The effect of energy drinks on cortisol levels, cognition and mood during a fire-fighting exercise

Psychopharmacology

Volumn 219, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 83-97

  Sünram Lea, Sandra I ^a   Owen Lynch, Jane ^b   Robinson, Sarita J ^c   Jones, Emma ^d   Hu, Henglong ^e  

^a LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL LANCASHIRE   (United Kingdom)

^d NORTHUMBRIA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^e Royal Forest Factory   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Caffeine; Cognition; Cortisol; Glucose; Mood; Stress

Indexed keywords

CAFFEINE; GLUCOSE; HYDROCORTISONE; PLACEBO;

ADULT; ANXIETY; AROUSAL; ARTICLE; BEHAVIORAL STRESS; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENERGY DRINK; FEMALE; FIRE FIGHTER; FOOD COMPOSITION; GRIP STRENGTH; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; HYDROCORTISONE RELEASE; MALE; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; MENTAL STRESS; MENTAL TASK; MOOD CHANGE; NEGATIVE FEEDBACK; PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE; PHYSICAL STRESS; PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ADULT; AFFECT; CAFFEINE; COGNITION; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; ENERGY DRINKS; FEMALE; FIREFIGHTERS; FRUCTOSE; GLUCOSE; HAND STRENGTH; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; MALE; MEMORY; PHYSICAL EXERTION; SALIVA;

