Low-latitude Ordovician to Triassic brachiopod habitat temperatures (BHTs) determined from δ 18O [brachiopod calcite]: A cold hard look at ice-house tropical oceans

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Volumn 317-318, Issue , 2012, Pages 134-152

  Giles, Peter S ^a  

^a GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Brachiopod habitat; Cool tropics; Glaciation; Oxygen isotopes; Temperature

Indexed keywords

BRACHIOPOD; EPISODIC EVENT; GLACIATION; GLOBAL WARMING; ICE SHEET; LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; ORDOVICIAN; OXYGEN ISOTOPE; PALEOTEMPERATURE; PH; SHELL; TRIASSIC;

BRACHIOPODA;

EID: 84856561984     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.002     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. 18O of the glacial deep ocean. Science 2002, 298:1769-1773.
2. Ainsaar L., Kaljo D., Martma T., Meidla T., Männik M., Nolvak J., Tinn O. Middle and Upper Ordovician carbon isotope chemostratigraphy in Baltoscandia: a correlation standard and clues to environmental history. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2010, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.01.003.
3. Anderson T.F., Arthur M.A. Stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon and their application to sedimentologic and palaeoenvironmental problems. Society of Economic Palaeontologists and Mineralogists Short Course 1983, 10:I1-I151. M.A. Arthur, T.F. Anderson, I.R. Kaplan, J. Veizer, L.S. Land (Eds.).
4. Azmy K., Veizer J., Jin J., Copper P., Brand U. Paleobathymetry of a Silurian shelf based on brachiopod assemblages: an oxygen isotope test. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2006, 43:281-293.
5. Bemis B.E., Spero H.J., Bijma J., Lea D.W. Reevaluation of the oxygen isotope composition of planktonic foraminifera: experimental results and revised paleotemperature equations. Paleoceanography 1998, 13:150-160.
6. 2 over Phanerozoic time. American Journal of Science 2001, 301:182-204.
7. Bishop J.W., Montañez I.P., Poulsen C.J. Near-freezing low-latitude surface waters during Pennsylvanian glaciation: glendonites from equatorial western Pangaea. Abstracts with Programs 2007, 39:355.
8. Bishop J.W., Montañez I.P., Osleger D.A. Dynamic Carboniferous climate change, Arrow Canyon, Nevada. Geosphere 2010, 6:1-34.
9. Blake B.M., Beuthin J.D. Deciphering the mid-Carboniferous eustatic event in the central Appalachian foreland basin, southern West Virginia, USA. Geological Society of America Special Paper 2008, 441:249-260. C.R. Fielding, T.D. Frank, J.L. Isbell (Eds.).
10. Blakey R.C. Gondwana paleogeography from assembly to breakup-a 500m.y. odyssey. Geological Society of America Special Paper 2008, 441:1-28. C.R. Fielding, T.D. Frank, J.L. Isbell (Eds.).
11. Brand U., Logan A., Hiller N., Richardson J. Geochemistry of modern brachiopods: applications and implications for oceanography and paleoceanography. Chemical Geology 2003, 198:305-334.
12. Brand U., Tazawa J., Sano H., Azmy K., Lee X. Is mid-late Paleozoic ocean-water chemistry coupled with epeiric seawater isotope records?. Geology 2009, 37:823-826.
13. Brandley R.T., Krause F.F. Upwelling, thermoclines and wave-sweeping on an equatorial carbonate ramp: Lower Carboniferous strata of western Canada. SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication 1997, 56:365-390. N.P. James, J.A.D. Clarke (Eds.).
14. Brezinski D.K., Cecil C.B., Skema V.W., Stamm R. Late Devonian glacial deposits from the eastern United States signal an end of the mid-Paleozoic warm period. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2008, 268:143-151.
15. Brezinski D.K., Cecil C.B., Skema V.W. Late Devonian glaciogenic and associated facies from the central Appalachian Basin, eastern United States. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2010, 122:265-281.
