Non-coding RNAs for medical practice in Oncology

Keio Journal of Medicine

Volumn 60, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 106-113

  Setoyama, Tetsuro ^a,b   Ling, Hui ^a   Natsugoe, Shoji ^b   Calin, George A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^b KAGOSHIMA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Cancer; MicroRNAs; Non coding RNAs; Oncogenes; Tumor suppressors

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; HISTONE H3; HOX ANTISENSE INTERGENIC RNA; LONG NON CODING RNA; LYSINE SPECIFIC DEMETHYLASE 1; MESSENGER RNA; MICRORNA; MICRORNA 141; MICRORNA 155; MICRORNA 15A; MICRORNA 16 1; MICRORNA 17 92; MICRORNA 200; MICRORNA 21; MICRORNA 26A MIMIC; MICRORNA 29; MICRORNA 34A; MICRORNA 34B; MICRORNA 34C; MICRORNA 372; MICRORNA 373; MICRORNA LET 7; MYC PROTEIN; POLYCOMB GROUP PROTEIN; POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2; PROTEIN BCL 2; RE1 SILENCING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR COREPRESSOR 1; STEM CELL FACTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNTRANSLATED RNA;

ANTISENSE THERAPY; B CELL LYMPHOMA; BREAST CANCER; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER GENETICS; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER SURVIVAL; CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY; CARCINOGENESIS; CHROMATIN; CHROMOSOME 13; COLORECTAL CARCINOMA; DEMETHYLATION; DOWN REGULATION; ENZYME ASSAY; EPIGENETICS; FLOW CYTOMETRY; GENE; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE MUTATION; GENE SILENCING; GLIOBLASTOMA; HIGH THROUGHPUT ARRAY BASED KLENOW ENZYME ASSAY; HISTONE METHYLATION; HUMAN; HYPOPHYSIS ADENOMA; LIVER CANCER; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER INJURY; LUNG CANCER; LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA; LYMPHOMA; METASTASIS; MICRORNA SERIAL ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS TUMOR; REVIEW; RNA ANALYSIS; RNA SEQUENCE; RNA TRANSCRIPTION; SERIAL ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; THYROID PAPILLARY CARCINOMA; ULTRACONSERVED GENE; X CHROMOSOME;

ANIMALS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; HUMANS; MEDICAL ONCOLOGY; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; NEOPLASMS; ONCOGENES; RNA, UNTRANSLATED; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 84856841147     PISSN: 00229717     EISSN: 18801293     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2302/kjm.60.106     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Eddy SR: Non-coding RNA genes and the modern RNA world. Nat Rev Genet 2001; 2: 919-929. [Medline] [CrossRef].
