Effect of meal frequency and timing on physical performance

British Journal of Nutrition

Volumn 77, Issue SUPPL. 1, 1997, Pages

  Hawley, John A ^b   Burke, Louise M ^a  

^a AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF SPORT   (Australia)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Carbohydrate intake; Meal frequency; Meal timing; Physical performance

Indexed keywords

GLYCOGEN;

ATHLETE; CALORIC INTAKE; CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; CONFERENCE PAPER; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FLUID INTAKE; FOOD INTAKE; GLYCOGEN LIVER LEVEL; GLYCOGEN MUSCLE LEVEL; HUMAN; MEAL; PERIODICITY; PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE; SPORT;

EID: 0030996985     PISSN: 00071145     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1079/bjn19970107     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (82)

1. American Dietetic Association (1993). Position stand of the American Dietetic Association and the Canadian Dietetic Association: nutrition for physical fitness and athletic performance for adults. Journal of American Dietetic Association 93, 691-696.
2. Anantaraman, R., Carmines, A. A., Gaesser, G. A. & Weltman, A. (1995). Effects of carbohydrate supplementation on performance during 1 hour of high-intensity exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine 16, 461-465.
3. Barry, A., Cantwell, T., Doherty, F., Folan, J. C., Ingoldsby, M., Kevany, J. P., O'Broin, J. D., O'Connor, H., O'Shea, B., Ryan, B. A. & Fimls, J. V. (1981). A nutritional study of Irish athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine 15, 99-109.
4. Below, P. R., Mora-Rodriguez, R., Gonzalez-Alonso, J. & Coyle, E. F. (1995). Fluid and carbohydrate ingestion independently improve performance during 1 h of intense cycling. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 27, 200-210.
5. Bjorkman, O., Sahlin, K., Hagenfeldt, L. & Wahren, J. (1984). Influence of glucose and fructose ingestion on the capacity for long-term exercise in well-trained men. Clinical Physiology 4, 4883-4494.
6. Blom, P. C. J., Hostmark, A. T., Vaage, O., Vardal, K. R. & Maehlum, S. (1987). Effect of different post-exercise sugar diets on the rate of muscle glycogen synthesis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 19, 491-496.
7. Bosch, A. N., Dennis, S. C. & Noakes, T. D. (1993). Influence of carbohydrate loading on fuel substrate turnover and oxidation during prolonged exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 74, 1921-1927.
8. Brooke, J. D., Davies, G. J. & Green, L. F. (1975). The effects of normal and glucose syrup work diets on the performance of racing cyclists. Journal of Sports Medicine 15, 257-265.
9. Brotherhood, J. R. (1984). Nutrition and sports performance. Sports Medicine 1, 350-389.
10. Burke, L. M., Collier, G. R., Davis, P. G., Fricker, P. A., Sanigorski, A. J. & Hargreaves, M. (1996). Muscle glycogen storage after prolonged exercise: effect of the frequency of carbohydrate feedings. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 64, 115-119.
11. Burke, L. M., Collier, G. R. & Hargreaves, M. (1993). Muscle glycogen storage after prolonged exercise: effect of glycemic index of carbohydrate feedings. Journal of Applied Physiology 75, 1019-1023
12. Burke, L. M., Gollan, R. A. & Read, R. S. D. (1991). Dietary intakes and food use of groups of elite Australian male athletes. International Journal of Sports Nutrition 1, 378-394.
13. Burke, L. M. & Hawley, J. A. (1997a). Nutritional strategies for athletic performance. In Medical Problems in Athletes, [K. B. Fields and P. A. Fricker, editors]. New York: Blackwell Science (In the Press).
14. Burke, L. M. & Hawley, J. A. (1997b). Fluid balance in team sports: guidelines for optimal practices. Sports Medicine (In the Press).
15. Butterworth, D. E., Nieman, D. C., Butler, J. V. & Herring, J. L. (1994). Food intake patterns of marathon runners. International Journal of Sports Nutrition 4, 1-7.
16. Chryssanthopoulos, C., Hennessy, L. C. M. & Williams, C. (1994). The influence of pre-exercise glucose ingestion on endurance running capacity. British Journal of Sports Medicine 28, 105-109.
17. Coggan, A. R. & Coyle, E. R. (1987). Reversal of fatigue during prolonged exercise by carbohydrate infusion or ingestion. Journal of Applied Physiology 63, 2388-2395.
18. Coggan, A. R. & Coyle, E. F. (1988). Effect of carbohydrate feedings during high-intensity exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 65, 1703-1709.
