Early Palaeozoic cooling events: Peri-Gondwana and beyond

Geological Society Special Publication

Volumn 325, Issue , 2009, Pages 257-278

  Cherns, Lesley ^a   Wheeley, James R ^b  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON ISOTOPE; CARBONATE SEDIMENT; CLIMATE CHANGE; COOLING; DEPOSITION; GEOMORPHOLOGY; GLACIAL DEPOSIT; GLACIATION; GONDWANA; MASS EXTINCTION; ORDOVICIAN; PALEOBIOGEOGRAPHY; PALEOCLIMATE; PALEOLATITUDE; PALEOZOIC; SEA LEVEL CHANGE; SILURIAN;

EID: 74949113924     PISSN: 03058719     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1144/SP325.13     Document Type: Article

References (192)

1. Ainsaar, L., Meidla, T. & Martma, T. 1999. Evidence for a widespread carbon isotopic event associated with late Middle Ordovician sedimentological and faunal changes in Estonia. Geological Magazine, 136, 49-62.
2. Ainsaar, L., Meidla, T. & Martma, T. 2004. The Middle Caradoc facies and faunal turnover in the Late Ordovician Baltoscandian palaeobasin. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 210, 119-133.
3. Álvaro, J. J., Vennin, E., Villas, E., Destombes, J. & Vizcaïno, D. 2007. Pre-Hirnantian (latest Ordovician) benthic community assemblages: controls and replacements in a siliciclastic-dominated platform of the eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 245, 20-36.
4. Armstrong, H. A., Turner, B. R., Makhlouf, I. M., Weedon, G. P., Williams, M., AL Smadi, A. & Abu Salah, A. 2005. Origin, sequence stratigraphy and depositional environment of an upper Ordovician (Himantian) deglacial black shale, Jordan. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 220, 273-289.
5. Armstrong, H. A., Turner, B. R., Makhlouf, I. M., Weedon, G. P., Williams, M., Al Smadi, A. & Abu Salah, A. 2006. Discussion (re. Lüning et al. 2005). Reply to 'Origin, sequence stratigraphy and depositional environment of an upper Ordovician (Hirnantian) deglacial black shale, Jordan' Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 230, 356-360.
6. Artyushkov, E. A., Lindström, M. & Popov, L. E. 2000. Relative sea-level changes in Baltoscandia in the Cambrian and early Ordovician: the predominance of tectonic factors and the absence of large scale eustatic fluctuations. Tectonophysics, 320, 375-407.
7. Aziz, H. A., Krijgsman, W., Hilgen, F. J., Wilson, D. S. & Calvo, J. P. 2003. An astronomical polarity timescale for the late middle Miocene based on cyclic continental sequences. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 2159, 1-16.
8. Azmy, K., Veizer, J., Bassett, M. G. & Copper, P. 1998. Oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of Silurian brachiopods: implications for coeval seawater and glaciations. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 110, 1499-1512.
9. Bassett, M. G. 1985. Silurian stratigraphy and facies development in Scandinavia. In: Gee, D. G. & Sturt, B. A. (eds) The Caledonide Orogen-Scandinavia and Related Areas. Wiley, Chichester, 283-292.
10. Benedetto, J. L., Vaccari, N. E., Waisfeld, B. G., Sánchez, T. M. & Foglia, R. D. 2009. Cambrian and Ordovician biogeography of the South American margin of Gondwana and accreted terranes. In: Bassett, M. G. (ed.) Early Palaeozoic Peri-Gondwana Terranes: New Insights from Tectonics and Biogeography. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 325, 201-232.
11. Berger, A. & Loutre, M. F. 1994. Astronomical forcing through geological time. In: Boer, P. L. & Smith, D. G. (eds) Orbital Forcing and Cyclic Sequences. International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publications, 19, 15-24.
12. Berger, A., Loutre, M. F. & Laskar, J. 1992. Stability of the astronomical frequencies over the Earth's history for paleoclimate studies. Science, 255, 560-566.
13. Bergström, S. M., Löfgren, A. & Grahn, Y. 2004. The stratigraphy of the Upper Ordovician carbonate mounds in the subsurface of Gotland. GFF, 126, 257-320.
14. 13C excursion in the North American Midcontinent and its regional implications. Geological Magazine, 143, 1-22.
15. 13C chemostratigraphy in North America and Baltoscandia: a trans-Atlantic comparison. WOGOGOB 2007, Rättvik, Sweden: 9th meeting of the Working Group on Ordovician Geology of Baltoscandia. Sveriges geologiska undersökning, Rapporter och meddelanden, 128, 80-81.
16. 2 over Phanerozoic time. American Journal of Science, 294, 56-91.
17. 2 over Phanerozoic time. American Journal of Science, 301, 182-204.
18. Bickert, T., Patzold, J., Samtleben, C. & Mun-Necke, A. 1997. Paleoenvironmental changes in the Silurian indicated by stable isotopes in brachiopod shells from Gotland, Sweden. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61, 2717-2730.
19. Biju-Duval, B., Deynoux, M. & Rognon, P. 1981. Late Ordovician tillites of the Central Sahara. In: Hambrey, M. J. & Harland, W. B. (eds) Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 99-107.