16. Brock T.D. Life at high temperatures. Science 1985, 230:132-138.
17. Bruckschen P., Veizer J. Oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of Dinantian brachiopods: paleoenvironmental implications for the Lower carboniferous of western Europe. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1997, 132:243-264.
18. 18O records-their relation to the Late Palaeozoic Glaciation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2008, 268:273-292.
19. 2 concentrations during the Paleozoic era. Nature 2007, 449:198-201.
20. Caputo M.V., Melo J.H.G., Streel M., Isbell J.L. Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous records of South America. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 2008, 441:161-173. C.R. Fielding, T.D. Frank, J.L. Isbell (Eds.).
21. 13C values of modern brachiopod shells. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1995, 59:3749-3764.
22. Cherns L., Wheeley J.R. Early Palaeozoic cooling events: peri-Gondwana and beyond. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2009, 325:257-278. M.G. Bassett (Ed.).
23. de Vernal A., Hillaire-Marcel C., Turon J.-L., Matthiessen J. Reconstruction of sea-surface temperature, salinity, and sea-ice cover in the northern North Atlantic during the last glacial maximum based on dinocyst assemblages. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2000, 37:725-750.
24. Dennis K.J., Affek H.P., Passey B.H., Schrag D.P., Eiler J.M. Defining an absolute reference frame for 'clumped' isotope studies of CO2. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2011, 75:7117-7131.
25. Díaz-Martínez E., Grahn Y. Early Silurian glaciation along the western margin of Gondwana (Peru, Bolivia and northern Argentina): palaeogeographic and geodynamic setting. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2007, 245:62-81.
26. Dyke A.S., Andrews J.T., Clark P.U., England J., Miller G.H., Shaw J., Veillette J.J. The Laurentide and Innuitian Ice Sheets during the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews 2002, 21:9-31.
27. Ellwood B.B., Benoist S.L., Hassani A.E., Wheeler C., Crick R.E. Impact ejecta layer from the mid-Devonian: possible connection to global mass extinctions. Science 2003, 300:1734-1737.
28. 5yr) and My-scale glacio-eustasy in Middle Pennsylvanian cyclic carbonates (Gray Mesa Formation), central New Mexico. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2010, 285:307-320.
29. Elrick M., Brekyová S., Klapper G., Sharp Z., Joachimski M., Fryda J. Stratigraphic and oxygen isotope evidence for My-yr scale glaciation driving eustasy in the Early-Middle Devonian greenhouse world. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2009, 276:170-181.
30. Epstein S., Buchsbaum R., Lowenstam H.A., Urey H.C. Revised carbonate-water isotopic temperature scale. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1953, 64:1315-1326.
31. Eyles N. Earth's glacial record and its tectonic setting. Earth-Science Reviews 1993, 35:1-248.
32. Farkaš J.F., Böhm F., Wallmann K., Blenkinsop J., Eisenhaue A., van Geldern R., Munnecke A., Voigt S., Veizer J. Calcium isotope record of Phanerozoic oceans: implications for chemical evolution of seawater and its causative mechanisms. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2007, 71:5117-5134.
33. Faure Principles of Isotope Geology 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
34. Fielding C.R., Frank T.D., Birgenheier L.P., Rygel M.C., Jones A.T., Roberts J. Stratigraphic imprint of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in eastern Australia: a record of alternating glacial and nonglacial climate regime. Journal of the Geological Society of London 2008, 165:129-140.
35. Finnegan S., Bergmann K., Eiler J.M., Jones D.S., Fike D.A., Eisenman I., Hughes N.C., Tripati A.K., Fischer W.W. The magnitude and duration of Late Ordovician-Early Silurian glaciation. Science 2011, 331:903-906.
36. Fitzgerald P.C., Carlson S.J. Examining the latitudinal diversity gradient in Paleozoic terebratulid brachiopods: should singleton data be removed?. Paleobiology 2006, 32:367-386.