2. Mattick JS: The genetic signatures of noncoding RNAs. PLoS Genet 2009; 5: e1000459. [Medline] [CrossRef].
3. Carninci P, Kasukawa T, Katayama S, Gough J, Frith MC, Maeda N, Oyama R, Ravasi T, Lenhard B, Wells C, Kodzius R, Shimokawa K, Bajic VB, Brenner SE, Batalov S, Forrest AR, Zavolan M, Davis MJ, Wilming LG, Aidinis V, Allen JE, Ambesi-Impiombato A, Apweiler R, Aturaliya RN, Bailey TL, Bansal M, Baxter L, Beisel KW, Bersano T, Bono H, Chalk AM, Chiu KP, Choudhary V, Christoffels A, Clutterbuck DR, Crowe ML, Dalla E, Dalrymple BP, de Bono B, Della Gatta G, di Bernardo D, Down T, Engstrom P, Fagiolini M, Faulkner G, Fletcher CF, Fukushima T, Furuno M, Futaki S, Gariboldi M, Georgii-Hemming P, Gingeras TR, Gojobori T, Green RE, Gustincich S, Harbers M, Hayashi Y, Hensch TK, Hirokawa N, Hill D, Huminiecki L, Iacono M, Ikeo K, Iwama A, Ishikawa T, Jakt M, Kanapin A, Katoh M, Kawasawa Y, Kelso J, Kitamura H, Kitano H, Kollias G, Krishnan SP, Kruger A, Kummerfeld SK, Kurochkin IV, Lareau LF, Lazarevic D, Lipovich L, Liu J, Liuni S, McWilliam S, Madan Babu M, Madera M, Marchionni L, Matsuda H, Matsuzawa S, Miki H, Mignone F, Miyake S, Morris K, Mottagui-Tabar S, Mulder N, Nakano N, Nakauchi H, Ng P, Nilsson R, Nishiguchi S, Nishikawa S, Nori F, Ohara O, Okazaki Y, Orlando V, Pang KC, Pavan WJ, Pavesi G, Pesole G, Petrovsky N, Piazza S, Reed J, Reid JF, Ring BZ, Ringwald M, Rost B, Ruan Y, Salzberg SL, Sandelin A, Schneider C, Schönbach C, Sekiguchi K, Semple CA, Seno S, Sessa L, Sheng Y, Shibata Y, Shimada H, Shimada K, Silva D, Sinclair B, Sperling S, Stupka E, Sugiura K, Sultana R, Takenaka Y, Taki K, Tammoja K, Tan SL, Tang S, Taylor MS, Tegner J, Teichmann SA, Ueda HR, van Nimwegen E, Verardo R, Wei CL, Yagi K, Yamanishi H, Zabarovsky E, Zhu S, Zimmer A, Hide W, Bult C, Grimmond SM, Teasdale RD, Liu ET, Brusic V, Quackenbush J, Wahlestedt C, Mattick JS, Hume DA, Kai C, Sasaki D, Tomaru Y, Fukuda S, Kanamori-Katayama M, Suzuki M, Aoki J, Arakawa T, Iida J, Imamura K, Itoh M, Kato T, Kawaji H, Kawagashira N, Kawashima T, Kojima M, Kondo S, Konno H, Nakano K, Ninomiya N, Nishio T, Okada M, Plessy C, Shibata K, Shiraki T, Suzuki S, Tagami M, Waki K, Watahiki A, Okamura-Oho Y, Suzuki H, Kawai J, Hayashizaki Y: FANTOM Consortium; RIKEN Genome Exploration Research Group and Genome Science Group (Genome Network Project Core Group). The transcriptional landscape of the mammalian genome. Science 2005; 309: 1559-1563. [Medline].
4. Kapranov P, Drenkow J, Cheng J, Long J, Helt G, Dike S, Gingeras TR: Examples of the complex architecture of the human transcriptome revealed by RACE and high-density tiling arrays. Genome Res 2005; 15: 987-997. [Medline] [CrossRef].
5. Mercer TR, Dinger ME, Mattick JS: Long non-coding RNAs: insights into functions. Nat Rev Genet 2009; 10: 155-159. [Medline] [CrossRef].
6. Taft RJ, Pang KC, Mercer TR, Dinger M, Mattick JS: Non-coding RNAs: regulators of disease. J Pathol 2010; 220: 126-139. [Medline] [CrossRef].
7. Gupta RA, Shah N, Wang KC, Kim J, Horlings HM, Wong DJ, Tsai MC, Hung T, Argani P, Rinn JL, Wang Y, Brzoska P, Kong B, Li R, West RB, van de Vijver MJ, Sukumar S, Chang HY: Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR reprograms chromatin state to promote cancer metastasis. Nature 2010; 464: 1071-1076. [Medline] [CrossRef].
8. Motamedi MR, Verdel A, Colmenares SU, Gerber SA, Gygi SP, Moazed D: Two RNAi complexes, RITS and RDRC, physically interact and localize to noncoding centromeric RNAs. Cell 2004; 119: 789-802. [Medline] [CrossRef].
9. Seidl CI, Stricker SH, Barlow DP: The imprinted Air ncRNA is an atypical RNAPII transcript that evades splicing and escapes nuclear export. EMBO J 2006; 25: 3565-3575. [Medline] [CrossRef].