19. Coggan, A. R. & Coyle, E. F. (1989). Metabolism and performance following carbohydrate ingestion late in exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21, 59-65.
20. Costill, D. L., Sherman, W. M., Fink, W. J., Maresh, C., Witten, M. & Miller, J. M. (1981). The role of dietary carbohydrates in muscle glycogen resynthesis after strenuous running. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34, 1831-1836.
21. Coyle, E. F. (1992). Timing and method of increased carbohydrate intake to cope with heavy training, competition and recovery. In Food, Nutrition and Sports Performance, pp. 35-62 [C. Williams and J. T. Devlin, editors]. London: E & F Spon.
22. Coyle, E. F., Coggan, A. R., Hemmert, M. K. & Ivy, J. L. (1986). Muscle glycogen utilisation during prolonged strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate. Journal of Applied Physiology 61, 165-172.
23. Coyle, E. F., Coggan, A. R., Hemmert, M. K., Lowe, R. C. & Walters, T. J. (1985). Substrate usage during prolonged exercise following a pre-exercise meal. Journal of Applied Physiology 59, 429-433.
24. Danforth, E. (1985). Diet and obesity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 41, 1132-1145.
25. Devlin, J. T., Calles-Escandon, J. & Horton, E. S. (1986). Effects of preexercise snack feeding on endurance cycle exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 60, 980-985.
26. De Wijn, J. F. & Van Erp-Baart, M. (1980). Food pattern, body composition and physical condition of heavy weight competition-rowers. Voeding 41, 13-18.
27. Erickson, M. A., Schwarzkopf, R. J. & McKenzie, R. D. (1987). Effects of caffeine, fructose, and glucose ingestion on muscle glycogen utilisation during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 19, 579-583.
28. Febbraio, M. A. & Stewart, K. L. (1996). Carbohydrate feedings before prolonged exercise: effect of glycemic index on muscle glycogenolysis and exercise performance. Journal of Applied Physiology 81, 1115-1120.
29. Felig, P., Cherif, A., Minigawa, A. & Wahren, J. (1982). Hypoglycaemia during prolonged exercise in normal men. New England Journal of Medicine 306, 895-900.
30. Fielding, R. A., Costill, D. L., Fink, W. J., King, D. S., Hargreaves, M. & Kovaleski, J. E. (1985). Effect of carbohydrate feeding frequencies and dosage on muscle glycogen use during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 17, 472-476.
31. Flynn, M. G., Costill, D. L., Hawley, J. A., Fink, W. J., Neufer, P. D., Fielding, R. A. & Sleeper, M. D. (1987). Influence of selected carbohydrate drinks on cycling performance and glycogen use. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 19, 37-40.
32. Fogelholm, M., Rehunen, S., Gref, C.-G., Laakso, J. T., Lehto, J., Ruokonen, I. & Himberg, J.-J. (1992). Dietary intake and thiamin, iron, and zinc status in elite Nordic skiers during different training periods. International Journal of Sports Nutrition 2, 351-365.
33. Foster, C., Costill, D. L. & Fink, W. J. (1979). Effects of preexercise feedings on endurance performance. Medicine and Science in Sports 11, 1-5.
34. Fruth, J. M. & Gisolfi, C. V. (1983). Effects of carbohydrate consumption on endurance performance: fructose versus glucose. In Nutrient Utilization During Exercise, pp. 68-75 [E. L. Fox, editor]. Columbus, OH: Ross Laboratories.
35. Gleeson, M., Maughan, R. J. & Greenhaff, P. L. (1986). Comparison of the effects of pre-exercise feeding of glucose, glycerol and placebo on endurance performance and fuel homeostasis in man. European Journal of Applied Physiology 55, 645-653.
36. Goodpaster, B. H., Costill, D. L., Fink, W. J., Trape, T. A., Joszi, A. C., Starling, R. D. & Trappe, S. W. (1996). The effects of pre-exercise starch ingestion on endurance performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine 17, 366-372.
37. Guezennec, C. Y. (1995). Oxidation rates, complex carbohydrates and exercise. Sports Medicine 19, 365-372.
38. Hargreaves, M. & Briggs, C. A. (1988). Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on exercise metabolism. Journal of Applied Physiology 65, 1553-1555.
39. Hargreaves, M., Costill, D. L., Coggan, A., Fink, W. J. & Nishibata, I. (1984). Effect of carbohydrate feedings on muscle glycogen utilisation and exercise performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 16, 219-722.
