메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 120, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 108-126

Examining the evidence for an independent semantic analyzer: An ERP study in Spanish

Author keywords

Animacy; ERPs; Incremental parsing; Semantics; Spanish; Syntax; Thematic roles

Indexed keywords

ACCURACY; ARTICLE; COMPREHENSION; CONTROLLED STUDY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LANGUAGE ABILITY; LANGUAGE PROCESSING; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PREDICTION; SEMANTICS; SPAIN; SPEECH ANALYSIS; SYSTEMATIC ERROR; TASK PERFORMANCE; VOICE CHANGE; WORD RECOGNITION;

EID: 84856608820     PISSN: 0093934X     EISSN: 10902155     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2011.02.001     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (38)

References (65)
  • 1
    • 0024195706 scopus 로고
    • Interaction with context during human sentence processing
    • Altmann G.T.M., Steedman M.J. Interaction with context during human sentence processing. Cognition 1988, 30:191-238.
    • (1988) Cognition , vol.30 , pp. 191-238
    • Altmann, G.T.M.1    Steedman, M.J.2
  • 3
    • 0038153178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrating gender and number information is Spanish word pairs: An ERP study
    • Barber H., Carreiras M. Integrating gender and number information is Spanish word pairs: An ERP study. Cortex 2003, 39:465-482.
    • (2003) Cortex , vol.39 , pp. 465-482
    • Barber, H.1    Carreiras, M.2
  • 4
    • 12544255811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grammatical gender and number agreement in Spanish: An ERP Comparison
    • Barber H., Carreiras M. Grammatical gender and number agreement in Spanish: An ERP Comparison. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2005, 17:137-153.
    • (2005) Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , vol.17 , pp. 137-153
    • Barber, H.1    Carreiras, M.2
  • 5
    • 79955478793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Think globally: Cross-linguistic variation in electrophysiological activity during sentence comprehension
    • Bornkessel-Schlesewsky I., Kretschmar F., Tune S., Wang L., Genç S., Philipp M., et al. Think globally: Cross-linguistic variation in electrophysiological activity during sentence comprehension. Brain and Language 2011, 117:133-152.
    • (2011) Brain and Language , vol.117 , pp. 133-152
    • Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, I.1    Kretschmar, F.2    Tune, S.3    Wang, L.4    Genç, S.5    Philipp, M.6
  • 6
    • 33750328453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The extended argument dependency model: A neurocognitive approach to sentence comprehension across languages
    • Bornkessel-Schlesewsky I., Schlesewsky M. The extended argument dependency model: A neurocognitive approach to sentence comprehension across languages. Psychological Review 2006, 113:787-821.
    • (2006) Psychological Review , vol.113 , pp. 787-821
    • Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, I.1    Schlesewsky, M.2
  • 7
    • 53749104451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An alternative perspective on " semantic P600" effects in language comprehension
    • Bornkessel-Schlesewsky I., Schlesewsky M. An alternative perspective on " semantic P600" effects in language comprehension. Brain Research Reviews 2008, 59:55-73.
    • (2008) Brain Research Reviews , vol.59 , pp. 55-73
    • Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, I.1    Schlesewsky, M.2
  • 8
    • 0027471667 scopus 로고
    • The processing nature of the N400: Evidence from masked priming
    • Brown C., Hagoort P. The processing nature of the N400: Evidence from masked priming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1993, 5:34-44.
    • (1993) Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , vol.5 , pp. 34-44
    • Brown, C.1    Hagoort, P.2
  • 9
    • 33748340697 scopus 로고
    • A unified analysis of the English bare plural
    • Carlson G.N. A unified analysis of the English bare plural. Linguistics and Philosophy 1977, 1:413-458.
    • (1977) Linguistics and Philosophy , vol.1 , pp. 413-458
    • Carlson, G.N.1
  • 10
    • 84856620703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The limits of independent semantic composition: Evidence from Chinese. Presentation at the 2010 Cognitive Neuroscience Society Conference. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Supplement.
    • Chow, W.-Y., & Phillips, C. (2010). The limits of independent semantic composition: Evidence from Chinese. Presentation at the 2010 Cognitive Neuroscience Society Conference. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Supplement.
    • (2010)
    • Chow, W.-Y.1    Phillips, C.2
  • 11
    • 0034061444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Event-related potential indices of semantic priming using masked and unmasked words: Evidence that the N400 does not reflect a post-lexical process
    • Deacon D., Hewitt S., Yang C., Nagata M. Event-related potential indices of semantic priming using masked and unmasked words: Evidence that the N400 does not reflect a post-lexical process. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research 2000, 9:137-146.