37. 18O bonds in carbonate minerals: a new kind of paleothermometer. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2006, 70:1439-1456.
38. Giles P.S. Orbital forcing and Mississippian sea level change: time series analysis of marine flooding events in the Viséan Windsor Group of eastern Canada and implications for Gondwana glaciation. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 2009, 57:1-23.
39. Gradstein F.M., Ogg J.G., Smith A.G., Agterberg F.P., Bleeker W., Cooper R.A., Davydov V., Gibbard P., Hinov L., House M.R., Lourens L., Luterbacher H.-P., McArthur J., Melchin M.J., Robb L.J., Shergold J., Villeneuve M., Wardlaw B.R., Ali J., Brinkhuis H., Hilgen F.J., Hooker J., Howarth R.J., Knoll A.H., Laskar J., Monechi S., Powell J., Plumb K.A., Raffi I., Röhl U., Sanfilippo A., Schmitz B., Shackleton N.J., Shields G.A., Strauss H., Van Dam J., van Kolfschoten T., Veizer J., Wilson D. A geological time scale 2004 2004, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 589 pp.
40. Grahn Y., Caputo M.V. Early Silurian glaciations in Brazil. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1992, 99:9-15.
41. Grossman E.L., Mii H.-S., Yancey T.E. Stable isotopes in Late Pennsylvanian brachiopods from the United States: implication for Carboniferous paleoceanography. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1993, 105:1284-1296.
42. Groves J.R., Beason S.R. Foraminiferal evidence for the age of the Mississippian Pella Formation (Southeastern Iowa, USA). Journal of Foraminiferal Research 2006, 36:379-388.
43. Guilderson T.P., Fairbanks R.G., Rubenstone J.L. Tropical temperature variations since 20,000years ago: modulating interhemispheric climate change. Science 1994, 263:663-665.
44. Gulbranson E.L., Montañez I.P., Schmitz M.D., Limarino C.O., Isbell J.L., Marenssi S.A., Crowley J.L. High-precision U-Pb calibration of Carboniferous glaciation and climate history, Paganzo Group, NW Argentina. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2010, 122:1480-1498.
45. Holland S.M., Miller A.I., Meyer D.L., Dattilo B.F. The detection and importance of subtle biofacies within a single lithofacies: the upper Ordovician Kope Formation of the Cincinnati, Ohio region. PALAIOS 2001, 16:205-217.
46. Hyde W.T., Crowley T.J., Baum S.K., Peltier W.R. Neoproterozoic 'snowball Earth' simulations with a coupled climate/ice-sheet model. Nature 2000, 405:425-429.
47. Iannuzzi R., Pfefferkorn H.W. A pre-glacial warm-temperate floral belt in Gondwana (Late Viséan, Early Carboniferous). PALAIOS 2002, 17:571-590.
48. Isaacson P.E., Díaz-Martíez E., Grader G.W., Kalvoda J., Babek O., Devuyst F.X. Late Devonian-earliest Mississippian glaciation in Gondwanaland and its biogeographic consequences. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2008, 268:126-142.
49. Isbell J.L., Miller M.F., Wolfe K.L., Lenaker P.A. Timing of late Paleozoic glaciation in Gondwana: was glaciation responsible for the development of northern hemisphere cyclothems?. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 2003, 370:5-24. M.A. Chan, A.A. Archer (Eds.).
50. Jaffrés J.B.D., Shields G.A., Wallmann K. The oxygen isotope evolution of seawater: a critical review of a long-standing controversy and an improved geological water cycle model for the past 3.4billion years. Earth-Science Reviews 2007, 83:83-122.
51. Jones A.T., Frank T.D., Fielding C.R. Cold climate in the eastern Australian mid to late Permian may reflect cold upwelling waters. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2006, 237:370-377.
52. Kasting J.F., Howard M.T., Wallmann K., Veizer J., Shields G., Jaffrés J. Paleoclimates, ocean depth, and the oxygen isotopic composition of seawater. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2006, 252:82-93.