20. Bohm, F., Westphal, H. & Bornholdt, S. 2003. Required but disguised: environmental signals in limestone-marlalternations.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 189, 161-178.
21. Boucot, A. J., Rong, J., Chen, X. & Scotese, C. R. 2003. Pre-Hirnantian Ashgill climatically warm event in the Mediterranean region. Lethaia, 36, 119-131.
22. Brasier, M. D. 1993. Towards a carbon isotope stratigraphy of the Cambrian System: potential of the Great Basin succession. In: Hailwood, E. A. & Kidd, R. B. (eds) High Resolution Stratigraphy. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 70, 341-350.
23. Brenchley, P. J. 2004. End Ordovician glaciation. In: Webby, B. D., Paris, F., Droser, M. L. & Percival, I. G. (eds) The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. Columbia University Press, New York, 81-83.
24. Brenchley, P. J. & Štorch, P. 1989. Environmental changes in the Hirnantian (Upper Ordovician) of the Prague Basin, Czechoslovakia. Geological Journal, 24, 165-181.
25. Brenchley, P. J., Marshall, J. D. et al. 1994. Bathymetric and isotopic evidence for a short-lived Late Ordovician glaciation in a greenhouse period. Geology, 22, 295-298.
26. Brenchley, P. J., Carden, G. A. F. & Marshall, J. D. 1995. Environmental changes associated with the 'first strike' of the late Ordovician mass extinction. Modern Geology, 20, 69-72.
27. Brenchley, P. J., Marshall, J. D. & Underwood, C. J. 2001. Do all mass extinctions represent an ecological crisis? Evidence from the Late Ordovician. Geological Journal, 36, 329-340.
28. Brenchley, P. J., Marshall, J. D., Harper, D. A. T., Buttler, C. J. & Underwood, C. J. 2006. A late Ordovician (Hirnantian) karstic surface in a submarine channel, recording glacio-eustatic sea-level changes: Meifod, central Wales. Geological Journal, 41, 1-22.
29. Brookfield, M. E. 1988. A Mid-Ordovician temperate carbonate shelf-the Black River and Trenton Limestone Groups of Southern Ontario, Canada. Sedimentary Geology, 60, 137-153.
30. Buttler, C. J., Cherns, L. & Massa, D. 2007. Bryozoan mud-mounds from the upper Ordovician Jifarah (Djeffara) Formation of Tripolitania, northwest Libya. Palaeontology, 50, 479-494.
31. Calner, M. & Jeppsson, L. 2003. Carbonate platform evolution and conodont stratigraphy during the middle Silurian Mulde Event, Gotland, Sweden. Geological Magazine, 140, 173-203.
32. Calner, M., Jeppsson, L. & Munnecke, A. 2004. The Silurian of Gotland-Part I. Review of the stratigraphic framework, event stratigraphy, and stable carbon and oxygen isotope development. In: MUN-Necke, A., Servais, T. & Schulbert, C. (eds) Early Palaeozoic palaeogeography and palaeoclimate (IGCP 503). Erlanger Geologische Abhandlungen, 5, 113-131.
33. Cherns, L. 1982. Palaeokarst, tidal erosion surfaces and stromatolites in the Silurian Eke Formation of Gotland, Sweden. Sedimentology, 29, 819-833.
34. Cherns, L. & Wheeley, J. R. 2007. A pre-Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) interval of global cooling-The Boda event re-assessed. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 251, 449-460.
35. Cocks, L. R. M. 2005. Strophomenate brachiopods from the late Ordovician Boda Limestone of Sweden: their systematics and implications for palaeogeography. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 3, 243-282.
36. Cocks, L. R. M. 2007. Blowing hot and cold in the Palaeozoic. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 118, 225-237.
37. Cocks, L. R. M. & Fortey, R. A. 1986. New evidence on the South African Lower Palaeozoic; age and fossils reviewed. Geological Magazine, 123, 437-444.
38. Cocks, L. R. M. & Torsvik, T. H. 2002. Earth geography from 500 to 400 million years ago: a faunal and palaeomagnetic review. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 159, 631-644.
39. Cocks, L. R. M. & Torsvik, T. H. 2004. Major terranes in the Ordovician. In: Webby, B. D., Paris, F., Droser, M. L. & Percival, I. G. (eds) The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. Columbia University Press, New York, 61-67.
40. Cocks, L. R. M. & Torsvik, T. H. 2005. Baltica from the late Precambrian to mid-Palaeozoic times: the gain and loss of a terrane's identity. Earth-Science Reviews, 72, 39-66.
41. 12C in the deep ocean during the early Wenlock (Silurian) positive carbon isotope excursion. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 219, 333-349.
42. Cramer, B. D. & Saltzman, M. R. 2007a. Fluctuations in epeiric sea carbonate production during Silurian positive carbon isotope excursions: a review of proposed paleoceanographic models. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 245, 37-45.
43. org analyses from the Midcontinent of North America: implications for paleoceanography and paleoclimate. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 256, 195-203.
44. Destombes, J. 1981. Hirnantian (Upper Ordovician) tillites on the north flank of the Tindouf Basin, Anti-Atlas, Morocco. In: Hambrey, M. J. & Harland, W. B. (eds) Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 84-88.
