Clostridium difficile: Its potential as a source of foodborne disease

Advances in Food and Nutrition Research

Volumn 60, Issue , 2010, Pages 53-66

  Rupnik, Maja ^a,b   Songer, J Glenn ^c  

^a Centre for Microbiology   (Slovenia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARIBOR   (Slovenia)

^c IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79960251969     PISSN: 10434526     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1043-4526(10)60003-4     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Al Saif, N. and Brazier, J. S. (1996). The distribution of Clostridium difficile in the environment of South Wales. J. Med. Microbiol. 45(2), 133-137.
2. Avbersek, J., Janezic, S., Pate, M., Rupnik, M., Zidaric, V., Logar, K., Vengust, M., Zemljic, M., Pirs, T., and Ocepek, M. (2009). Diversity of Clostridium difficile in pigs and other animals in Slovenia. Anaerobe 15, 252-255.
3. Bakri, M. M., Brown, D. J., Butcher, J. P., and Sutherland, A. D. (2009). Clostridium difficile in ready-to-eat salads, Scotland. Emerging Infect. Dis. 15, 817-818.
4. Barbut, F., Mastrantonio, P., Delmée, M., Brazier, J., Kuijper, E., and Poxton, I. (2007). European study group on Clostridium difficile (ESGCD). Prospective study of Clostridium difficile infections in Europe with phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of the isolates. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 13, 1048-1057.
5. Bauer, M. P., Notermans, D. W., van Benthem, B. H., Brazier, J. S., Wilcox, M., Rupnik, M., Monnet, D. L., van Dissel, J. T., and Kuijper, E. J. (2010). Final results of the first pan-European Clostridium difficile infection survey. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 16, S38.
6. Baverud, V. (2002). Clostridium infections in animals with special reference to the horse. Vet. Q. 24(4), 203-219.
7. Borriello, S. P., Honour, P., and Barclay, F. (1983). Foodborne transmission of Clostridium difficile. Gastroenterology 84(1), 201.
8. Bouttier, S., Barc, M. C., Felix, B., lambert, S., Torkat, A., Collignon, A., and Barbut, F. (2007). Screening for Clostridium difficile in Meat from French Retailers. European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Munchen.
9. Brazier, J. S., Raybould, R., Patel, B., Duckworth, G., Pearson, A., Charlett, A., and Duerden, B. I. (2008). HPA regional microbiology network. Distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotypes in English hospitals, Euro Surveill. 13(41), pii: 19000.
10. Broda, D. M., DeLacy, K. M., Bell, R. G., Braggins, T. J., and Cook, R. L. (1996). Psychrotrophic Clostridium spp. associated with 'blown pack' spoilage of chilled vacuum-packed red meats and dog rolls in gas-impermeable plastic casings. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 29(2-3), 335-352.
11. Chernak, E., et al. (2005). Severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk-Four states. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 54, 1201-1205.
12. Debast, S. B., van Leengoed, L. A., Goorhuis, A., Harmanus, C., Kuijper, E. J., and Bergwerff, A. A. (2009). Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 078 toxinotype V found in diarrhoeal pigs identical to isolates from affected humans. Environ. Microbiol. 11(2), 505-511.
13. Frazier, K. S., Herron, A. J., Hines, M. E., II, Gaskin, J. M., and Altman, N. H. (1993). Diagnosis and enterotoxemia due to Clostridium difficile in captive ostriches (Struthio camelus). J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 5, 623-625.
14. Gurian, L., Ward, T. T., and Katon, R. M. (1982). Possible foodborne transmission in a case of pseudomembranous colitis due to Clostridium difficile: Influence of gastrointestinal secretions on Clostridium difficile infection. Gastroenterology 83, 465-469.
15. Hafiz, S. and Oakley, C. L. (1976). Clostridium difficile: Isolation and characteristics. J. Med. Microbiol. 9, 129-136.
16. Hammitt, M. C., Bueschel, D. M., Keel, M. K., Glock, R. D., Cuneo, P., DeYoung, D. W., Reggiardo, C., Trinh, H. T., and Glenn Songer, J. (2008). A possible role for Clostridium difficile in the etiology of calf enteritis. Vet. Microbiol. 127, 343-352.
17. Hines, R. S. and Dickerson, S. (1993). Pseudomembranous enteritis associated with ciprofloxacin and Clostridium difficile in a penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus). J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 24, 553-556.
18. Hirsh, D. C., Biberstein, E. L., and Jang, S. S. (1979). Obligate anaerobes in clinical veterinary practice. J. Clin. Microbiol. 10, 188-191.
19. Indra, A., Lassnig, H., Baliko, N., Much, P., Fiedler, A., Huhulescu, S., and Allerberger, F. (2009). Clostridium difficile: A new zoonotic agent? Wien Kln Wochenschr 121, 91-95.
20. Jhung, M. A., Thompson, A. D., Killgore, G. E., Zukowski, W. E., Songer, G., Warny, M., Johnson, S., Gerding, D. N., McDonald, L. C., and Limbago, B. M. (2008). Toxinotype V Clostridium difficile in humans and food animals. Emerging Infect. Dis. 14, 1039-1045.
21. Jöbstl, M., Heuberger, S., Indra, A., Nepf, R., Köfer, J., and Wagner, M. (2010). Clostridium difficile in raw products of animal origin. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 138(1-2), 172-175.
22. Jones, R. L., Shideler, R. K., and Cockerell, G. L. (1988a). Association of Clostridium difficile with foal diarrhea. In "Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Equine Infect. Dis". The University Press of Kentucky, Lexington.