40. Hargreaves, M., Costill, D. L., Fink, W. J., King, D. S. & Fielding, R. A. (1987). Effect of pre-exercise carbohydrate feedings on endurance cycling performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 19, 33-36.
41. Hawley, J. A., Bosch, A. N., Weltan, S. M., Dennis, S. C. & Noakes, T. D. (1994). Glucose kinetics during prolonged exercise in euglycaemic and hyperglycaemic subjects. Pflugers Archiv 426, 378-386.
42. Hawley, J. A., Dennis, S. C. & Noakes, T. D. (1992a). Oxidation of carbohydrate ingested during prolonged endurance exercise. Sports Medicine 14, 27-42.
43. Hawley, J. A., Dennis, S. C. & Noakes, T. D. (1995). Carbohydrate, fluid and electrolyte requirements during prolonged exercise. In Sports Nutrition. Minerals and Electrolytes, pp. 235-265 [C. V. Kies and J. A. Driskell, editors]. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
44. Hawley, J. A., Dennis, S. C., Nowitz, A., Brouns, F. & Noakes, T. D. (1992b). Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation from maltose and glucose ingested during prolonged exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology 64, 523-527.
45. Hawley, J. A. & Hopkins, W. G. (1995). Aerobic glycolytic and aerobic lipolytic power systems. A new paradigm with implications for endurance and ultra-endurance events. Sports Medicine 19, 240-250.
46. Hawley, J. A. & Williams, M. M. (1991). Dietary intakes of age-group swimmers. British Journal of Sports Medicine 25, 154-158.
47. Inge, K. & Brukner, K. (1986). Food For Sport. A Nutrition Guide for Australian Sportsmen, Sportswomen, Coaches and Parents, pp. 95-96. Melbourne, Australia: William Heinemann.
48. Ivy, J. L., Katz, A. L., Cutler, C. L., Sherman, W. M. & Coyle, E. F. (1988). Muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise: effect of time of carbohydrate ingestion. Journal of Applied Physiology 65, 1480-1485.
49. Jenkins, D. J. A., Wolever, T. M. S., Jenkins, A. L., Josse, R. G. & Wong, G. S. (1984). The glycaemic response to carbohydrate foods. Lancet ii, 388-391.
50. Jeukendrup, A. E., Brouns, F., Wagenmakers, A. J. M. & Saris, W. H. M. (1997) Carbohydrate-electrolyte feedings improve 1 h time-trial cycling performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine (In the Press).
51. Keizer, H., Kuipers, H., van Kranenburg, G. & Geurten, P. (1986). Influence of liquid and solid meals on muscle glycogen resynthesis, plasma fuel hormone response, and maximal physical working capacity. International Journal of Sports Medicine 8, 99-104.
52. Khoo, C.-S., Rawson, N. E., Robinson, M. L. & Stevenson, R. J. (1987). Nutrient intake and eating habits of triathletes. Annals of Sports Medicine 3, 144-150.
53. Kiens, B., Raben, A. B., Valeur, A. K. & Richter, E. A. (1990). Benefit of dietary simple carbohydrates on the early postexercise muscle glycogen repletion in male athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 22, Suppl., S88.
54. Kirsch, K. A. & Von Ameln, H. (1981). Feeding patterns of endurance athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology 47, 97-208.
55. Lindeman, A. K. (1990). Eating and training habits of triathletes: a balancing act. Journal of American Dietetic Association 90, 993-995.
56. Macaraeg, P. V. J. (1983). Influence of carbohydrate electrolyte ingestion on running endurance. In Nutrient Utilization During Exercise, pp. 91-96 [E. L. Fox, editor]. Columbus, OH: Ross Laboratories.
57. McConell, G., Kloot, K. & Hargreaves, M. (1996). Effect of timing of carbohydrate ingestion on endurance exercise performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 28, 1300-1304.
58. McMurray, R. G., Wilson, J. R. & Kitchell, B. S. (1983). The effects of fructose and glucose on high intensity endurance performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 54, 156-162.
59. Mitchell, J. B. & Voss, K. W. (1991). The influence of volume on gastric emptying and fluid balance during prolonged exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 23, 314-319.
60. Neufer, P. D., Costill, D. L., Flynn, M. G., Kirwan, J. P., Mitchell, J. B. & Houmard, J. (1987). Improvements in exercise performance: effects of carbohydrate feedings and diet. Journal of Applied Physiology 62, 983-988.
61. Noakes, T. D., Lambert, E. V., Lambert, M. I., McArthur, P. S., Myburgh, K. H. & Benade, A. J. S. (1988). Carbohydrate ingestion and muscle glycogen depletion during marathon and ultramarathon racing. European Journal of Applied Physiology 57, 482-489.