45. Destombes, J., Hollard, H. & Willefert, S. 1985. Lower Palaeozoic rocks of Morocco. In: Holland, C. H. (ed.) Lower Palaeozoic Rocks of the World, Vol. 4: Lower Palaeozoic of North-western and West-central Africa. Wiley, Chichester, 91-336.
46. Deynoux, M. & Ghienne, J.-F. 2004. Late Ordovician glacial pavements revisited: a reappraisal of the origin of striated surfaces. Terra Nova, 16, 95-101.
47. Deynoux, M. & Trompette, R. 1981. Late Ordovician tillites of the Taoudeni Basin, West Africa. In: Hambrey, M. J. & Harland, W. B. (eds) Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 89-96.
48. Díaz-Martínez, E. 2007. The Sacta Limestone Member (early Wenlock): cool-water, temperate carbonate deposition at the distal foreland of Gondwana's active margin, Bolivia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 245, 46-61.
49. Díaz-Martínez, E. & Grahn, Y. 2007. Early Silurian glaciation along the western margin of Gondwana (Peru, Bolivia and northern Argentina): palaeogeographic and geodynamic setting. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 245, 62-81.
50. Díaz-Martínez, E., Acosta, H., Cardenas, J., CAR-Lotto, V. & Rodriguez, R. 2001. Paleozoic diamictites in the Peruvian Altiplano: evidence and tectonic implications. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 14, 587-592.
51. Dinarès-Turell, J., Baceta, J. I., Pujalte, V., Orue-Etxebarria, X., Bernaola, G. & Lorito, S. 2003. Untangling the Palaeocene climatic rhythm: an astronomically calibrated Early Palaeocene magnetostratigraphy and biostratigraphy at Zumaia (Basque basin, northern Spain. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 216, 483-500.
52. Dronov, A. & Popov, L. E. 2004. Traces of frost action in the Obolus-Sand: the evidence for sub-glacial climate in the mid-Cambrian to early Ordovician (Tremadocian) of the East Baltic. Erlanger Geologische Abhandlungen, 5, 32.
53. Edwards, D., Axe, L., Poire, D. G., Morel, E. M., Bassett, M. G. & Cingolani, C. A. 2009. Enigmatic fossils from the Upper Silurian of Bolivia: evidence for marine productivity in high-latitude Gondwana. In: Bassett, M. G. (ed.) Early Palaeozoic Peri-Gondwana Terranes: New Insights from Tectonics and Biogeography. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 325, 177-200.
54. Finney, S. C. 2007. The parautochthonous Gondwanan origin of the Cuyania (greater Precordillera) terrane of Argentina: a re-evaluation of evidence used to support an allochthonous Laurentian origin. Geologica Acta, 5, 127-158.
55. Fischer, A. G. 1964. The Lofer cyclothems of the Alpine Triassic. In: Merriam, D. F. (ed.) Symposium on Cyclic Sedimentation. Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin, 169, 107-149.
56. Flügel, E. 2004. Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks: Analysis, Interpretation and Application. Springer, Berlin.
57. Fortey, R. A. & Cocks, L. R. M. 2003. Palaeontological evidence bearing on global Ordovician-Silurian continental reconstructions. Earth-Science Reviews, 61, 245-307.
58. Fortey, R. A. & Cocks, L. R. M. 2005. Late Ordovician global warming-the Boda event. Geology, 33, 405-408.
59. Ghienne, J.-F. 2003. Late Ordovician sedimentary environments, glacial cycles, and post-glacial transgression in the Taoudeni Basin, West Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 189, 117-145.
60. Ghienne, J. F. & Deynoux, M. 1998. Large-scale channel fill structures in Late Ordovician glacial deposits in Mauritania, western Sahara. Sedimentary Geology, 119, 141-159.
61. Ghobadi Pour, M., Williams, M. & Popov, L. E. 2007. A new Middle Ordovician arthropod fauna (Trilobita, Ostracoda, Bradoriida) from the Lashkarak Formation, Eastern Alborz Mountains, northern Iran. GFF, 129, 245-254.
62. 2 threshold for glaciation in the Late Ordovician. Geology, 25, 447-450.
63. Grahn, Y. & Caputo, M. V. 1992. Early Silurian glaciations in Brazil. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 99, 9-15.
64. Grahn, Y. & Caputo, M. V. 1994. Late Ordovician evolution of the intracratonic basins in north-west Gondwana. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 83, 665-668.
65. Hallam, A. 1984. Pre-Quaternary changes of sea-level. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 12, 205-243.
66. Hallam, A. 1992. Phanerozoic Sea-level Changes. Columbia University Press, New York.
67. Hallett, D. 2002. Petroleum Geology of Libya. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
68. Hambrey, M. J. 1981. Palaeozoic tillites in northern Ethiopia. In: Hambrey, M. J. & Harland, W.B. (eds) Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 38-40.
69. Harland, T. L. 1981. Middle Ordovician reefs of Norway. Lethaia, 14, 169-188.
70. Harland, W. B. 1981. Gander Bay tillites of the Davidsville Group (Ordovician), southeastern Newfoundland. In: Hambrey, M. J. & Harland, W. B. (eds) Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 711-712.