EID: 84856658289     PISSN: 00333158     EISSN: 14322072     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2379-0     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. A Adan JM Serra-Grabulosa 2010 Effects of caffeine and glucose, alone and combined, on cognitive performance Hum Psychopharmacol 25 4 310 317 20521321 10.1002/hup.1115 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXot1ert74%3D
2. Aggleton JP, Brown MW (1999) Episodic Memory, Amnesia, and the Hippocampal-Anterior Thalamic Axis. Behav Brain Sci 22(3):425-444 (Pubitemid 29381683)
3. HC Atkinson SA Wood YM Kershaw E Bate SL Lightman 2006 Diurnal variation in the responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of the male rat to noise stress J Neuroendocrinol 18 526 533 16774501 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006. 01444.x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XmvVChurc%3D (Pubitemid 43821724)
4. Baddeley AD (1968) A three - minute reasoning test based on grammatical transformation. Psychon Sci 10:341-342
5. D Benton D Owens 1993 Is raised blood glucose associated with the relief of tension? J Psychosom Res 37 1 13 10.1016/0022-3999(93)90101-K (Pubitemid 23285132)
6. M Bergendahl ML Vance A Iranmanesh MO Thorner JD Veldhuis 1996 Fasting as a metabolic stress paradigm selectively amplifies cortisol secretory burst mass and delays the time of maximal nyctohemeral cortisol concentrations in healthy men J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81 692 699 8636290 10.1210/jc.81.2.692 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XhtVykt74%3D (Pubitemid 26055686)
7. M Bergendahl A Iranmanesh WS Evans JD Veldhuis 2000 Short-term fasting selectively suppresses leptin pulse mass and 24-hour rhythmic leptin release in healthy midluteal phase women without disturbing leptin pulse frequency or its entropy control (pattern orderliness) J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 207 213 10634388 10.1210/jc.85.1.207 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjtl2nsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32268815)
8. Bohnen N, Houx P, Nicolson N, Jolles J (1990) Cortisol reactivity and cognitive performance in a continuous mental task paradigm. Biol Psychol 31:107-116
9. A Bond M Lader 1974 The use of analogue scales in rating subjective feelings Br J Psychol 47 211 218 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1974.tb02285.x
10. Buss C, Wolf OT, Witt J, Hellhammer DH (2004) Autobiographicmemory impairment following acute cortisol administration. Psychoneuroendocrino 29:1093-1096 (Pubitemid 38833537)
11. Cahill L, McGaugh JL (1998) Mechanisms of emotional arousal and lasting declarative memory. Trends Neurosci 21:294-299 (Pubitemid 28293639)
12. Coggan AR, Coyle EF (1991) Carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged exercise: effects on metabolism and performance. Exerc Sports Sci Rev 19:1-40
13. Dallman MF, Strack AM, Akana SF, Bradbury MJ, Hanson ES, Scribner KA, Smith M (1993) Feast and Famine: critical role of glucocorticoids with insulin in daily energy flow. Front Neuroendocrinol 14:303-347 (Pubitemid 23321823)
14. MV de Sousa HG Simões M Oshiiwa M Macedo Rogero J Tirapegui 2007 Effects of acute carbohydrate supplementation during sessions of high-intensity intermittent exercise Eur J Appl Physiol 99 57 63 17024464 10.1007/s00421-006- 0317-3 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1elsL3K (Pubitemid 44782942)
15. DM Diamond MC Bennett M Fleshner GM Rose 1992 Inverted-U relationship between the level of peripheral corticosterone and the magnitude of hippocampal primed burst potentiation Hippocampus 2 421 430 1308198 10.1002/hipo.450020409 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXks1egurk%3D
16. T Dickmeis 2009 Glucocorticoids and the circadian clock J Endocrinol 200 3 22 18971218 10.1677/JOE-08-0415 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXjvVOgtL0%3D
17. M Duclos C Gouarne D Bonnemaison 2003 Acute and chronic effects of exercise on tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids J Appl Physiol 94 869 875 12433870 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXitVyltLg%3D (Pubitemid 36231997)
18. Edwards S, Evans P, Hucklebridge F, Clow A (2001) Association between time of awakening and diurnal cortisol secretory activity.Psychoneuroendocrino 26:613-622 (Pubitemid 32524190)
19. BM Elzinga K Roelofs 2005 Cortisol-induced impairments of working memory require acute sympathetic activation Behav Neurosci 119 1 98 103 15727516 10.1037/0735-7044.119.1.98 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXis1ekt7Y%3D (Pubitemid 40279501)