    • (2000) Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research , vol.9 , pp. 137-146
    • Deacon, D.1    Hewitt, S.2    Yang, C.3    Nagata, M.4
  • 12
    • 34250208446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thinking ahead: The role and roots of prediction in language comprehension
    • Federmeier K.D. Thinking ahead: The role and roots of prediction in language comprehension. Psychophysiology 2007, 44:491-505.
    • (2007) Psychophysiology , vol.44 , pp. 491-505
    • Federmeier, K.D.1
  • 16
    • 0036468229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a neural basis of auditory sentence processing
    • Friederici A.D. Towards a neural basis of auditory sentence processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2002, 6:78-84.
    • (2002) Trends in Cognitive Sciences , vol.6 , pp. 78-84
    • Friederici, A.D.1
  • 17
    • 0000898544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verb argument structure processing: The role of verb-specific and argument-specific information
    • Friederici A.D., Frisch S. Verb argument structure processing: The role of verb-specific and argument-specific information. Journal of Memory and Language 2000, 43:476-507.
    • (2000) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.43 , pp. 476-507
    • Friederici, A.D.1    Frisch, S.2
  • 18
    • 0027364228 scopus 로고
    • Event-related brain potentials during natural speech processing: Effects of semantic, morphological, and syntactic violations
    • Friederici A.D., Pfeifer E., Hahne A. Event-related brain potentials during natural speech processing: Effects of semantic, morphological, and syntactic violations. Cognitive Brain Research 1993, 1:183-192.
    • (1993) Cognitive Brain Research , vol.1 , pp. 183-192
    • Friederici, A.D.1    Pfeifer, E.2    Hahne, A.3
  • 19
    • 84856590871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plausibility and sentence comprehension. An ERP study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Supplement.
    • Geyer, A., Holcomb, P., Kuperberg, G., & Pearlmutter, N. (2006). Plausibility and sentence comprehension. An ERP study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Supplement.
    • (2006)
    • Geyer, A.1    Holcomb, P.2    Kuperberg, G.3    Pearlmutter, N.4
  • 21
    • 34250927314 scopus 로고
    • On methods in the analysis of profile data
    • Greenhouse S., Geisser S. On methods in the analysis of profile data. Psychometrika 1959, 24:95-112.
    • (1959) Psychometrika , vol.24 , pp. 95-112
    • Greenhouse, S.1    Geisser, S.2
  • 22
    • 38549102488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fractionation of spoken language understanding by measuring electrical and magnetic brain signals
    • Hagoort P. The fractionation of spoken language understanding by measuring electrical and magnetic brain signals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B - Biological Sciences 2008, 363:1055-1069.
    • (2008) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B - Biological Sciences , vol.363 , pp. 1055-1069
    • Hagoort, P.1
  • 23
    • 33747030714 scopus 로고
    • The syntactic positive shift (SPS) as an ERP measure of syntactic processing
    • Hagoort P., Brown C.M., Groothusen J. The syntactic positive shift (SPS) as an ERP measure of syntactic processing. Language and Cognitive Processes 1993, 8:439-484.
    • (1993) Language and Cognitive Processes , vol.8 , pp. 439-484
    • Hagoort, P.1    Brown, C.M.2    Groothusen, J.3
  • 24
    • 1942455718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integration of word meaning and world knowledge in language comprehension
    • Hagoort P., Hald L., Bastiaansen M.C.M., Petersson K.M. Integration of word meaning and world knowledge in language comprehension. Science 2004, 304:438-440.
    • (2004) Science , vol.304 , pp. 438-440
    • Hagoort, P.1    Hald, L.2    Bastiaansen, M.C.M.3    Petersson, K.M.4
  • 26
    • 1242337477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seeing words in context: The interaction of lexical and sentence level information during reading
    • Hoeks J.C.J., Stowe L.A., Doedens G. Seeing words in context: The interaction of lexical and sentence level information during reading. Cognitive Brain Research 2004, 19:59-73.
    • (2004) Cognitive Brain Research , vol.19 , pp. 59-73
    • Hoeks, J.C.J.1    Stowe, L.A.2    Doedens, G.3
  • 27
    • 1642403846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrophysiological evidence for serial sentence processing: A comparison between non-preferred and ungrammatical continuations
    • Kaan E., Swaab T.Y. Electrophysiological evidence for serial sentence processing: A comparison between non-preferred and ungrammatical continuations. Cognitive Brain Research 2003, 17:621-635.