71. Harris, M. T., Sheehan, P. M., Ainsaar, L., Hints, L., Mannik, P., Nõlvak, J. & Rubel, M. 2004. Upper Ordovician sequences of western Estonia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 210, 135-148.
72. Hatch, J. R., Jacobson, S. R. et al. 1987. Possible late Middle Ordovician carbon isotope excursion: evidence from Ordovician oils and hydrocarbon source rocks, Mid-Continent and East-Central United States. AAPG Bulletin, 71, 1342-1354.
73. Hays, J. D., Imbrie, J. & Shackleton, N. J. 1976. Variations in the Earth's orbit: pacemaker of the Ice Ages. Science, 194, 1121-1132.
74. Henriet, J. P., de Mol, B., Pillen, S., Vanneste, M., Van Rooij, D. & Versteeg, W. 1998. Gas hydrate crystals may help build reefs. Nature, 391, 648-649.
75. 2 during the Late Ordovician glaciation. Geology, 31, 485-488.
76. 2: potential causes for long-term cooling and glaciation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 210, 385-401.
77. Hilgen, F. J., Krijgsman, W., Langereis, C. G., Lourens, L. J., Santarelli, A. & Zachariasse, W. J. 1995. Extending the astronomical (polarity) time scale into the Miocene. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 136, 495-510.
78. Hints, L. & Meidla, T. 1997. Sedimentary cover. Ordovician; Keila Stage, Oandu Stage, Rakvere Stage, Nabala Stage, Vormsi Stage, Pirgu Stage, Porkuni Stage. In: Raukas, A. & Teedumäe, A. (eds) Geology and Mineral Resources of Estonia. Estonian Academy Publishers, Tallinn, 74-88.
79. Hints, L., Männik, P. & Pärnaste, H. 2004. Excursion Guide; Stop 3. Vasalemma quarry. In: Hints, O. & Ainsaar, L. (eds) Wogogob-2004 Conference Materials. Tartu University Press, Tartu, 121-124.
80. Hirst, J. P. P., Benbakir, A., Payne, D. F. & West-Lake, I. R. 2002. Tunnel valleys and density flow processes in the Upper Ordovician glacial succession, Illizi Basin, Algeria: influence on reservoir quality. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 25, 297-324.
81. Hurst, J. M. & Surlyk, F. 1983. Initiation, evolution, and destruction of an Early Paleozoic carbonate shelf, eastern North Greenland. Journal of Geology, 91, 671-691.
82. James, N. P. 1997. The cool-water carbonate depositional realm. In: James, N. P. & Clarke, J. A. D. (eds) Cool-Water Carbonates. SEPM, Special Publications, 56, 1-20.
83. Jeppsson, L. 1990. An oceanic model for lithological and faunal changes tested on the Silurian record. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 147, 663-674.
84. Jeppsson, L. 1997. The anatomy of the mid-Early Silurian Ireviken Event. In: Brett, C. E. & Baird, G. C. (eds) Paleontological Events: Stratigraphic, Ecological and Evolutionary Implications. Columbia University Press, New York, 451-492.
85. Jeppsson, L. 1998. Silurian oceanic events. A summary of general characteristics. In: Landing, E. & Johnson, M. E. (eds) Silurian Cycles: Linkages of Dynamic Stratigraphy with Atmospheric, Oceanic and Tectonic Changes. James Hall Centennial Volume. New York State Museum Bulletin, 491, 239-257.
86. Jeppsson, L. & Aldridge, R. J. 2000. Ludlow (late Silurian) oceanic episodes and events. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 157, 1137-1148.
87. Jeppsson, L. & Calner, M. 2003. The Silurian Mulde Event and a scenario for secundo-secundo events. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 93, 135-154.
88. Jeppsson, L., Talent, J. A. et al. 2007. High-resolution Late Silurian correlations between Gotland, Sweden, and the Broken River region, NE Australia: lithologies, conodonts and isotopes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 245, 115-137.
89. Jiang, G., Kennedy, M. J., Christie-Blick, N., Wu, H. & Zhang, S. 2006. Stratigraphy, sedimentary structures, and textures of the late Neoproterozoic Doushantuo cap carbonate in south China. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 76, 978-995.
90. Kaljo, D., Martma, T. & Saadre, T. 2007. Post-Hunnebergian Ordovician carbon isotope trend in Baltoscandia, its environmental implications and some similarities with that of Nevada. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 245, 138-155.
91. Karis, L. & Magnusson, E. 1972. Paleozoisk berggrund. In: Lundegårdh, P. H., Hübner, H., Wikström, H., Karis, L. & Magnusson, E. (eds) Beskrivning till berggrundsgeologiska kartbladet Örebro NV. Sveriges geologiska undersökning, Af 102, 156-186.
92. Kennedy, M. J. 1981. The Early Palaeozoic Stonesville Formation, northern Newfoundland. In: Hambrey, M. J. & Harland, W. B. (eds) Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 713-716.
93. Krause, F. F. 2001. Genesis and geometry of the Meiklejohn Peak lime mud-mound, Bare Mountain Quadrangle, Nevada, USA: Ordovician limestone with submarine frost heave structures-a possible response to gas clathrate hydrate evolution. Sedimentary Geology, 145, 189-213.