10. Rinn JL, Kertesz M, Wang JK, Squazzo SL, Xu X, Brugmann SA, Goodnough LH, Helms JA, Farnham PJ, Segal E, Chang HY: Functional demarcation of active and silent chromatin domains in human HOX loci by noncoding RNAs. Cell 2007; 129: 1311-1323. [Medline] [CrossRef].
11. Tsai MC, Manor O, Wan Y, Mosammaparast N, Wang JK, Lan F, Shi Y, Segal E, Chang HY: Long noncoding RNA as modular scaffold of histone modification complexes. Science 2010; 329: 689-693. [Medline] [CrossRef].
12. Calin GA, Liu CG, Ferracin M, Hyslop T, Spizzo R, Sevignani C, Fabbri M, Cimmino A, Lee EJ, Wojcik SE, Shimizu M, Tili E, Rossi S, Taccioli C, Pichiorri F, Liu X, Zupo S, Herlea V, Gramantieri L, Lanza G, Alder H, Rassenti L, Volinia S, Schmittgen TD, Kipps TJ, Negrini M, Croce CM: Ultraconserved regions encoding ncRNAs are altered in human leukemias and carcinomas. Cancer Cell 2007; 12: 215-229. [Medline] [CrossRef].
13. Allen TA, Von Kaenel S, Goodrich JA, Kugel JF: The SINE-encoded mouse B2 RNA represses mRNA transcription in response to heat shock. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2004; 11: 816-821. [Medline] [CrossRef].
14. Bejerano G, Pheasant M, Makunin I, Stephen S, Kent WJ, Mattick JS, Haussler D: Ultraconserved elements in the human genome. Science 2004; 304: 1321-1325. [Medline] [CrossRef].
15. Barbarotto E, Schmittgen TD, Calin GA: MicroRNAs and cancer: profile, profile, profile. Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 969-977. [Medline] [CrossRef].
16. Elgar G, Vavouri T: Tuning in to the signals: noncoding sequence conservation in vertebrate genomes. Trends Genet 2008; 24: 344-352. [Medline] [CrossRef].
17. Croce CM: Causes and consequences of microRNA dysregulation in cancer. Nat Rev Genet 2009; 10: 704-714. [Medline] [CrossRef].
18. Calin GA, Croce CM: MicroRNAs and chromosomal abnormali - ties in cancer cells. Oncogene 2006; 25: 6202-6210. [Medline] [CrossRef].
19. Di Leva G, Calin GA, Croce CM: MicroRNAs: fundamental facts and involvement in human diseases. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 2006; 78: 180-189. [Medline] [CrossRef].
20. Calin GA, Dumitru CD, Shimizu M, Bichi R, Zupo S, Noch E, Aldler H, Rattan S, Keating M, Rai K, Rassenti L, Kipps T, Negrini M, Bullrich F, Croce CM: Frequent deletions and downregulation of micro- RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 15524-15529. [Medline] [CrossRef].
21. Calin GA, Cimmino A, Fabbri M, Ferracin M, Wojcik SE, Shimizu M, Taccioli C, Zanesi N, Garzon R, Aqeilan RI, Alder H, Volinia S, Rassenti L, Liu X, Liu CG, Kipps TJ, Negrini M, Croce CM: MiR-15a and miR-16-1 cluster functions in human leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 5166-5171. [Medline] [CrossRef].
22. Linsley PS, Schelter J, Burchard J, Kibukawa M, Martin MM, Bartz SR, Johnson JM, Cummins JM, Raymond CK, Dai H, Chau N, Cleary M, Jackson AL, Carleton M, Lim L: Transcripts targeted by the microRNA-16 family cooperatively regulate cell cycle progression. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27: 2240-2252. [Medline] [CrossRef].
23. Cimmino A, Calin GA, Fabbri M, Iorio MV, Ferracin M, Shimizu M, Wojcik SE, Aqeilan RI, Zupo S, Dono M, Rassenti L, Alder H, Volinia S, Liu CG, Kipps TJ, Negrini M, Croce CM: miR-15 and miR-16 induce apoptosis by targeting BCL2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102: 13944-13949. [Medline] [CrossRef].