20. WJ Evans CN Meredith JG Cannon CA Dinarello WR Frontera VA Hughes BH Jones HG Knuttgen 1986 Metabolic changes following eccentric exercise in trained and untrained men J Appl Physiol 61 1864 1868 3491061 1:CAS:528: DyaL2sXjtVKqtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 17196246)
21. Gold PE (1992) Modulation of memory processing: enhancement of memory in rodents and humans. In: Squire LR, Butters N (eds) The neuropsychology of memory, 2nd edn. Guilford, New York, pp 402-414
22. E Gonzalez-Bono N Rohleder DH Hellhammer A Salvador C Kirschbaum 2002 Glucose but not protein or fat load amplifies the cortisol response to psychosocial stress Horm Behav 41 328 333 11971667 10.1006/hbeh.2002.1766 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XktVGhsrg%3D (Pubitemid 34499461)
23. D Gozal P Thiriet JM Cottet-Emard D Wouassi E Bitanga A Geyssant JM Pequignot M Sagnol 1997 Glucose administration before exercise modulates catecholaminergic responses in glycogen-depleted subjects J Appl Physiol 82 248 256 9029223 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXhsVeqtr0%3D (Pubitemid 27052068)
24. Graham TE, Spriet LL (1991) Performance and metabolic responses to a high caffeine dose during prolonged exercise. J Appl Physiol 71:2292-2298
25. Graham TE, Spriet LL (1995) Metabolic, catecholamine, and exercise performance responses to various doses of caffeine. J Appl Physiol 78:867-874
26. Graham, Terry E (2001) Caffeine and Exercise: Metabolism, Endurance and Performance. Sports Med 31(11):785-807 (Pubitemid 32846190)
27. F Grego JM Vallier M Collardeau S Berman P Forrari M Candito P Bayer MN Magnie J Brisswatler 2004 Effects of long duration exercise on cognitive function, blood glucose, and counterregulatory hormones in male cyclists Neurosci Lett 364 2 76 80 15196681 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.03.085 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXkvVKqsr4%3D (Pubitemid 38766169)
28. E Hartmann C Spinweber J Fernstrom 1977 Diet amino acids and sleep Sleep Res 6 61
29. Hawley JA, Burke LM (1997) Effect of meal frequency and timing on physical performance. Brit J Nutr 77:S91-S103 (Pubitemid 27273600)
30. D Hepburn RJ Maughan 1982 Glycogen availability as a limiting factor in performance of isometric exercise J Physiol 342 52 53
31. R Hoffman M al'Absi 2004 The affect of acute stress on subsequent neuropsychological test performance Arch Clin Neuropsychol 19 4 497 506 15163451 10.1016/j.acn.2003.07.005 (Pubitemid 38649003)
32. K Howlett M Febbraio M Hargraves 1999 Glucose production during strenuous exercise in humans: role of epinephrine Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 276 1130 1135
33. I Jacobs P Kaiser P Tesch 1981 Muscle strength and fatigue after selective glycogen depletion in human skeletal muscle fibers Eur J Appl Physiol 46 47 53 10.1007/BF00422176 1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXktVCnsbk%3D (Pubitemid 11146717)
34. Jacobson L (2005) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis regulation. Endocrin Metab Clin 34:271-292 (Pubitemid 40602721)
35. JE James 2004 Critical review of dietary caffeine and blood pressure: a relationship that should be taken more seriously Psychosom Med 66 63 71 14747639 10.1097/10.PSY.0000107884.78247.F9 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXlvFWmtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 38146534)
36. M Joëls Z Pu O Wiegert MS Oitzl HJ Krugers 2006 Learning under stress: how does it work? Trends Cogni Sci 10 152 158 10.1016/j.tics.2006.02.002
37. A Kalsbeek M Ruiter SE La Fleur C Van Heijningen RM Buijs 2003 The diurnal modulation of hormonal responses in the rat varies with different stimuli J Neuroendocrinol 15 1144 1155 14636176 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2003.01112.x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXpvFCmtro%3D (Pubitemid 37540727)
38. DO Kennedy AB Scholey 2004 A glucose-caffeine energy drink ameliorates subjective and performance deficits during prolonged cognitive demand Appetite 42 331 333 15183925 10.1016/j.appet.2004.03.001 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXkslSjtr0%3D (Pubitemid 38746705)
39. C Kirschbaum E Gonzalez Bono N Rohleder C Gessner KM Pirke A Salvador DH Hellhammer 1997 Effects of fasting and glucose load on free cortisol responses to stress and nicotine J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82 4 1101 1105 9100580 10.1210/jc.82.4.1101 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXitlOiu7o%3D (Pubitemid 27166649)
40. Lezak MD (1983) Neuropsychological assessment. Oxford University Press, Oxford