94. Krause, F. F., Scotese, C. R., Nieto, C., Sayegh, S. G., Hopkins, J. C. & Meyer, R. O. 2004. Paleozoic stromatactis and zebra carbonate mud-mounds: global abundance and paleogeographic distribution. Geology, 32, 181-184.
95. Krijgsman, W., Fortuin, A. R., Hilgen, F. J. & Sierro, F. J. 2001. Astrochronology for the Messinian Sorbas basin (SE Spain) and orbital (precessional) forcing for evaporite cyclicity. Sedimentary Geology, 140, 43-60.
96. Kump, L. R. & Arthur, M. A. 1999. Interpreting carbon-isotope excursions: carbonates and organic matter. Chemical Geology, 161, 181-198.
97. 2 during the Late Ordovician. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 152, 173-187.
98. Lavoie, D. & Asselin, E. 1998. Upper Ordovician facies in the Lac Saint-Jean outlier, Quebec (eastern Canada): palaeoenvironmental significance for Late Ordovician oceanography. Sedimentology, 45, 817-832.
99. Le Heron, D. P., Sutcliffe, O. E., Whittington, R. J. & CRAIG, J. 2005. The origins of glacially related soft-sediment deformation structures in Upper Ordovician glaciogenic rocks: implication for ice sheet dynamics. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 218, 75-103.
100. LE Heron, D. P., Ghienne, J.-F., El Houicha, M., Khoukhi,Y. & Rubino, J.-L. 2007. Maximum extent of ice sheets in Morocco during the Late Ordovician glaciation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 245, 200-226.
101. Lehnert, O., Frýda, J., Buggisch, W. & Manda,S. 2003. A first report of the Ludlovian Lau event from the Prague Basin (Barrandian, Czech Republic). In: Proceedings of the 7th International Graptolite Conference and Field Meeting of the International Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy. Instituto Superior de Correlación Geológica (INSUGEO), Serie Correlación Geológica, 18, 139-144.
102. 13C records across the late Silurian Lau event: new data from middle palaeo-latitudes of northern peri-Gondwana (Prague Basin, Czech Republic). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 245, 227-244.
103. LI, Y., Matsumoto, R. & Kershaw, S. 2005. Sedimentary and biotic evidence of a warm-water enclave in the cooler oceans of the latest Ordovician glacial phase, Yangtze Platform, South China block. Island Arc, 14, 623-635.
104. Lindström, M. 1967. 'Funnel grabens' and early Palaeozoic tectonism in south Sweden. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 78, 1137-1154.
105. Lindström, M. 1972. Ice-marked sand grains in the Lower Ordovician. Geologica et Paleontologica, 6, 25-31.
106. Long, D. G. F. 1993. Oxygen and carbon isotopes and event stratigraphy near the Ordovician-Silurian boundary, Anticosti Island, Quebec. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 104, 49-59.
107. Loydell, D. K. 1998. Early Silurian sea-level changes. Geological Magazine, 135, 447-471.
108. 13C excursions and their relationship to glaciations, sea-level changes and extinction events. Geological Journal, 42, 531-546.
109. Loydell, D. K. & Frýda, J. 2007. Carbon isotope stratigraphy of the upper Telychian and lower Sheinwoodian (Llandovery-Wenlock, Silurian) of the Banwy River section, Wales. Geological Journal, 144, 1015-1019.
110. Ludvigson, G. A., Witzke, B. J., González, L. A., Carpenter, S. J., Schneider, C. L. & Hasiuk, F. 2004. Late Ordovician (Turinian-Chatfieldian) carbon isotope excursions and their stratigraphic and paleoceanographic significance. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 210, 187-214.
111. Lüning, S., Craig, J., Loydell, D. K., Štorch, P. & Fitches, B. 2000. Lower Silurian 'hot shales' in North Africa and Arabia: regional distribution and depositional model. Earth-Science Reviews, 49, 121-200.
112. Lüning, S., Shahin, Y. M., Loydell, D. K., Al-Rabi, H. T., Masri, A., Tarawneh, B. & Kolonic,S. 2005. Anatomy of a world-class source rock: distribution and depositional model of Silurian organic-rich shales in Jordan and implications for hydrocarbon potential. AAPG Bulletin, 89, 1137-1427.
113. Lüning, S., Loydell, D. K., Štorch, P., Shahin, Y. & Craig, J. 2006. Origin, sequence stratigraphy and depositional environment of an Upper Ordovician (Himantian) deglacial black shale, Jordan-Discussion. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 230, 352-355.
114. Marshall, J. D. & Middleton, P. D. 1990. Changes in marine isotopic composition and the late Ordovician glaciation. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 147,1-4.
115. Marshall, J. D., Brenchley, P. J., Mason, P., Wolff, G. A., Astini, R. A., Hints, L. & Meidla, T. 1997. Global carbon isotopic events associated with mass extinction and glaciation in the late Ordovician. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 132, 195-210.
116. Matthews, R. K., Frohlich, C. & Duffy, A. 1997. Orbital forcing of global change throughout the Phanerozoic: a possible stratigraphic solution to the eccentricity phase problem. Geology, 25, 807-810.
117. Mayer, H. 1993. Time-series analysis in cyclic stratigraphy: an example from the Cretaceous of the Southern Alps, Italy. Mathematical Geology, 25, 975-1001.