    • (2003) Cognitive Brain Research , vol.17 , pp. 621-635
    • Kaan, E.1    Swaab, T.Y.2
  • 28
    • 0037242736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repair, revision, and complexity in syntactic analysis: An electrophysiological differentiation
    • Kaan E., Swaab T.Y. Repair, revision, and complexity in syntactic analysis: An electrophysiological differentiation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2003, 15:98-100.
    • (2003) Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , vol.15 , pp. 98-100
    • Kaan, E.1    Swaab, T.Y.2
  • 29
    • 13644282776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The independence of combinatory semantic processing: Evidence from event-related potentials
    • Kim A., Osterhout L. The independence of combinatory semantic processing: Evidence from event-related potentials. Journal of Memory and Language 2005, 52:205-225.
    • (2005) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.52 , pp. 205-225
    • Kim, A.1    Osterhout, L.2
  • 30
    • 0037380019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure and limited capacity in verbal working memory: A study with event-related potentials
    • Kolk H.H.J., Chwilla D.J., Van Herten M., Oor P. Structure and limited capacity in verbal working memory: A study with event-related potentials. Brain and Language 2003, 85:1-36.
    • (2003) Brain and Language , vol.85 , pp. 1-36
    • Kolk, H.H.J.1    Chwilla, D.J.2    Van Herten, M.3    Oor, P.4
  • 31
    • 34047257112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural mechanisms of language comprehension: Challenges to syntax
    • Kuperberg G.R. Neural mechanisms of language comprehension: Challenges to syntax. Brain Research 2007, 1146:23-49.
    • (2007) Brain Research , vol.1146 , pp. 23-49
    • Kuperberg, G.R.1
  • 33
    • 33947189115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of animacy and thematic relationships in processing active English sentences: Evidence from event-related potentials
    • Kuperberg G., Kreher D.A., Sitnikova T., Caplan D., Holcomb P. The role of animacy and thematic relationships in processing active English sentences: Evidence from event-related potentials. Brain and Language 2007, 100:223-238.
    • (2007) Brain and Language , vol.100 , pp. 223-238
    • Kuperberg, G.1    Kreher, D.A.2    Sitnikova, T.3    Caplan, D.4    Holcomb, P.5
  • 34
    • 0037621808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrophysiological distinctions in processing conceptual relationships within simple sentences
    • Kuperberg G.R., Sitnikova T., Caplan P., Holcomb P.J. Electrophysiological distinctions in processing conceptual relationships within simple sentences. Cognitive Brain Research 2003, 17:117-129.
    • (2003) Cognitive Brain Research , vol.17 , pp. 117-129
    • Kuperberg, G.R.1    Sitnikova, T.2    Caplan, P.3    Holcomb, P.J.4
  • 35
    • 0034554860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrophysiology reveals semantic memory use in language comprehension
    • Kutas M., Federmeier K.D. Electrophysiology reveals semantic memory use in language comprehension. Trends on Cognitive Science 2000, 4:463-470.
    • (2000) Trends on Cognitive Science , vol.4 , pp. 463-470
    • Kutas, M.1    Federmeier, K.D.2
  • 36
    • 0018864138 scopus 로고
    • Reading senseless sentences: Brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity
    • Kutas M., Hillyard S.A. Reading senseless sentences: Brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity. Science 1980, 207:203-205.
    • (1980) Science , vol.207 , pp. 203-205
    • Kutas, M.1    Hillyard, S.A.2
  • 37
    • 0021277713 scopus 로고
    • Brain potentials during reading reflect word expectancy and semantic association
    • Kutas M., Hillyard S.A. Brain potentials during reading reflect word expectancy and semantic association. Nature 1984, 307:161-163.
    • (1984) Nature , vol.307 , pp. 161-163
    • Kutas, M.1    Hillyard, S.A.2
  • 38
    • 56549091312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cortical network for semantics: (de)Constructing the N400
    • Lau E., Phillips C., Poeppel D. A cortical network for semantics: (de)Constructing the N400. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2008, 8:920-933.
    • (2008) Nature Reviews Neuroscience , vol.8 , pp. 920-933
    • Lau, E.1    Phillips, C.2    Poeppel, D.3
  • 39
    • 38649130652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expectation-based syntactic comprehension
    • Levy R. Expectation-based syntactic comprehension. Cognition 2008, 106:1126-1177.