24. Yanaihara N, Caplen N, Bowman E, Seike M, Kumamoto K, Yi M, Stephens RM, Okamoto A, Yokota J, Tanaka T, Calin GA, Liu CG, Croce CM, Harris CC: Unique microRNA molecular pr - files in lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Cancer Cell 2006; 9: 189-198.
25. Iorio MV, Ferracin M, Liu CG, Veronese A, Spizzo R, Sabbioni S, Magri E, Pedriali M, Fabbri M, Campiglio M, Ménard S, Palazzo JP, Rosenberg A, Musiani P, Volinia S, Nenci I, Calin GA, Querzoli P, Negrini M, Croce CM: MicroRNA gene expression deregulation in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 7065-7070. [Medline] [CrossRef].
26. Johnson SM, Grosshans H, Shingara J, Byrom M, Jarvis R, Cheng A, Labourier E, Reinert KL, Brown D, Slack FJ: RAS is regulated by the let-7 microRNA family. Cell 2005; 120: 635-647. [Medline] [CrossRef].
27. Akao Y, Nakagawa Y, Naoe T: let-7 microRNA functions as a potential growth suppressor in human colon cancer cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29: 903-906. [Medline] [CrossRef].
28. Lee YS, Dutta A: The tumor suppressor microRNA let-7 represses the HMGA2 oncogene. Genes Dev 2007; 21: 1025-1030. [Medline] [CrossRef].
29. Sampson VB, Rong NH, Han J, Yang Q, Aris V, Soteropoulos P, Petrelli NJ, Dunn SP, Krueger LJ: MicroRNA let-7a down-regulates MYC and reverts MYC-induced growth in Burkitt lymphoma cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67: 9762-9770. [Medline] [CrossRef].
30. Calin GA, Ferracin M, Cimmino A, Di Leva G, Shimizu M, Wojcik SE, Iorio MV, Visone R, Sever NI, Fabbri M, Iuliano R, Palumbo T, Pichiorri F, Roldo C, Garzon R, Sevignani C, Rassenti L, Alder H, Volinia S, Liu CG, Kipps TJ, Negrini M, Croce CM: A MicroRNA signature associated with prognosis and progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 1793-1801. [Medline] [CrossRef].
31. Garzon R, Volinia S, Liu CG, Fernandez-Cymering C, Palumbo T, Pichiorri F, Fabbri M, Coombes K, Alder H, Nakamura T, Flomenberg N, Marcucci G, Calin GA, Kornblau SM, Kantarjian H, Bloomfield CD, Andreeff M, Croce CM: MicroRNA signatures associated with cytogenetics and prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2008; 111: 3183-3189. [Medline] [CrossRef].
32. Mott JL, Kobayashi S, Bronk SF, Gores GJ: mir-29 regulates Mcl1 protein expression and apoptosis. Oncogene 2007; 26: 6133-6140. [Medline] [CrossRef].
33. Fabbri M, Garzon R, Cimmino A, Liu Z, Zanesi N, Callegari E, Liu S, Alder H, Costinean S, Fernandez-Cymering C, Volinia S, Guler G, Morrison CD, Chan KK, Marcucci G, Calin GA, Huebner K, Croce CM: MicroRNA-29 family reverts aberrant methylation in lung cancer by targeting DNA methyltransferases 3A and 3B. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104: 15805-15810. [Medline] [CrossRef].
34. Pekarsky Y, Santanam U, Cimmino A, Palamarchuk A, Efanov A, Maximov V, Volinia S, Alder H, Liu CG, Rassenti L, Calin GA, Hagan JP, Kipps T, Croce CM: Tcl1 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is regulated by miR-29 and miR-181. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 11590-11593. [Medline] [CrossRef].