53. Kiessling W. Reef expansion during the Triassic: spread of photosymbiosis balancing. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2009, 290:11-19.
54. Kim S.-T., O'Neil J.R. Equilibrium and nonequilibrium oxygen isotope effects in synthetic carbonates. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1997, 61:3461-3475.
55. Kominz M.A. Thermally subsiding basins and the insulating effect of sediment with application to the Cambro-Ordovician Great Basin sequence, western USA. Basin Research 1995, 7:221-233.
56. Korte C., Hesselbo S.P., Jenkyns H.C., Rickaby R.E.M., Spötl C. Palaeoenvironmental significance of carbon- and oxygen-isotope stratigraphy of marine Triassic-Jurassic boundary sections in SW Britain. Journal of the Geological Society of London 2009, 166:431-445. 10.1144/0016-76492007-177.
57. Kowalewski M., Simoes M.G., Carroll M., Rodland D.L. Abundant brachiopods on a tropical upwelling-influenced shelf (Southeast Brazilian Bight, South Atlantic). PALAIOS 2002, 17:277-286.
58. Kumar A., Farooqui A., Jha N. Early Permian glacio-marine thecamoebian assemblages from the northwest Himalayas, India. Journal of Micropalaeontology 2011, 30:75-89.
59. 2 during the Late Ordovician. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1999, 152:173-187.
60. Lang J., Yahama M., El Hamet M.O., Bescombes J.C., Cazooulat M. DepÔts glaciaires du Carbonifère inférieur à l'ouest de l'A ïr (Niger). Geologische Rundschau 1991, 80:611-622.
61. Lavoie D., Asselin E. Upper Ordovician facies in the Lac Saint-Jean outlier, Quebec (eastern Canada): paleoenvironmental significance for Late Ordovician oceanography. Sedimentology 1998, 45:817-832.
62. Lea D.W., Pak D.K., Spero H.J. Climate impact of Late Quaternary equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature variations. Science 2000, 289:1719-1724.
63. Lehnert O., Männik P., Joachimski M.M., Calner M., Frýda J. Palaeoclimate perturbations before the Sheinwoodian glaciation: a trigger for extinctions during the "Ireviken Event". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2010, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.01.009.
64. Loboziak S., Streel M., Caputo M.V., de Melo J.H.G. Middle Devonian to Lower carboniferous miospore stratigraphy in the central Parnaiba Basin (Brazil). Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique 1992, 115:215-228.
65. Mamet B.L., Nelson S.J. Stratigraphic position of Carboniferous Macgowanella and Sinopora? pascuali, Canadian Cordillera. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1984, 21:500-501.
66. Matchen D.L., Kammer T.W. Incised valley fill interpretation for Mississippian Black Hand Sandstone, Appalachian Basin, USA: implications for glacial eustasy at Kinderhookian-Osagian (Tn2-Tn3) boundary. Sedimentary Geology 2006, 191:89-113.
67. Mii H.-S., Grossman E.L., Yancey T.E. Carboniferous isotope stratigraphies of North America: implications for Carboniferous paleoceanography and Mississippian glaciation. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1999, 111:960-973.
68. Miller K.G., Kominz M.A., Browning J.V., Wright J.D., Mountain G.S., Katz M.E., Sugarman P.J., Cramer B.S., Christie-Blick N., Pekar S.F. The Phanerozoic record of global sea-level change. Science 2005, 310:1293-1298.
69. Minas H.J., Minas M., Packard T.T. Productivity in upwelling areas deduced from hydrographic and chemical fields. Limnology and Oceanography 1986, 31(6):1182-1206.
70. 2-forced climate and vegetation instability during Late Paleozoic glaciation. Science 2007, 315:87-91.
71. Montañez I., Bishop J.W., Eros J.M., Gulbranson E.L., Cecil B. Near and far field linkages in Permo-Carboniferous climate, sea-level and glaciation. Abstracts with Programs 2008, 40:400.