41. WR Lovallo TL Whitsett M al'Absi BH Sung AS Vincent MF Wilson 2005 Caffeine stimulation of cortisol secretion across the waking hours in relation to caffeine intake levels Psychosom Med 67 734 739 16204431 10.1097/01.psy. 0000181270.20036.06 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtVClt77O (Pubitemid 41396019)
42. SJ Lupien CJ Gillin RL Hauger 1999 Working memory is more sensitive than declarative memory to the acute effects of corticosteroids: a dose-response study in humans Behav Neurosci 113 3 420 430 10443770 10.1037/0735-7044.113.3. 420 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXltFOqu7w%3D (Pubitemid 29340055)
43. C Mackay T Cox G Burrows T Lazzerini 1978 An inventory for the measurement of self-reported stress and arousal Br J Soc Clin Psychol 17 283 284 687885 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1978.tb00280.x 1:STN:280:DyaE1M%2FgtV2lsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 9000796)
44. EB Marliss M Vranic 2002 Intense exercise has unique effects on both insulin release and its roles in glucoregulation Diabetes 51 271 283 10.2337/diabetes.51.2007.S271
45. EB Marliss E Simantirakis PD Miles C Purdon R Gougeon CJ Field JB Halter V Vranic 1991 Glucoregulatory and hormonal responses to repeated bouts of intense exercise in normal male subjects J Appl Physiol 71 924 933 1757330 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXmt1CmsrY%3D
46. BS McEwen 2007 Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain Physiol Rev 87 873 904 17615391 10.1152/physrev.00041. 2006 (Pubitemid 47086281)
47. McEwen BS, de Kloet ER, Rostene W (1986) Adrenal steroid receptors and action in the nervous system. Physiol Rev 66:1121-1188 (Pubitemid 17181300)
48. C Messier 2004 Glucose and memory, a review Eur J Pharmacol 490 33 57 15094072 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.02.043 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjt1ShsLc%3D (Pubitemid 38482160)
49. Milner B, Squire LR, Kandel ER (1998) Cognitive neuroscience and the study of memory. Neuron 20(3):445-468 (Pubitemid 28153077)
50. CD Morris JD Bransford JJ Franks 1977 Levels of processing versus transfer appropriate processing J Verbal Learn Verbal Behav 16 519 533 10.1016/S0022-5371(77)80016-9
51. National Blood Service (2002) NHS Blood and Transplant (NHSBT)
52. Newcomer JW, Craft S, Hershey T, Askins K, Bardgett ME (1994) Glucocorticoid-induced impairment in declarative memory performance in adult humans. J Neurosci 14:2047-2053 (Pubitemid 24108114)
53. Newcomer JW, Selke G, Melson AK, Hershey T, Craft S, Richards K, Alderson AL (1999) Decreased memory performance in healthy humans induced by stress-level cortisol treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:527-533 (Pubitemid 29304646)
54. Paivio A, Yuille JC, Madigan SA (1968) Concreteness, imagery, and meaningfulness values for 925 nouns. Journal of Experimental Psychology Monograph Supplement 76(1):1-25
55. Pasman WJ, Van Baak MA, Jeujendrup AE, deHaan A (1995) The effects of different dosages of caffeine on endurance performance time. Int J Sports Med, 16(4):225-30
56. A Rao H Hu AC Nobre 2005 The effects of combined caffeine and glucose drinks on attention in the human brain Nutr Neurosci 8 141 153 16117181 10.1080/10284150500096994 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXpslyku70%3D (Pubitemid 41131430)
57. LM Riby 2004 The impact of age and task domain on cognitive performance: a meta-analytic review of the glucose facilitation effect Brain Impair (Cognitive Ageing Special Issue) 5 2 145 165
58. S Robinson SI Sünram-Lea J Leach PJ Owen-Lynch 2004 Cognitive and biochemical changes in individuals exposed to an acute stressor Proc Br Psychol Society 13 24
59. D Sage D Maurel O Bosler 2001 Involvement of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in diurnal ACTH and corticosterone responsiveness to stress Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 280 260 269
60. AB Scholey DO Kennedy 2004 Cognitive and physiological effects of an "energy drink": an evaluation of the whole drink and of glucose, caffeine and herbal flavouring fractions Psychopharmacology 176 3-4 320 330 15549275 10.1007/s00213-004-1935-2 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXps1Wqur8%3D (Pubitemid 40012739)
61. HJ Smit PJ Rogers 2000 Effects of low doses of caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and thirst in low and higher caffeine consumers Psychopharmacology 152 2 167 173 11057520 10.1007/s002130000506 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnvF2iu74%3D