35. He L, He X, Lim LP, de Stanchina E, Xuan Z, Liang Y, Xue W, Zender L, Magnus J, Ridzon D, Jackson AL, Linsley PS, Chen C, Lowe SW, Cleary MA, Hannon GJ: A microRNA component of the p53 tumour suppressor network. Nature 2007; 447: 1130-1134. [Medline] [CrossRef].
36. Raver-Shapira N, Marciano E, Meiri E, Spector Y, Rosenfeld N, Moskovits N, Bentwich Z, Oren M: Transcriptional activation of miR-34a contributes to p53-mediated apoptosis. Mol Cell 2007; 26: 731-743. [Medline] [CrossRef].
37. Chang TC, Wentzel EA, Kent OA, Ramachandran K, Mullendore M, Lee KH, Feldmann G, Yamakuchi M, Ferlito M, Lowenstein CJ, Arking DE, Beer MA, Maitra A, Mendell JT: Transactivation of miR-34a by p53 broadly influences gene expression and promotes apoptosis. Mol Cell 2007; 26: 745-752. [Medline] [CrossRef].
38. Chang TC, Yu D, Lee YS, Wentzel EA, Arking DE, West KM, Dang CV, Thomas-Tikhonenko A, Mendell JT: Widespread microRNA repression by Myc contributes to tumorigenesis. Nat Genet 2008; 40: 43-50. [Medline] [CrossRef].
39. O'Day E, Lal A: MicroRNAs and their target gene networks in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2010; 12: 201-210. [Medline] [CrossRef].
40. Gregory PA, Bracken CP, Bert AG, Goodall GJ: MicroRNAs as regulators of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cell Cycle 2008; 7: 3112-3117. [Medline] [CrossRef].
41. Nakada C, Matsuura K, Tsukamoto Y, Tanigawa M, Yoshimoto T, Narimatsu T, Nguyen LT, Hijiya N, Uchida T, Sato F, Mimata H, Seto M, Moriyama M: Genome-wide microRNA expression profiling in renal cell carcinoma: significant down-regulation of miR-141 and miR-200c. J Pathol 2008; 216: 418-427. [Medline] [CrossRef].
42. Du Y, Xu Y, Ding L, Yao H, Yu H, Zhou T, Si J: Down-regulation of miR-141 in gastric cancer and its involvement in cell growth. J Gastroenterol 2009; 44: 556-561. [Medline] [CrossRef].
43. Adam L, Zhong M, Choi W, Qi W, Nicoloso M, Arora A, Calin G, Wang H, Siefker-Radtke A, McConkey D, Bar-Eli M, Dinney C: miR-200 expression regulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in bladder cancer cells and reverses resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15: 5060-5072. [Medline] [CrossRef].
44. Metzler M, Wilda M, Busch K, Viehmann S, Borkhardt A: High expression of precursor microRNA-155/BIC RNA in children with Burkitt lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2004; 39: 167-169. [Medline] [CrossRef].
45. Kluiver J, Poppema S, de Jong D, Viehmann S, Borkhardt A: BIC and miR-155 are highly expressed in Hodgkin, primary mediastinal and diffuse large B cell lymphomas. J Pathol 2005; 207: 243-249. [Medline] [CrossRef].
46. Tam W, Hughes SH, Hayward WS, Besmer P: Avian bic, a gene isolated from a common retroviral site in avian leukosis virusinduced lymphomas that encodes a noncoding RNA, cooperates with c-myc in lymphomagenesis and erythroleukemogenesis. J Virol 2002; 76: 4275-4286. [Medline] [CrossRef].
47. Garzon R, Garofalo M, Martelli MP, Briesewitz R, Wang L, Fernandez-Cymering C, Volinia S, Liu CG, Schnittger S, Haferlach T, Liso A, Diverio D, Mancini M, Meloni G, Foa R, Martelli MF, Mecucci C, Croce CM, Falini B: Distinctive microRNA signature of acute myeloid leukemia bearing cytoplasmic mutated nucleophosmin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 3945-3950. [Medline] [CrossRef].