118. Mcelhinny, M. W., Powell, C. M. & Pisarevsky, S. A. 2003. Paleozoic terranes of eastern Australia and the drift history of Gondwana. Tectonophysics, 362, 41-65.
119. Meidla, T., Ainsaar, L., Backman, J., Dronov, A., Holmer, L. & Sturesson, U. 2004. Middle-Upper Ordovician carbon isotopic record from Västergötland (Sweden) and East Baltic. In: Hints, O. & Ainsaar, L. (eds) Wogogob-2004 Conference Materials. Tartu University Press, Tartu, 67-68.
120. Melchin, M. J. & Holmden, C. 2006. Carbon isotope chemostratigraphy in Arctic Canada: sea-level forcing of carbonate platform weathering and implications for Hirnantian global correlation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 234, 186-200.
121. Monod, O., Kozlu, H. et al. 2003. Late Ordovician glaciation in southern Turkey. Terra Nova, 15, 249-257.
122. Munnecke, A., Westphal, H., Elrick, M. & Reijmer, J. 2001. The mineralogical composition of precursor sediments of calcareous rhythmites: a new approach. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 90, 795-812.
123. Munnecke, A., Samtleben, C. & Bickert, T. 2003. The Ireviken event in the lower Silurian of Gotland, Sweden: relation to similar Palaeozoic and Proterozoic events. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 195, 99-124.
124. Nestor, H. 1995. Ordovician and Silurian reefs in the Baltic area. Publications du Service Géologique du Luxembourg, 29, 39-47.
125. Nielsen, A. T. 2004. Ordovician sea level changes: a Baltoscandian perspective. In: Webby, B. D., Paris, F., Droser,M. L. & Percival, I. G. (eds) The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. Columbia University Press, New York, 84-93.
126. Nielsen, A. T. 2007. Sea-level changes, glaciations and oxygen level during the Early Palaeozoic: controlling factors for the Cambrian explosion and the Ordovician radiation? In: Ebbestad, J. O. R., Wickström, L. M. & Högström, A. E. S. (eds) Wogogob 2007: 9th meeting of the Working Group on Ordovician Geology of Baltoscandia, Field Guide and Abstracts. Sveriges geologiska undersökning, Rapporter och meddelanden, 128, 106-107.
127. Nikitin, I. F. & Popov, L. E. 1996. Strophomenid and triplesiid brachiopods from an Upper Ordovician carbonate mound in central Kazakhstan. Alcheringa, 20, 1-20.
128. Nikitin, I. F., Popov, L. E. & Holmer, L. E. 1996. Late Ordovician brachiopod assemblage of Hiberno-Salairian type from central Kazakhstan. GFF, 118, 83-96.
129. Nikitin, I. F., Popov, L. E. & Bassett, M. G. 2006. Late Ordovician rhynochonellate brachiopods of north-eastern Central Kazakhstan. National Museum of Wales Geological Series, 25, 223-294.
130. Nõlvak, J. & Grahn, Y. 1993. Ordovician chitinozoan zones from Baltoscandia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 79, 245-269.
131. Page, A., Zalasiewicz, J., Williams, M. & Popov, L. 2007. Were transgressive black shales a negative feedback modulating glacioeustasy in the Early Palaeozoic Icehouse? In: Williams, M., Haywood, A. M. & Gregory, F. J. (eds) Deep-time Perspectives on Climate Change: Marrying the Signal from Computer Models and Biological Proxies. Micropalaeontological Society, Special Publications, 2, 67-101.
132. Pedley, H. M. & Carannante, G. (eds) 2006. Cool-water Carbonates: Depositional Systems and Palaeoenvironmental Controls. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 255.
133. Pope, M. C. 2004. Cherty carbonate facies of the Montoya Group, southern New Mexico and western Texas and its regional correlatives: a record of Late Ordovician paleoceanography on southern Laurentia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 210, 367-384.
134. Pope, M. C. & Read, J. F. 1997. High-resolution stratigraphy of the Lexington Limestone (Late Middle Ordovician), Kentucky, U.S.A.: a cool-water-clastic ramp in a tectonically active foreland basin. In: James, N. P. & Clarke, J. A. D. (eds) Cool-water Carbonates. SEPM Special Publications, 56, 411-429.
135. Pope, M. C. & Steffan, J. B. 2003. Widespread, prolonged late Middle Ordovician upwelling in North America: a proxy record of glaciation? Geology, 31, 63-66.
136. Popov, L. E., Ghobadi Pour, M. & Hosseini, M. 2008. Early to Middle Ordovician lingulate brachiopods from the Lashkarak Formation, Eastern Alborz Mountains, Iran. Alcheringa, 32, 1-35.
137. Rahmstorf, S. 2002. Ocean circulation and climate during the past 120 000 years. Nature, 419, 207-214.
138. Railsback, L. B., Ackerly, S. C., Anderson, T. F. & Cisne, J. L. 1990. Paleontological and isotope evidence for warm saline deep waters in Ordovician oceans. Nature, 343, 156-159.
139. Read, J. F. 1982. Geometry, facies, and development of Middle Ordovician carbonate buildups, Virginia Appalachians. AAPG Bulletin, 66, 189-209.