62. HJ Smit ML Grady YE Finnegan S-AC Hughes JRE Cotton PJ Rogers 2006 Role of familiarity on effects of caffeine- and glucose-containing soft drinks Physiol Behav 87 287 294 16388831 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.10.017 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtFaru7o%3D (Pubitemid 43188825)
63. A Smith 2002 Effects of caffeine on human behavior Food Chem Toxicol 40 9 1243 1255 12204388 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XmsVers7s%3D (Pubitemid 35247455)
64. Spielberger CD (1983) Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto
65. Spriet LL, MacLean DA, Dyck DJ, Hultman E, Cederblad G, Graham TE (1992) Caffeine ingestion and muscle metabolism during prolonged exercise in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 262:891-898
66. BJ Spring J Chiodo M Harden MJ Bourgeois JD Mason L Lutherer 1989 Psychobiological effects of carbohydrates J Clin Psychiatr 50 Suppl 27 33 (Pubitemid 19147283)
67. A Steptoe EL Gibson R Vounonvirta ED Williams M Hamer JA Rycroft JD Erusalimsky J Wardle 2007 The effects of tea on psychophysiological stress responsivity and post-stress recovery: a randomised double-blind trial Psychopharmacology 190 1 81 89 17013636 10.1007/s00213-006-0573-2 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1KmtrnE (Pubitemid 44885346)
68. SI Sünram-Lea JK Foster P Durlach C Perez 2001 Glucose facilitation of cognitive performance in healthy young adults: examination of the influence of fast-duration, time of day and pre-consumption plasma glucose levels Psychopharmacology 157 46 54 11512042 10.1007/s002130100771 (Pubitemid 32758958)
69. SI Sünram-Lea JK Foster P Durlach C Perez 2002 The effect of retrograde and anterograde glucose administration on memory performance in healthy young adults Behav Brain Res 134 505 516 12191837 10.1016/S0166-4328(02) 00086-4 (Pubitemid 34912728)
70. SI Sünram-Lea JK Foster P Durlach C Perez 2002 Investigation into the significance of task difficulty and divided allocation of resources on the glucose memory facilitation effect Psychopharmacology 160 387 397 11919666 10.1007/s00213-001-0987-9 (Pubitemid 34253281)
71. SI Sünram-Lea JK Foster P Durlach C Perez 2004 The influence of fat co-administration on the glucose memory facilitation effect Nutr Neurosci 7 21 32 15085555 10.1080/1028415042000198816 (Pubitemid 38401262)
72. Tops M, van der Pompe G, Wijers AA, Den Boer JA, Meijman TF, Korf J (2004) Free recall of pleasant words from recency positions is especially sensitive to acute administration of cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrino 29(3):327-38 (Pubitemid 37487951)
73. Tsintzas K, Williams C (1998) Human muscle glycogen metabolism during exercise. Effect of carbohydrate supplementation. Sports Med 25:7-23 (Pubitemid 28031861)
74. E Tulving D Thompson 1973 Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory Psychol Rev 80 352 373 10.1037/h0020071
75. ML Vance MO Thorner 1989 Fasting alters pulsatile and rhythmic cortisol release in normal man J Clin Endocrinol Metab 68 1013 1018 2723024 10.1210/jcem-68-6-1013 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXktFOqtrY%3D (Pubitemid 19144723)
76. Vedhara K, Hyde J, Gilchrist ID, Tytherleigh M, Plummer S (2000)Acute stress, memory, attention and cortisol.Psychoneuroendocrino 25:535-549 (Pubitemid 30407307)
77. Van DerElst, VanBoxtel MPJ, VanBreukelen GJP, Jolles J (2006) The Letter Digit Substitution Test: Normative Data for 1,858 Healthy Participants Aged 24-81 from the Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS): Influence of Age, Education, and Sex. J Clin Exp Neuropsyc 28:998-1009 (Pubitemid 44034738)
78. DM Warburton 1995 Effects of caffeine on cognition and mood without caffeine abstinence Psychopharmacology 119 66 70 7675951 10.1007/BF02246055 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXmtFChtb0%3D
79. OT Wolf NC Schommer DH Hellhammer FM Reischies C Kirschbaum 2002 Moderate psychosocial stress appears not to impair recall of words learned 4 weeks prior to stress exposure Stress 5 59 64 12171768 10.1080/102538902900012332 (Pubitemid 34241895)
80. BBD Yaspelkis JG Patterson PA Anderla Z Ding JL Ivy 1993 Carbohydrate supplementation spares muscle glycogen during variable-intensity exercise J Appl Physiol 75 1477 1485 8282593 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXhtlaquro%3D (Pubitemid 23318188)
81. EY Yuen W Wenhua Liu IN Karatsoreos J Feng BS McEwen Z Yan 2009 Acute stress enhances glutamatergic transmission in prefrontal cortex and facilitates working memory Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106 33 14075 14079 19666502 10.1073/pnas.0906791106 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFWksL3M