurita, K.1
Tomita, K.2
Tada, T.3
Ishii, S.4
Nishimura, S.5
Shimoda, K.6
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28
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0003797521
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See ESI for additional details, Academic Press, Inc.: Orlando, FL
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See ESI for additional details G. D. Parfitt, C. H. Rochester, in Adsorption from Solution at the Solid/Liquid Interface. Academic Press, Inc.: Orlando, FL 1983, 9-13.
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Adsorption from Solution at the Solid/Liquid Interface
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Parfitt, G.D.1
Rochester, C.H.2
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35
-
-
85034388815
-
-
The term “no conversion” has been generally adopted during the entire manuscript to indicate product formation below 1% as detected by NMR analysis
-
The term “no conversion” has been generally adopted during the entire manuscript to indicate product formation below 1% as detected by NMR analysis.
-
-
-
-
36
-
-
85034374485
-
-
Such low reaction conversion was also observed if the CSHB were first stirred in the presence of acetone (30 min) before addition of the aldehyde
-
Such low reaction conversion was also observed if the CSHB were first stirred in the presence of acetone (30 min) before addition of the aldehyde.
-
-
-
-
37
-
-
85034379016
-
-
general, aldol reactions may be catalyzed either by a base or an acid, where the nucleophile is an enolate anion or enol, respectively. In the latter case, catalytic protonation of the carbonyl oxygen increases the electrophilicity of the carbonyl carbon just enough so that it can be attacked by the enol, and promote the dehydration of the aldol product, as water is a good leaving group. Nevertheless, it is well known that aldol reactions proceed more efficiently under basic conditions where dehydration rarely takes place during the reaction since hydroxide is a poor leaving group
-
In general, aldol reactions may be catalyzed either by a base or an acid, where the nucleophile is an enolate anion or enol, respectively. In the latter case, catalytic protonation of the carbonyl oxygen increases the electrophilicity of the carbonyl carbon just enough so that it can be attacked by the enol, and promote the dehydration of the aldol product, as water is a good leaving group. Nevertheless, it is well known that aldol reactions proceed more efficiently under basic conditions where dehydration rarely takes place during the reaction since hydroxide is a poor leaving group.
-
-
-
-
38
-
-
85034376620
-
-
2 and Ag(0), which could be further quantified by AAS
-
2 and Ag(0), which could be further quantified by AAS.
-
-
-
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43
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24044470646
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references therein
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L. Chao-Jun Chem. Rev. 2005 105 3095-3165 and references therein.
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Chao-Jun, L.1
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32044463187
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Y. Hayashi T. Sumiya J. Takahashi H. Gotoh T. Urushima M. Shoji Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2006 45 958-961.
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45
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33845788846
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Y. Hayashi Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2006 45 8103-8104 and references therein.
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Hayashi, Y.1
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47
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85034369410
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2O, 48 h, RT
-
2O, 48 h, RT.
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-
-
-
50
-
-
85034349017
-
-
1H NMR analysis of the extracts did not show any signal corresponding to the reaction product, but only signals of the starting aldehyde (ca. 8 mol%)
-
1H NMR analysis of the extracts did not show any signal corresponding to the reaction product, but only signals of the starting aldehyde (ca. 8 mol%).
-
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59
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0035804426
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F. A. Luzzio Tetrahedron 2001 57 915-945 and references therein.
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Luzzio, F.A.1
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62
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85034326385
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Additional experiments have shown that 4 h is enough to achieve practically full conversion in DMSO
-
Additional experiments have shown that 4 h is enough to achieve practically full conversion in DMSO.
-
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69
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79953823038
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82
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78650515838
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For the description of the dehydrated product, see
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For the description of the dehydrated product, see: J.-M. Liu X. Wang Z.-M. Ge Q. Sun T.-M. Cheng R.-T. Li Tetrahedron 2011 67 636-640.
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Sun, Q.4
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Li, R.-T.6
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