Modifying somatosensory processing with non-invasive brain stimulation

Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience

Volumn 29, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 427-437

  Song, Sunbin ^a   Sandrini, Marco ^a,b   Cohen, Leonardo G ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE   (United States)

^b UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIVERSITY OF THE HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

Noninvasive brain stimulation; somatosensory processing; transcranial direct current stimulation; transcranial magnetic stimulation

Indexed keywords

BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN REGION; HUMAN; NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE; PAIRED ASSOCIATIVE STIMULATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX; SOMATOSENSORY STIMULATION; TACTILE STIMULATION; THERA BURST STIMULATION; TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION;

BIOPHYSICS; ELECTRIC STIMULATION; HUMANS; SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION;

EID: 84856414234     PISSN: 09226028     EISSN: 18783627     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/RNN-2011-0614     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Allison, T., McCarthy, G., Wood, C.C., Williamson, P.D. & Spencer, D.D. (1989). Human cortical potentials evoked by stimulation of the median nerve. II. Cytoarchitectonic areas generating long-latency activity. J Neurophysiol, 62(3), 711-722. (Pubitemid 19236124)
2. Amedi, A., Floel, A., Knecht, S., Zohary, E. & Cohen, L.G. (2004). Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the occipital pole interferes with verbal processing in blind subjects. Nat Neurosci, 7(11), 1266-1270. (Pubitemid 39426247)
3. Antal, A., Brepohl, N., Poreisz, C., Boros, K., Csifcsak, G. & Paulus, W. (2008). Transcranial direct current stimulation over somatosensory cortex decreases experimentally induced acute pain perception. Clin J Pain, 24(1), 56-63.
4. Azanon, E. & Haggard, P. (2009). Somatosensory processing and body representation. Cortex, 45(9), 1078-1084.
5. Barker, A.T., Jalinous, R. & Freeston, I.L. (1985). Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. Lancet, 1(8437), 1106-1107. (Pubitemid 15075547)
6. Blankenburg, F., Ruff, C.C., Bestmann, S., Bjoertomt, O., Josephs, O., Deichmann, R., et al. (2010). Studying the role of human parietal cortex in visuospatial attentionwith concurrent TMSfMRI. Cereb Cortex, 20(11), 2702-2711.
7. Bliem, B., Muller-Dahlhaus, J.F., Dinse, H.R. & Ziemann, U. (2008). Homeostatic metaplasticity in the human somatosensory cortex. J Cogn Neurosci, 20(8), 1517-1528.
8. Bolognini, N. & Maravita, A. (2007). Proprioceptive alignment of visual and somatosensory maps in the posterior parietal cortex. Curr Biol, 17(21), 1890-1895. (Pubitemid 350016925)
9. Byl, N.N., Merzenich, M.M., Cheung, S., Bedenbaugh, P., Nagarajan, S.S. & Jenkins, W.M. (1997).Aprimate model for studying focal dystonia and repetitive strain injury: Effects on the primary somatosensory cortex. Phys Ther, 77(3), 269-284. (Pubitemid 27113845)
10. Byl, N.N., Merzenich, M.M. & Jenkins, W.M. (1996). A primate genesis model of focal dystonia and repetitive strain injury: I. Learning-induced dedifferentiation of the representation of the hand in the primary somatosensory cortex in adult monkeys. Neurology, 47(2), 508-520. (Pubitemid 26324052)
11. Chen, R., Classen, J., Gerloff, C., Celnik, P., Wassermann, E.M., Hallett, M. & Cohen, L.G. (1997). Depression of motor cortex excitability by low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology, 48(5), 1398-1403. (Pubitemid 27240571)
12. Cohen, L.G., Bandinelli, S., Sato, S., Kufta, C. & Hallett, M. (1991). Attenuation in detection of somatosensory stimuli by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 81(5), 366-376.
13. Cohen, L.G., Celnik, P., Pascual-Leone, A., Corwell, B., Falz, L., Dambrosia, J., et al. (1997). Functional relevance of crossmodal plasticity in blind humans. Nature, 389(6647), 180-183. (Pubitemid 27400599)
14. Cohen, L.G. & Hallett, M. (1988). Hand cramps: Clinical features and electrophysiological patterns in a focal dystonia. Neurology, 38(7), 1005-1012.
15. Cohen, L.G., Starr, A. & Pratt, H. (1985). Cerebral somatosensory potentials evoked by muscle stretch, cutaneous taps and electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves in the lower limbs in man. Brain, 108(Pt 1), 103-121. (Pubitemid 15139739)