140. Reid, P. C. & Tucker, M. E. 1972. Probable late Ordovician glacial marine sediments from northern Sierra Leone. Nature: Physical Science, 238, 38-40.
141. Robardet, M. & Doré, F. 1988. The late Ordovician diamictic formations from southwestern Europe: North-Gondwana glaciomarine deposits. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 66, 19-31.
142. 2-forced climate thresholds during the Phanerozoic. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70, 5665-5675.
143. Runnegar, B., Varadi, F. & Saltzman, M. R. 2005. 400 ka eccentricity cycle modulation of the SPICE carbon isotope excursion on both sides of the Cambrian Earth. EOS Transactions. American Geophysical Union, 86, Fall Meeting Supplement, Abstract PP41D-05.
144. Rushton, A. W. A., Owen, A. W., Owens, R. M. & Prigmore, J. K. 1999. British Cambrian to Ordovician stratigraphy, Geological Conservation Review Series, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, 18.
145. Sadler, P. M. & Cooper, R. A. 2004. Calibration of the Ordovician timescale. In: Webby, B. D., Paris, F., Droser, M. L. & Percival, I. G. (eds) The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. Cambridge University Press, New York, 48-51.
146. 13C stratigraphy: a view from North America. Geology, 29, 671-674.
147. Saltzman, M. R. & Young, S. A. 2005. Long-lived glaciation in the Late Ordovician? Isotopic and sequence-stratigraphic evidence from western Laurentia. Geology, 33, 109-112.
148. Saltzman, M. R., Runnegar, B. & Lohmann, K. C. 1998. Carbon isotope stratigraphy of Upper Cambrian (Steptoean Stage) sequences of the eastern Great Basin; record of a global oceanographic event. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 110, 285-297.
149. Saltzman, M. R., Ripperdan, R. L. et al. 2000. A global carbon isotope excursion (SPICE) during the Late Cambrian: relation to trilobite extinctions, organic-matter burial and sea level. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 162, 211-223.
150. 13C) Event and the Sauk II-SAUK III Regression: new evidence from Laurentian Basins in Utah, Iowa, and Newfoundland. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 74, 366-377.
151. Samankassou, E. 2002. Cool-water carbonates in a paleoequatorial shallow-water environment: The paradox of the Auernig cyclic sediments (Upper Pennsylvanian, Carnic Alps, Austria-Italy) and its implications. Geology, 30, 655-658.
152. Schenk, P. E. 1997. Sequence stratigraphy and provenance on Gondwana's margin; the Meguma Zone (Cambrian to Devonian) of Nova Scotia, Canada. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 109, 395-409.
153. Schenk, P. E. & Lane, T. E. 1981. Early Palaeozoic tillites of Nova Scotia, Canada. In: Hambrey, M. J. & Harland, W. B. (eds) Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 707-710.
154. 13C excursion (HICE) in the Boda Limestone of the Siljan region. GFF, 129, 133-140.
155. Sempere, T. 1995. Phanerozoic evolution of Bolivia and adjacent regions. In: Tankard, A. H., Suárez-Soruco, R. & Welsink, H. J. (eds) Petroleum Basins of South America. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoirs, 62, 207-230.
156. Semtner, A. K. & Klitzsch, E. 1994. Early Paleozoic paleogeography of the northern Gondwanan margin: new evidence for Ordovician-Silurian glaciation. Geologische Rundschau, 83, 743-751.
157. Sivhed, U., Erlström, M., Bojesen-Koefoed, J. A. & Löfgren, A. 2004. Upper Ordovician carbonate mounds on Gotland, central Baltic Sea: distribution, composition and reservoir characteristics. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 27, 115-140.
158. Stenzel, S. R. & James, N. P. 1995. Shallow water stromatactis mud-mounds on a Middle Ordovician foreland basin platform, western Newfoundland. In: Monty, C. L. V., Bosence, D. W. J., Bridges, P. H. & Pratt, B. R. (eds) Carbonate Mud-mounds: their Origin and Evolution. International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publications, 23, 127-140.
159. Sutcliffe, O. E., Theron, J. A., Whittington, R. J., Theron, J. N. & Craig, J. 2000. Calibrating the Late Ordovician glaciation and mass extinction by the eccentricity cycles of the Earth's orbit. Geology, 28, 967-970.
160. Sutcliffe, O. E., Harper, D. A. T., Salem, A. A., Whittington, R. J. & Craig, J. 2001. The development of an atypical Hirnantia-brachiopod fauna and the onset of glaciation in the late Ordovician of Gondwana. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 92, 1-14.
161. Talbot, M. R. 1981. Early Palaeozoic(?) diamictites of south-west Ghana. In: Hambrey, M. J. & Harland, W. B. (eds) Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 108-112.
162. Talent, J. A., Mawson, R., Andrew, A. S., Hamilton, P. J. & Whitford, D. J. 1993. Middle Paleozoic extinction events-faunal and isotopic data. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 104, 139-152.
163. Teves, R. & Lindström, M. 1988. The Battefors plugs: collapse structures initiated during a Tremadocian regression. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 110, 55-66.