48. Thai TH, Calado DP, Casola S, Ansel KM, Xiao C, Xue Y, Murphy A, Frendewey D, Valenzuela D, Kutok JL, Schmidt-Supprian M, Rajewsky N, Yancopoulos G, Rao A, Rajewsky K: Regulation of the germinal center response by microRNA-155. Science 2007; 316: 604-608. [Medline] [CrossRef].
49. Rodriguez A, Vigorito E, Clare S, Ansel KM, Xiao C, Xue Y, Murphy A, Frendewey D, Valenzuela D, Kutok JL, Schmidt-Supprian M, Rajewsky N, Yancopoulos G, Rao A, Rajewsky K: Requirement of bic/microRNA-155 for normal immune function. Science 2007; 316: 608-611. [Medline] [CrossRef].
50. Costinean S, Zanesi N, Pekarsky Y, Tili E, Volinia S, Heerema N, Croce CM: Pre-B cell proliferation and lymphoblastic leukemia/high-grade lymphoma in E(mu)-miR155 transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 7024-7029. [Medline] [CrossRef].
51. Volinia S, Calin GA, Liu CG, Ambs S, Cimmino A, Petrocca F Visone R, Iorio M, Roldo C, Ferracin M, Prueitt RL, Yanaihara N, Lanza G, Scarpa A, Vecchione A, Negrini M, Harris CC, Croce CM: A microRNA expression signature of human solid tumors defines cancer gene targets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 2257-2261. [Medline] [CrossRef].
52. Mendell JT: miRiad roles for the miR-17-92 cluster in development and disease. Cell 2008; 133: 217-222.
53. Ventura A, Young AG, Winslow MM, Lintault L, Meissner A, Erkeland SJ, Newman J, Bronson RT, Crowley D, Stone JR, Jaenisch R, Sharp PA, Jacks T: Targeted deletion reveals essential and overlapping functions of the miR-17 through 92 family of miRNA clusters. Cell 2008; 132: 875-886. [Medline] [CrossRef].
54. Xiao C, Srinivasan L, Calado DP, Patterson HC, Zhang B, Wang J, Henderson JM, Kutok JL, Rajewsky K: Lymphoproliferative disease and autoimmunity in mice with increased miR-17-92 expression in lymphocytes. Nat Immunol 2008; 9: 405-414. [Medline] [CrossRef].
55. Venturini L, Battmer K, Castoldi M, Schultheis B, Hochhaus A, Muckenthaler MU, Ganser A, Eder M, Scherr M: Expression of the miR-17-92 polycistron in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) CD34+ cells. Blood 2007; 109: 4399-4405. [Medline] [CrossRef].
56. Dews M, Homayouni A, Yu D, Murphy D, Sevignani C, Wentzel E, Furth EE, Lee WM, Enders GH, Mendell JT, Thomas-Tikhonenko A: Augmentation of tumor angiogenesis by a Myc-activated microRNA cluster. Nat Genet 2006; 38: 1060-1065. [Medline] [CrossRef].
57. He L, Thomson JM, Hemann MT, Hernando-Monge E, Mu D, Goodson S, Powers S, Cordon-Cardo C, Lowe SW, Hannon GJ, Hammond SM: A microRNA polycistron as a potential human oncogene. Nature 2005; 435: 828-833. [Medline] [CrossRef].
58. O'Donnell KA, Wentzel EA, Zeller KI, Dang CV, Mendell JT: c-Myc-regulated microRNAs modulate E2F1 expression. Nature 2005; 435: 839-843. [Medline] [CrossRef].
59. Leone G, DeGregori J, Sears R, Jakoi L, Nevins JR: Myc and Ras collaborate in inducing accumulation of active cyclin E/Cdk2 and E2F. Nature 1997; 387: 422-426. [Medline] [CrossRef].