16. Conforto, A.B., Cohen, L.G., dos Santos, R.L., Scaff, M. & Marie, S.K. (2007). Effects of somatosensory stimulation on motor function in chronic cortico-subcortical strokes. J Neurol, 254(3), 333-339. (Pubitemid 46399194)
17. Conforto, A.B., Kaelin-Lang, A. & Cohen, L.G. (2002). Increase in hand muscle strength of stroke patients after somatosensory stimulation. Ann Neurol, 51(1), 122-125. (Pubitemid 34027985)
18. Conforto, A.B., Santos, R.L., Farias, S.N., Marie, S.K., Mangini, N. & Cohen, L.G. (2008). Effects of somatosensory stimulation on the excitability of the unaffected hemisphere in chronic stroke patients. Clinics (Sao Paulo), 63(6), 735-740.
19. Curio, G. (2000). Linking 600-Hz "spikelike" EEG/MEG wavelets ("sigma-bursts") to cellular substrates: Concepts and caveats. J Clin Neurophysiol, 17(4), 377-396.
20. Dieckhofer, A., Waberski, T.D., Nitsche, M., Paulus, W., Buchner, H. & Gobbele, R. (2006). Transcranial direct current stimulation applied over the somatosensory cortex-differential effect on low and high frequency SEPs. Clin Neurophysiol, 117(10), 2221-2227. (Pubitemid 44349123)
21. Elbert, T., Pantev, C., Wienbruch, C., Rockstroh, B. & Taub, E. (1995). Increased cortical representation of the fingers of the left hand in string players. Science, 270(5234), 305-307.
22. Enomoto, H., Ugawa, Y., Hanajima, R., Yuasa, K., Mochizuki, H., Terao, Y., et al. (2001). Decreased sensory cortical excitability after 1Hz rTMS over the ipsilateral primary motor cortex. Clin Neurophysiol, 112(11), 2154-2158. (Pubitemid 32995984)
23. Flor, H. (2003). Cortical reorganisation and chronic pain: Implications for rehabilitation. J Rehabil Med, (41 Suppl), 66-72. (Pubitemid 36840810)
24. Flor, H., Elbert, T., Knecht, S., Wienbruch, C., Pantev, C., Birbaumer, N., et al. (1995). Phantom-limb pain as a perceptual correlate of cortical reorganization following amputation. Nature, 375(6531), 482-484.
25. Fregni, F., Freedman, S. & Pascual-Leone, A. (2007). Recent advances in the treatment of chronic pain with non-invasive brain stimulation techniques. Lancet Neurol, 6(2), 188-191. (Pubitemid 46097544)
26. Fritsch, B., Reis, J., Martinowich, K., Schambra, H.M., Ji, Y., Cohen, L.G. & Lu, B. (2010). Direct current stimulation promotes BDNF-dependent synaptic plasticity: Potential implications for motor learning. Neuron, 66(2), 198-204.
27. Gandiga, P.C., Hummel, F.C. & Cohen, L.G. (2006). Transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS): A tool for double-blind sham-controlled clinical studies in brain stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol, 117(4), 845-850.
28. Hannula, H., Ylioja, S., Pertovaara, A., Korvenoja, A., Ruohonen, J., Ilmoniemi, R.J., et al. (2005). Somatotopic blocking of sensation with navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary somatosensory cortex. Hum Brain Mapp, 26(2), 100-109. (Pubitemid 41434659)
29. Huang, Y.Z., Edwards, M.J., Rounis, E., Bhatia, K.P. & Rothwell, J.C. (2005). Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex. Neuron, 45(2), 201-206. (Pubitemid 40128115)
30. Ishikawa, S., Matsunaga, K., Nakanishi, R., Kawahira, K., Murayama, N., Tsuji, S., et al. (2007). Effect of theta burst stimulation over the human sensorimotor cortex on motor and somatosensory evoked potentials. Clin Neurophysiol, 118(5), 1033-1043. (Pubitemid 46518305)
31. Karim, A.A., Kammer, T., Lotze, M., Hinterberger, T., Godde, B., Cohen, L., et al. (2003). Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on slow cortical potentials (SCP). Suppl Clin Neurophysiol, 56, 331-337.
32. Karl, A., Birbaumer, N., Lutzenberger, W., Cohen, L.G. & Flor, H. (2001). Reorganization of motor and somatosensory cortex in upper extremity amputees with phantom limb pain. J Neurosci, 21(10), 3609-3618. (Pubitemid 32422825)
33. Katayama, T. & Rothwell, J.C. (2007). Modulation of somatosensory evoked potentials using transcranial magnetic intermittent theta burst stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol, 118(11), 2506-2511. (Pubitemid 47539272)
34. Knecht, S., Ellger, T., Breitenstein, C., Bernd Ringelstein, E. & Henningsen, H. (2003). Changing cortical excitability with low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation can induce sustained disruption of tactile perception. Biol Psychiatry, 53(2), 175-179. (Pubitemid 36126481)