72. Nature Journal Club Discussion of the 'clumped isotope' paleothermometer, initiated by Francis Albarede, with contributions from Graham Shields, Jan Veizer, John Eiler, Karlis Muehlenbachs and Paul Knauth accessed 2011 at. http://blogs.nature.com/nature/journalclub/2007/10/francis_albarede.html.
73. Peck L.S. Brachiopods and climate change. Earth and Environmental Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 2007, 98:451-456.
74. Peters S.E. The problem with the Paleozoic. Paleobiology 2007, 33:165-181.
75. Powell M.G. The latitudinal diversity gradient of brachiopods over the past 530million years. Journal of Geology 2009, 117:585-594.
76. Powell M.G., Schöne B.R., Dorrit E.J. Tropical marine climate during the late Paleozoic ice age using trace element analysis of brachiopods. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2009, 280:143-149.
77. 34S database through Earth history. Earth-Science Reviews 2008, 87:113-133.
78. Pufahl P.K., James N.P., Kyser T.K., Lukasik J.J., Bone Y. Brachiopods in epeiric seas as monitors of secular changes in ocean chemistry: a Miocene example from the Murray Basin, South Australia. Journal of Sedimentary Research 2006, 76:926-941.
79. Ridgwell A. A Mid Mesozoic revolution in the regulation of ocean Chemistry. Marine Geology 2005, 217:339-357.
80. Rocha-Campos A.C., dos Santos P.R., Canuto J.R. Late Paleozoic glacial deposits of Brazil: Paraná Basin. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 2008, 441:97-114. 10.1130/2008.2441(07). C.R. Fielding, T.D. Frank, J.L. Isbell (Eds.).
81. 2 as a primary driver of Phanerozoic climate. GSA Today 2004, 14. 10.1130/1052-5173(2004) 014<4:CAAPDO>2.0.CO;2.
82. Rygel M.C., Fielding C.R., Frank T.D., Birgenheier L.P. The magnitude of late Paleozoic Glacioeustatic fluctuations: a synthesis. Journal of Sedimentary Research 2008, 78:500-511.
83. Saltzman M.R. Carbon and oxygen isotope stratigraphy of the Lower Mississippian (Kinderhookian-Lower Osagean), Western United States: implications for seawater chemistry and glaciation. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2002, 114:96-108.
84. Samankassou E. Cool-water carbonates in a paleoequatorial shallow-water environment: the paradox of the Auernig cyclic sediments (Upper Pennsylvanian, Carnic Alps, Austria-Italy) and its implications. Geology 2002, 30:655-658.
85. Schmidt M.W., Spero H.J., Lea D.W. Links between salinity variation in the Caribbean and North Atlantic thermohaline circulation. Nature 2004, 428:160-162.
86. Schoene B.S., Guex J., Bartolini A., Schaltegger U., Blackburn T.J. Correlating the end-Triassic mass extinction and flood basalt volcanism at the 100ka level. Geology 2010, 38:387-390.
87. Shaviv N., Veizer J. Celestial driver of Phanerozoic climate. GSA Today 2003, 13(7):4-10.
88. Shaviv N., Veizer J. Comment on "CO2 as a primary driver of Phanerozoic climate" by Royer et al. GSA Today 2004, 14(17):18.
89. Shi G.R. Possible influence of Gondwanan glaciation on low-latitude carbonate sedimentation and trans-equatorial faunal migration: the Lower Permian of South China. Geosciences Journal 2001, 5:57-63.
90. Smith L.B., Read J.F. Rapid onset of late Palaeozoic glaciation on Gondwana: evidence from Upper Mississippian strata of the Mid-continent, United States. Geology 2000, 28:279-282.
91. Soreghan G.S., Elmore R.D., Lewchuk M.T. Sedimentological record of western Pangean climate in upper Paleozoic loessite (lower Cutler beds, Utah). Geological Society of America Bulletin 2002, 114:1019-1035.