164. Thickpenny, A. 1987. Palaeo-oceanography and depositional environment of the Scandinavian Alum Shales: sedimentological and geochemical evidence. In: Thickpenny, A., Leggett, J. K. & Zuffa, G. G. (eds) Marine Clastic Sedimentology. Graham & Trotman, London, 156-171.
165. 2 without ice sheet development? Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 226, 187-204.
166. Tucker, M. E. & Reid, P. C. 1973. The sedimentology and context of late Ordovician glacial marine sediments from Sierra Leone, West Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 13, 289-307.
167. Turner, B. R., Makhlouf, I. M. & Armstrong, H. A. 2005. Late Ordovician (Ashgillian) glacial deposits in southern Jordan. Sedimentary Geology, 181, 73-91.
168. Tuuling, I. & Flodén, T. 2000. Late Ordovician carbonate buildups and erosional features northeast of Gotland, northern Baltic Sea. GFF, 122, 237-249.
169. Vaslet, D. 1990. Upper Ordovician glacial deposits in Saudi Arabia. Episodes, 13, 147-161.
170. Vennin, E., Alvaro, J. J. & Villas, E. 1998. Highlatitude pelmatozoan-bryozoan mud-mounds from the late Ordovician northern Gondwana platform. Geological Journal, 33, 121-140.
171. Villas, E. 1995. Caradoc through early Ashgill brachiopods from the Central Iberian zone (Central Spain). Geobios, 28, 49-84.
172. Villas, E., Vennin, E., Alvaro, J. J., Hammann, W., Herrera, Z. A. & Piovano, E. L. 2002. The late Ordovician carbonate sedimentation as a major triggering factor of the Hirnantian glaciation. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 173, 569-578.
173. Villas, E., Vizcaïno, D., Álvaro, J. J., Destombes, J. & Vennin, E. 2006. Biostratigraphic control of the latest-Ordovician glaciogenic unconformity in Alnif (Eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco), based on brachiopods. Geobios, 39, 727-737.
174. 2 changes during the Hirnantian glaciation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 132, 147-158.
175. Webby, B. D. 1984. Ordovician reefs and climate. In: Bruton, D. L. (ed.) Aspects of the Ordovician System. Palaeontological Contributions from the University of Oslo, 295, 89-100.
176. Webby, B. D. 2002. Patterns of Ordovician reef development. In: Kiessling, W., Flügel, E. & Golonka, J. (eds) Phanerozoic Reef Patterns. SEPM, Special Publications, 72, 129-179.
177. Webby, B. D., Cooper, R. A., Bergström, S. M. & Paris, F. 2004. Stratigraphical framework and time slices. In: Webby, B. D., Paris, F., Droser, M.L. & Percival, I. G. (eds) The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. Columbia University Press, New York, 41-47.
178. Wendt, J. & Kaufmann, B. 2006. Middle Devonian (Givetian) coral-stromatoporoid reefs in West Sahara (Morocco). Journal of African Earth Sciences, 44, 339-350.
179. Wenzel, B. 1997. Isotopenstratigraphische Untersuchungen an silurischen Abfolgen und deren paläozeanographische Interpretation. Erlanger Geologische Abhandlungen, 129, 1-117.
180. Westphal, H. 2006. Limestone-marl alternations as environmental archives and the role of early diagenesis: a critical review. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 95, 947-961.
181. Westphal, H., Bohm, F. & Bornholdt, S. 2004. Orbital frequencies in the carbonate sedimentary record: distorted by diagenesis? Facies, 50, 3-11.
182. 13C enrichment in upper Silurian (Whitcliffian) marine calcareous rocks in Scania, Sweden. GFF, 121, 273-279.
183. Wignall, P. B. 1991. Model for transgressive black shales? Geology, 19, 167-170.
184. Wignall, P. B. 1994. Black Shales. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
185. Wignall, P. B. & Maynard, J. R. 1993. The sequence stratigraphy of transgressive black shales. In: Katz, B. J. & Pratt, L. M. (eds) Source Rocks in a Sequence Stratigraphic Framework. AAPG Studies in Geology, 37, 35-47.
186. Williams, H. & Hatcher, R. D. 1983. Appalachian suspect terranes. In:Hatcher, R. D., Williams, H. & Zeitz, I. (eds) Contributions to the Tectonics and Geophysics of Mountain Chains. Geological Society of America, Memoirs, 158, 33-53.
187. Wright, A. D. 1968. A westward extension of the Upper Ashgillian Hirnantia fauna. Lethaia, 1, 352-267.
188. Wright, A. D. 1985. The Ordovician-Silurian boundary at Keisley, northern England. Geological Magazine, 122, 261-273.
189. 2 pressures inferred from natural goethites. Nature, 355, 342-344.
190. 2 pressure. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 137, 71-82.
191. Young, G. M., Minter, W. E. L. & Theron, J. N. 2004. Geochemistry and palaeogeography of upper Ordovician glaciogenic sedimentary rocks in the Table Mountain Group, South Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 214, 323-345.
192. Young, S. A., Saltzman, M. R. & Bergstrom, S. M. 2005. Upper Ordovician (Mohawkian) carbon isotope (delta C-13) stratigraphy in eastern and central North America: Regional expression of a perturbation of the global carbon cycle. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 222, 53-76.