62. Noakes, T. D., Rehrer, N. J. & Maughan, R. J. (1991). The importance of volume in regulating gastric emptying. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 23, 307-313.
63. Okano, G., Takeda, H., Morita, I., Katoh, M., Mu, Z. & Miyake, S. (1988). Effect of pre-exercise fructose ingestion on endurance performance in fed men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 20, 105-109.
64. Piehl, K. (1974). Time course for refilling of glycogen stores in human muscle fibers following exercise-induced glycogen depletion. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 90, 297-302.
65. Piehl, K., Adolfsson, S. & Nazar, K. (1974). Glycogen storage and glycogen synthase activity in trained and untrained muscle of man. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 90, 779-788.
66. Reed, M. J., Brozinicle, J. T., Lee, M. C. & Ivy, J. L. (1989). Muscle glycogen storage post exercise: effect of mode of carbohydrate administration. Journal of Applied Physiology 66, 720-726.
67. Riley, M. L., Israel, R. G., Holbert, D., Tapscott, E. B. & Dohm, G. L. (1988). Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on exercise endurance and metabolism after a 1-day fast. International Journal of Sports Medicine 9, 320-324.
68. Robinson, T. A., Hawley, J. A., Palmer, G. S., Wilson, G. R., Gray, D. A., Noakes, T. D. & Dennis, S. C. (1995). Water ingestion does not improve 1-h cycling performance in moderate ambient temperatures. European Journal of Applied Physiology 71, 153-160.
69. Saltin, B. & Karlsson, J. (1971). Muscle glycogen utilization during work of different intensities. In Muscle Metabolism During Exercise, pp. 289-300 [B. Pernow and B. Saltin, editors]. New York: Plenum Press.
70. Saris, W. H. M., Goodpaster, B. H., Jeukendrup, A. E., Brouns, F., Halliday, D. & Wagenmakers, A. J. M. (1993). Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation from different carbohydrate sources during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 75, 2168-2172.
71. Saris, W. H. M., Van Erp-Baart, M. A., Brouns, F., Westerterp, K. R. & Ten Hoor, F. (1989). Study on food intake and energy expenditure during extreme sustained exercise: the Tour de France. International Journal of Sports Medicine 10, S26-S31.
72. Sasaki, H., Maeda, J., Usui, S. & Ishiko, T. (1987). Effect of sucrose and caffeine ingestion on performance of prolonged strenuous running. International Journal of Sports Medicine 8, 261-265.
73. Sherman, W. M., Brodowicz, G., Wright, D. A., Allen, W. K., Simonsen, J. & Dernbach, A. (1989). Effects of 4 h preexercise carbohydrate feedings on cycling performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21, 598-604.
74. Sherman, W. M., Costill, D. L., Fink, W. J. & Miller, J. M. (1981). Effect of diet-exercise manipulation on muscle glycogen and its subsequent utilisation during performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2, 114-118.
75. Sherman, W. M., Peden, M. C. & Wright, D. A. (1991). Carbohydrate feedings 1 h before exercise improves cycling performance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, 866-870.
76. Short, S. H. & Short, W. R. (1983). Four-year study of university athletes' dietary intake. Journal of American Dietetic Association 82, 632-645.
77. Thomas, D. E., Brotherhood, J. R. & Brand, J. C. (1991). Carbohydrate feeding before exercise: effect of glycemic index. International Journal of Sports Medicine 12, 180-186.
78. Van Erp-Baart, A. M. J., Saris, W. H. M., Binkhorst, R. A., Vos, J. A. & Elvers, J. W. H. (1989). Nationwide survey on nutritional habits in elite athletes. Part I. Energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake. International Journal of Sports Medicine 10, S3-S10.
79. Wagenmakers, A. J. M., Brouns, F., Saris, W. H. M. & Halliday, D. (1993). Oxidation rates of orally ingested carbohydrates during prolonged exercise in man. Journal of Applied Physiology 75, 2774-2780.
80. Williams, C., Nute, M. G., Broadbank, L. & Vinall, S. (1990). Influence of fluid intake on endurance running performance: a comparison between water, glucose and fructose solutions. European Journal of Applied Physiology 60, 112-119.
81. Wilmore, J. & Costill, D. L. (1994). Physiology of Sport and Exercise. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
82. Wright, D. A., Sherman, W. M. & Dernbach, A. R. (1991). Carbohydrate feedings before, during, or in combination improve cycling endurance performance. Journal of Applied Physiology 71, 1082-1088.