92. Soreghan G.S., Moses A.M., Soreghan M.J., Hamilton M.A., Fanning C.M., Link P.K. Palaeoclimatic inferences from upper Paleozoic siltstone of the Earp Formation and equivalents, Arizona-New Mexico (USA). Sedimentology 2007, 54:701-719.
93. Soreghan G.S., Soreghan M.J., Hamilton M.A. Origin and significance of loess in late Paleozoic western Pangaea: A record of tropical cold?. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2008, 268:234-259.
94. Soreghan G.S., Soreghan M.J., Poulsen C.J., Young R.A., Eble C.F., Sweet D.E., Davogustto O.C. Anomalous cold in the Pangean tropics. Geology 2008, 36:659-662.
95. Spenceley A.P. Grooves and striations on the Stanthorpe Adamellite: evidence for a possible late Middle-Late Triassic age glaciation. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 2001, 48:777-784.
96. Streel M., Marshall J.E.A. Devonian-Carboniferous boundary global correlations and their paleogeographic implications for the Assembly of Pangaea. Proceedings of the XVth International Congress on Carboniferous and Permian Stratigraphy, Utrecht, the Netherlands, August 2003 2006, 481-496. T. Wong (Ed.).
97. Streel M., Caputo M.V., Loboziak S., Meil J.H.G. Late Frasnian-Famennian climates based on palynomorph analyses and the question of Late Devonian glaciations. Earth-Science Reviews 2000, 52:121-173.
98. Sweet D.E., Soreghan G.S. Polygonal cracking in coarse clastics records cold temperatures in the equatorial Fountain Formation (Pennsylvanian-Permian, Colorado). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2008, 268:193-204.
99. Tabor N.J., Montañez I.P. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of Permian pedogenic phyllosilicates: development of modern surface domain arrays and implications for paleotemoperature reconstructions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2005, 223:127-146.
100. Van Vliet-Lanoe B. The autocyclic nature of glaciations. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 2007, 178:247-262.
101. 2 during the glacial maximum of the Early Paleozoic Icehouse. PNAS 2010, 107:14983-14986.
102. 18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical Geology 1999, 161:59-88.
103. 2 and global climate during the Phanerozoic eon. Nature 2000, 408:698-701.
104. von Bitter P.H., Giles P.S., Utting J. Biostratigraphic correlation of major cycles in the Windsor and Codroy groups of Nova Scotia & Newfoundland, Atlantic Canada, with the Mississippian substages of Britain and Ireland. Proceedings of the XVth International Congress on Carboniferous and Permian Stratigraphy, Utrecht, the Netherlands, August 2003 2006, 513-534. T. Wong (Ed.).
105. von Deimling T.S., Ganopolski A., Held H., Rahmstorf S. How cold was the Last Glacial Maximum?. Geophysical Research Letters 2006, 33:L14709. 10.1029/2006GL026484.
106. 18O values. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2001, 65:2469-2485.
107. 18O record. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2004, 5:Q06004. 10.1029/2003GC000683.
108. Wicander R., Clayton G., Marshall J.E.A., Troth I., Racey A. Was the latest Devonian glaciation a multiple event? New Palynological evidence from Bolivia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2011, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.02.016.
109. Yasamanov N.A. Temperatures of Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian seas in Transcaucasia and the Ural region. International Geology Review 1981, 23:1099-1102.
110. Zaarur S., Olack G., Affek H.P. Paleo-environmental implication of clumped isotopes in land snail shells. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2011, 75:6859-6869.
111. Zeebe R.E. An explanation of the effect of seawater carbonate concentration on foraminiferal oxygen isotopes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1999, 63:2001-2007.
112. Zeebe R.E. Seawater pH and isotopic paleotemperatures of Cretaceous oceans. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2001, 170:49-57.
113. 18O composition of conodont apatite indicates climatic cooling during the Middle Pridoli. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2010, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.03.033.