60. Petrocca F, Visone R, Onelli MR, Shah MH, Nicoloso MS, de Martino I, Iliopoulos D, Pilozzi E, Liu CG, Negrini M, Cavazzini L, Volinia S, Alder H, Ruco LP, Baldassarre G, Croce CM, Vecchione A: E2F1-regulated microRNAs impair TGFbeta-dependent cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in gastric cancer. Cancer Cell 2008; 13: 272-286. [Medline] [CrossRef].
61. Hossain A, Kuo MT, Saunders GF: Mir-17-5p regulates breast cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting translation of AIB1 mRNA. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26: 8191-8201. [Medline] [CrossRef].
62. Lane DP, Benchimol S: p53: oncogene or anti-oncogene? Genes Dev 1990; 4: 1-8. [Medline] [CrossRef].
63. Ciafrè SA, Galardi S, Mangiola A, Ferracin M, Liu CG, Sabatino G, Negrini M, Maira G, Croce CM, Farace MG: Extensive modulation of a set of microRNAs in primary glioblastoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 334: 1351-1358. [Medline] [CrossRef].
64. Meng F, Henson R, Wehbe-Janek H, Ghoshal K, Jacob ST, Patel T: MicroRNA-21 regulates expression of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene in human hepatocellular cancer. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 647-658. [Medline] [CrossRef].
65. Chan JA, Krichevsky AM, Kosik KS: MicroRNA-21 is an antiapoptotic factor in human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 6029-6033. [Medline] [CrossRef].
66. Frankel LB, Christoffersen NR, Jacobsen A, Lindow M, Krogh A, Lund AH: Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) is an important functional target of the microRNA miR-21 in breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 283: 1026-1033. [Medline] [CrossRef].
67. Zhu S, Si ML, Wu H, Mo YY: MicroRNA-21 targets the tumor suppressor gene tropomyosin 1 (TPM1). J Biol Chem 2007; 282: 14328-14336. [Medline] [CrossRef].
68. Voorhoeve PM, le Sage C, Schrier M, Gillis AJ, Stoop H, Nagel R, Liu YP, van Duijse J, Drost J, Griekspoor A, Zlotorynski E, Yabuta N, De Vita G, Nojima H, Looijenga LH, Agami R: A genetic screen implicates miRNA-372 and miRNA-373 as oncogenes in testicular germ cell tumors. Cell 2006; 124: 1169-1181. [Medline] [CrossRef].
69. Liu CG, Calin GA, Meloon B, Gamliel N, Sevignani C, Ferracin M, Dumitru CD, Shimizu M, Zupo S, Dono M, Alder H, Bullrich F, Negrini M, Croce CM: An oligonucleotide microchip for genome-wide microRNA profiling in human and mouse tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 9740-9744. [Medline] [CrossRef].
70. Lu J, Getz G, Miska EA, Alvarez-Saavedra E, Lamb J, Peck D, Sweet-Cordero A, Ebert BL, Mak RH, Ferrando AA, Downing JR, Jacks T, Horvitz HR, Golub TR: MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers. Nature 2005; 435: 834-838. [Medline] [CrossRef].
71. Schmittgen TD, Jiang J, Liu Q, Yang L: A high-throughput method to monitor the expression of microRNA precursors. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32: e43-52. [Medline] [CrossRef].
72. Chen C, Ridzon DA, Broomer AJ, Zhou Z, Lee DH, Nguyen JT, Barbisin M, Xu NL, Mahuvakar VR, Andersen MR, Lao KQ, Livak KJ, Guegler KJ: Real-time quantification of microRNAs by stem-loop RT-PCR. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33: e179-187. [Medline] [CrossRef].
73. Raymond CK, Roberts BS, Garrett-Engele P, Lim LP, Johnson JM: Simple, quantitative primer-extension PCR assay for direct monitoring of microRNAs and short-interfering RNAs. RNA 2005; 11: 1737-1744. [Medline] [CrossRef].
74. Cummins JM, Velculescu VE: Implications of micro-RNA profiling for cancer diagnosis. Oncogene 2006; 25: 6220-6227. [Medline] [CrossRef].