23. Jones, R. L., Adney, W. S., Alexander, A. F., Shideler, R. K., and Traub-Dargatz, J. L. (1988b). Hemorrhagic necrotizing enterocolitis associated with Clostridium difficile infection in four foals. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 193, 76-79.
24. Keel, K., Brazier, J. S., Post, K. W., Weese, S., and Songer, J. G. (2007). Prevalence of PCR ribotypes among Clostridium difficile isolates from pigs, calves, and other species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45(6), 1963-1964.
25. Kuijper, E. J., Coignard, B., and Tull, P. (2006). Emergence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in North America and Europe. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 12(Suppl 6), 2-18.
26. Levett, P. N. (1986). Clostridium difficile in habitats other than the human gastro-intestinal tract. J. Infect. 12, 253-263.
27. Limbago, B. M., Long, C. M., Thompson, A. D., Killgore, G. E., Hannett, G. E., Havill, N. L., Mickelson, S., Lathrop, S., Jones, T. F., Park, M. M., Harriman, K. H., Gould, L. H., McDonald, L. C., and Angulo, F. J. (2009). Clostridium difficile strains from communityassociated infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47, 3004-3007.
28. Loo, V. G., Poirier, L., Miller, M. A., Oughton, M., Libman, M. D., Michaud, S., Bourgault, A. M., Nguyen, T., Frenette, C., Kelly, M., Vibien, A., Brassard, P., et al. (2005). A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 2442-2449.
29. O'Neill, G., Adams, J. E., Bowman, R. A., and Riley, T. V. (1993). Amolecular characterization of Clostridium difficile isolates from humans, animals and their environments. Epidemiol. Infect. 111, 257-264.
30. Orchard, J. C., Fekety, R., and Smith, J. R. (1983). Antibiotic-associated colitis due to Clostridium difficile in a Kodiak bear. Am. J. Vet. Res. 44, 1547-1548.
31. Porter, M. C., Reggiardo, C., Bueschel, D. M., Keel, M. K., and Songer, J. G. (2002). Association of Clostridium difficile with bovine neonatal diarrhea. In "Proc. 45th Ann. Mtg. Amer. Assoc. Vet. Lab. Diagn., St. Louis, MO".
32. Rehg, J. E. and Shoung, L. Y. (1981). Clostridium difficile colitis in a rabbit following antibiotic therapy for pasteurellosis. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 179, 1296.
33. Riley, T. V., Adams, J. E., O'Neill, G. L., and Bowman, R. A. (1991). Gastrointestinal carriage of Clostridium difficile in cats and dogs attending veterinary clinics. Epidemiol. Infect. 107, 659-665.
34. Rodriguez-Palacios, A., Stampfli, H. R., Duffield, T., Peregrine, A. S., Trotz-Williams, L. A., Arroyo, L. G., Brazier, J. S., and Weese, J. S. (2006). Clostridium difficile PCR ribotypes in calves, Canada. Emerging Infect. Dis. 12, 1730-1736.
35. Rodriguez-Palacios, A., Staempfli, H. R., Duffield, T., and Weese, J. S. (2007). Clostridium difficile in retail ground meat, Canada. Emerging Infect. Dis. 13, 485-487.
36. Rodriguez-Palacios, A., Reid-Smith, R. J., Staempfli, H. R., Daignault, D., Janecko, N., Avery, B. P., Martin, H., Thomspon, A. D., McDonald, L. C., Limbago, B., and Weese, J. S. (2009). Possible seasonality of Clostridium difficile in retail meat, Canada. Emerging Infect. Dis. 15(5), 802-805.
37. Rupnik, M., Wilcox, M. H., and Gerding, D. N. (2009). Clostridium difficile infection: New developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 7(7), 526-536.
38. Shimango, C. and Mwakurudza, S. (2008). Clostridium difficile in broiler chickens sold at market places in Zimbabwe and their antimicrobial susceptibility. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 124, 268-270.
39. Songer, J. G. and Anderson, M. A. (2006). Clostridium difficile: an important pathogen of food animals. Anaerobe 12, 1-4.
40. Songer, J. G., Trinh, H. T., Killgore, G. E., Thompson, A. D., McDonald, L. C., and Limbago, B. M. (2009). Clostridium difficile in retail meat products, USA, 2007. Emerging Infect Dis. 15(5), 819-821.
41. Traub-Dargatz, J. L. and Jones, R. L. (1993). Clostridia-associated enterocolitis in adult horses and foals. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 9, 411-421.
42. Vengust, M., Arroyo, L. G., Weese, J. S., and Baird, J. D. (2003). Preliminary evidence for dormant clostridial spores in equine skeletal muscle. Equine Vet. J. 35(5), 514-516.
43. von Abercron, S. M., Karlsson, F., Wigh, G. T., Wierup, M., and Krovacek, K. (2009). Low occurrence of Clostridium difficile in retail ground meat in Sweden. J. Food Prot. 72(8), 1732-1734.
44. Weber, A., Kroth, P., and Heil, G. (1989). Occurrence of Clostridium difficile in faeces of dogs and cats. J. Vet. Med. 36, 568-576.
45. Weese, J. S., Rousseau, J., and Arroyo, L. (2005). Bacteriological evaluation of commercial canine and feline raw diets. Can. Vet. J. 46, 513-516.
46. Weese, J. S., Avery, B. P., Rousseau, J., and Reid-Smith, R. J. (2009). Detection and enumeration of Clostridium difficile spores in retail beef and pork. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75(15), 5009-5011.
47. Weese, J. S., Reid-Smith, R. J., Avery, B. P., and Rousseau, J. (2010). Detection and characterization of Clostridium difficile in retail chicken. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 75(15), 5009-5011.
48. Zidaric, V., Zemljic, M., Janezic, S., Kocuvan, A., and Rupnik, M. (2008). High diversity of Clostridium difficile genotypes isolated from a single poultry farm producing replacement laying hens. Anaerobe 14(6), 325-327.