    • (2008) Cognition , vol.106 , pp. 1126-1177
    • Levy, R.1
  • 41
    • 33745428700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semantics prevalence over syntax during sentence processing: A brain potential study of noun-adjective agreement in Spanish
    • Martín-Loeches M., Nigbur R., Casado P., Hohlfeld A., Sommer W. Semantics prevalence over syntax during sentence processing: A brain potential study of noun-adjective agreement in Spanish. Brain Research 2006, 1093:178-189.
    • (2006) Brain Research , vol.1093 , pp. 178-189
    • Martín-Loeches, M.1    Nigbur, R.2    Casado, P.3    Hohlfeld, A.4    Sommer, W.5
  • 42
    • 11844250584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking semantic priming effect in functional MRI and event-related potentials
    • Matsumoto A., Iidaka T., Haneda K., Okada T., Sadato N. Linking semantic priming effect in functional MRI and event-related potentials. Neuroimage 2005, 24:624-634.
    • (2005) Neuroimage , vol.24 , pp. 624-634
    • Matsumoto, A.1    Iidaka, T.2    Haneda, K.3    Okada, T.4    Sadato, N.5
  • 44
    • 23644459276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing the limits of the semantic illusion phenomenon: ERPs reveal temporary semantic change deafness in discourse comprehension
    • Nieuwland M.S., van Berkum J.J.A. Testing the limits of the semantic illusion phenomenon: ERPs reveal temporary semantic change deafness in discourse comprehension. Cognitive Brain Research 2005, 24:691-701.
    • (2005) Cognitive Brain Research , vol.24 , pp. 691-701
    • Nieuwland, M.S.1    van Berkum, J.J.A.2
  • 45
    • 0000686773 scopus 로고
    • Event-related brain potentials elicited by syntactic anomaly
    • Osterhout L., Holcomb P.J. Event-related brain potentials elicited by syntactic anomaly. Journal of Memory and Language 1992, 31:785-806.
    • (1992) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.31 , pp. 785-806
    • Osterhout, L.1    Holcomb, P.J.2
  • 47
    • 13944267167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ERP effects of the processing of syntactic long-distance dependencies
    • Phillips C., Kazanina N., Abada S.H. ERP effects of the processing of syntactic long-distance dependencies. Cognitive Brain Research 2005, 22:407-428.
    • (2005) Cognitive Brain Research , vol.22 , pp. 407-428
    • Phillips, C.1    Kazanina, N.2    Abada, S.H.3
  • 50
    • 84856620699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural and semantic selectivity in the electrophysiology of sentence comprehension. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park.
    • Stroud, C. (2008). Structural and semantic selectivity in the electrophysiology of sentence comprehension. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park.
    • (2008)
    • Stroud, C.1
  • 51
    • 0029033939 scopus 로고
    • Integration of visual and linguistic information in spoken language-comprehension
    • Tanenhaus M.K., Spivey-Knowlton M.J., Eberhard K.M., Sedivy J.C. Integration of visual and linguistic information in spoken language-comprehension. Science 1995, 268:1632-1634.
    • (1995) Science , vol.268 , pp. 1632-1634
    • Tanenhaus, M.K.1    Spivey-Knowlton, M.J.2    Eberhard, K.M.3    Sedivy, J.C.4
  • 52
    • 0001258156 scopus 로고
    • Toward a lexicalist framework for constraint-based syntactic ambiguity resolution
    • Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, C. Clifton, K. Rayner, T.L. Frazier (Eds.)
    • Trueswell J.C., Tanenhaus M.K. Toward a lexicalist framework for constraint-based syntactic ambiguity resolution. Perspectives on sentence processing 1994, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ. C. Clifton, K. Rayner, T.L. Frazier (Eds.).
    • (1994) Perspectives on sentence processing
    • Trueswell, J.C.1    Tanenhaus, M.K.2
  • 53
    • 70449528362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neuropragmatics of 'simple' utterance comprehension: An ERP review
    • Palgrave, Basingstoke, U. Sauerland, K. Yatsushiro (Eds.)
    • Van Berkum J.J.A. The neuropragmatics of 'simple' utterance comprehension: An ERP review. Semantics and pragmatics: From experiment to theory 2009, Palgrave, Basingstoke. U. Sauerland, K. Yatsushiro (Eds.).