75. Nelson PT, Baldwin DA, Scearce LM, Oberholtzer JC, Tobias JW, Mourelatos Z: Microarray-based, high-throughput gene expression profiling of microRNAs. Nat Methods 2004; 1: 155-161. [Medline] [CrossRef].
76. He H, Jazdzewski K, Li W, Liyanarachchi S, Nagy R, Volinia S, Calin GA, Liu CG, Franssila K, Suster S, Kloos RT, Croce CM, de la Chapelle A: The role of microRNA genes in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102: 19075-19080. [Medline] [CrossRef].
77. Murakami Y, Yasuda T, Saigo K, Urashima T, Toyoda H, Okanoue T, Shimotohno K: Comprehensive analysis of microRNA expression patterns in hepatocellular carcinoma and non-tumorous tissues. Oncogene 2006; 25: 2537-2545. [Medline] [CrossRef].
78. Roldo C, Missiaglia E, Hagan JP, Falconi M, Capelli P, Bersani S, Calin GA, Volinia S, Liu CG, Scarpa A, Croce CM: MicroRNA expression abnormalities in pancreatic endocrine and acinar tumors are associated with distinctive pathologic features and clinical behavior. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 4677-4684. [Medline] [CrossRef].
79. Bottoni A, Zatelli MC, Ferracin M, Tagliati F, Piccin D, Vignali C, Calin GA, Negrini M, Croce CM, Degli Uberti EC: Identification of differentially expressed microRNAs by microarray: a possible role for microRNA genes in pituitary adenomas. J Cell Physiol 2007; 210: 370-377. [Medline] [CrossRef].
80. Tagawa H, Seto M: A microRNA cluster as a target of genomic amplification in malignant lymphoma. Leukemia 2005; 19: 2013-2016. [Medline] [CrossRef].
81. Calin GA, Liu CG, Sevignani C, Ferracin M, Felli N, Dumitru CD, Shimizu M, Cimmino A, Zupo S, Dono M, Dell'Aquila ML, Alder H, Rassenti L, Kipps TJ, Bullrich F, Negrini M, Croce CM: MicroRNA profiling reveals distinct signatures in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 11755-11760. [Medline] [CrossRef].
82. Takamizawa J, Konishi H, Yanagisawa K, Tomida S, Osada H, Endoh H, Harano T, Yatabe Y, Nagino M, Nimura Y, Mitsudomi T, Takahashi T: Reduced expression of the let-7 microRNAs in human lung cancers in association with shortened postoperative survival. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 3753-3756. [Medline] [CrossRef].
83. Elmén J, Lindow M, Schutz S, Lawrence M, Petri A, Obad S, Lindholm M, Hedtjärn M, Hansen HF, Berger U, Gullans S, Kearney P, Sarnow P, Straarup EM, Kauppinen S: LNA-mediated microRNA silencing in non-human primates. Nature 2008; 452: 896-899. [Medline] [CrossRef].
84. Elmén J, Lindow M, Silahtaroglu A, Bak M, Christensen M, Lind-Thomsen A, Hedtjärn M, Hansen JB, Hansen HF, Straarup EM, McCullagh K, Kearney P, Kauppinen S: Antagonism of microRNA-122 in mice by systemically administered LNA-antimiR leads to up-regulation of a large set of predicted target mRNAs in the liver. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 36: 1153-1162. [Medline] [CrossRef].
85. Lanford RE, Hildebrandt-Eriksen ES, Petri A, Persson R, Lindow M, Munk ME, Kauppinen S, Ørum H: Therapeutic silencing of microRNA-122 in primates with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Science 2009; 327: 198-201. [Medline] [CrossRef].
86. Kota J, Chivukula RR, O'Donnell KA, Wentzel EA, Montgomery CL, Hwang HW, Chang TC, Vivekanandan P, Torbenson M, Clark KR, Mendell JR, Mendell JT: Therapeutic microRNA delivery suppresses tumorigenesis in a murine liver cancer model. Cell 2009; 137: 1005-1017. [Medline] [CrossRef].