    • (2009) Semantics and pragmatics: From experiment to theory
    • Van Berkum, J.J.A.1
  • 56
    • 33745993915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When heuristics clash with parsing routines: ERP evidence for conflict monitoring in sentence perception
    • Van Herten M., Chwilla D.J., Kolk H.H.J. When heuristics clash with parsing routines: ERP evidence for conflict monitoring in sentence perception. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2006, 18:1181-1197.
    • (2006) Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , vol.18 , pp. 1181-1197
    • Van Herten, M.1    Chwilla, D.J.2    Kolk, H.H.J.3
  • 57
    • 11844258187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An ERP study of P600 effects elicited by semantic anomalies
    • Van Herten M., Kolk H.H.J., Chwilla D. An ERP study of P600 effects elicited by semantic anomalies. Cognitive Brain Research 2005, 22:241-255.
    • (2005) Cognitive Brain Research , vol.22 , pp. 241-255
    • Van Herten, M.1    Kolk, H.H.J.2    Chwilla, D.3
  • 58
    • 33646399487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural localization of semantic context effects in electromagnetic and hemodynamic studies
    • Van Petten C., Luka B.J. Neural localization of semantic context effects in electromagnetic and hemodynamic studies. Brain and Language 2006, 97:279-293.
    • (2006) Brain and Language , vol.97 , pp. 279-293
    • Van Petten, C.1    Luka, B.J.2
  • 59
    • 33746719257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring in language perception: The effect of misspellings of words in highly constrained sentences
    • Vissers C.T.W.M., Chwilla D.J., Kolk H.H.J. Monitoring in language perception: The effect of misspellings of words in highly constrained sentences. Brain Research 2006, 1106:150-163.
    • (2006) Brain Research , vol.1106 , pp. 150-163
    • Vissers, C.T.W.M.1    Chwilla, D.J.2    Kolk, H.H.J.3
  • 60
    • 39149129940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring in language perception: Evidence from ERPs in a picture-sentence matching task
    • Vissers C.T.W.M., Kolk H.H.J., van de Meerendonk N., Chwilla D.J. Monitoring in language perception: Evidence from ERPs in a picture-sentence matching task. Neuropsychologia 2008, 46:967-982.
    • (2008) Neuropsychologia , vol.46 , pp. 967-982
    • Vissers, C.T.W.M.1    Kolk, H.H.J.2    van de Meerendonk, N.3    Chwilla, D.J.4
  • 61
    • 67349204624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agreement attraction in comprehension: Representations and processes
    • Wagers M., Lau E., Phillips C. Agreement attraction in comprehension: Representations and processes. Journal of Memory and Language 2009, 61:206-237.
    • (2009) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.61 , pp. 206-237
    • Wagers, M.1    Lau, E.2    Phillips, C.3
  • 62
    • 0038306167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potato not pope: Human brain potentials to gender expectation and agreement in Spanish spoken sentences
    • Wicha N.Y.Y. Potato not pope: Human brain potentials to gender expectation and agreement in Spanish spoken sentences. Neuroscience Letters 2003, 346:165-168.
    • (2003) Neuroscience Letters , vol.346 , pp. 165-168
    • Wicha, N.Y.Y.1
  • 63
    • 0038153126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expecting gender: An event-related potential study on the role of grammatical gender in comprehending a line drawing within a written sentence in Spanish
    • Wicha N.Y.Y., Moreno E.M., Kutas M. Expecting gender: An event-related potential study on the role of grammatical gender in comprehending a line drawing within a written sentence in Spanish. Cortex 2003, 39:483-508.
    • (2003) Cortex , vol.39 , pp. 483-508
    • Wicha, N.Y.Y.1    Moreno, E.M.2    Kutas, M.3
  • 64
    • 4644331917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anticipating words and their gender: An event-related brain potential study of semantic integration, gender expectancy and gender agreement in Spanish sentence reading
    • Wicha N.Y.Y., Moreno E.M., Kutas M. Anticipating words and their gender: An event-related brain potential study of semantic integration, gender expectancy and gender agreement in Spanish sentence reading. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2004, 16:1272-1288.
    • (2004) Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , vol.16 , pp. 1272-1288
    • Wicha, N.Y.Y.1    Moreno, E.M.2    Kutas, M.3
  • 65
    • 40949115396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of cognitive control in sentence comprehension: Evidence from ERPs
    • Ye Z., Zhou X. Involvement of cognitive control in sentence comprehension: Evidence from ERPs. Brain Research 2008, 1203:103-115.
    • (2008) Brain Research , vol.1203 , pp. 103-115
    • Ye, Z.1    Zhou, X.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.