35. Knotkova, H. & Cruciani, R.A. (2010). Non-invasive transcranial direct current stimulation for the study and treatment of neuropathic pain. Methods Mol Biol, 617, 505-515.
36. Koch, G., Franca, M., Albrecht, U.V., Caltagirone, C. & Rothwell, J.C. (2006). Effects of paired pulse TMS of primary somatosensory cortex on perception of a peripheral electrical stimulus. Exp Brain Res, 172(3), 416-424. (Pubitemid 43876056)
37. Koch, G. & Rothwell, J.C. (2009). TMS investigations into the task-dependent functional interplay between human posterior parietal and motor cortex. Behav Brain Res, 202(2), 147-152.
38. Lefaucheur, J.P., Antal, A., Ahdab, R., Ciampi de Andrade, D., Fregni, F., Khedr, E.M., et al. (2008). The use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to relieve pain. Brain Stimul, 1(4), 337-344.
39. Litvak, V., Zeller, D., Oostenveld, R., Maris, E., Cohen, A., Schramm, A., et al. (2007). LTP-like changes induced by paired associative stimulation of the primary somatosensory cortex in humans: Source analysis and associated changes in behaviour. Eur J Neurosci, 25(9), 2862-2874. (Pubitemid 46888846)
40. Maccabee, P.J., Amassian, V.E., Eberle, L.P. & Cracco, R.Q. (1993). Magnetic coil stimulation of straight and bent amphibian and mammalian peripheral nerve in vitro: Locus of excitation. J Physiol, 460, 201-219. (Pubitemid 23058046)
41. Maldjian, J.A., Gottschalk, A., Patel, R.S., Detre, J.A. & Alsop, D.C. (1999). The sensory somatotopic map of the human hand demonstrated at 4 Tesla. Neuroimage, 10(1), 55-62. (Pubitemid 29369893)
42. Matsunaga, K., Nitsche, M.A., Tsuji, S. & Rothwell, J.C. (2004). Effect of transcranial DC sensorimotor cortex stimulation on somatosensory evoked potentials in humans. Clin Neurophysiol, 115(2), 456-460. (Pubitemid 38117267)
43. McKay, D.R., Ridding, M.C. & Miles, T.S. (2003). Magnetic stimulation of motor and somatosensory cortices suppresses perception of ulnar nerve stimuli. Int J Psychophysiol, 48(1), 25-33. (Pubitemid 36407683)
44. Meehan, S.K., Legon, W. & Staines, W.R. (2008). Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation of primary somatosensory cortex differentially modulates perception and sensorimotor transformations. Neuroscience, 157(2), 424-431.
45. Merabet, L., Thut, G., Murray, B., Andrews, J., Hsiao, S. & Pascual-Leone, A. (2004). Feeling by sight or seeing by touch? Neuron, 42(1), 173-179. (Pubitemid 38456977)
46. Mochizuki, H., Furubayashi, T., Hanajima, R., Terao, Y., Mizuno, Y., Okabe, S., et al. (2007). Hemoglobin concentration changes in the contralateral hemisphere during and after theta burst stimulation of the human sensorimotor cortices. Exp Brain Res, 180(4), 667-675. (Pubitemid 46988108)
47. Murakami, T., Sakuma, K., Nomura, T., Uemura, Y., Hashimoto, I. & Nakashima, K. (2008). Changes in somatosensory-evoked potentials and high-frequency oscillations after pairedassociative stimulation. Exp Brain Res, 184(3), 339-347. (Pubitemid 350275881)
48. Nitsche, M.A., Cohen, L.G., Wassermann, E.M., Priori, A., Lang, N., Antal, A., et al. (2008). Transcranial direct current stimulation: State of the art 2008. Brain Stimul, 1(3), 206-223.
49. Nitsche, M.A. & Paulus, W. (2000). Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. J Physiol, 527(Pt 3), 633-639.
50. O'Shea, J., Taylor, P.C. & Rushworth, M.F. (2008). Imaging causal interactions during sensorimotor processing. Cortex, 44(5), 598-608. (Pubitemid 351722629)
51. Ogawa, A., Ukai, S., Shinosaki, K., Yamamoto, M., Kawaguchi, S., Ishii, R., et al. (2004). Slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increases somatosensorymhigh-frequency oscillations in humans. Neurosci Lett, 358(3), 193-196. (Pubitemid 38368202)
52. Pellicciari, M.C., Miniussi, C., Rossini, P.M. & De Gennaro, L. (2009). Increased cortical plasticity in the elderly: Changes in the somatosensory cortex after paired associative stimulation. Neuroscience, 163(1), 266-276.
53. Pleger, B., Blankenburg, F., Bestmann, S., Ruff, C.C., Wiech, K., Stephan, K.E., et al. (2006). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced changes in sensorimotor coupling parallel improvements of somatosensation in humans. J Neurosci, 26(7), 1945-1952.
54. Pleger, B., Dinse, H.R., Ragert, P., Schwenkreis, P., Malin, J.P. & Tegenthoff, M. (2001). Shifts in cortical representations predict human discrimination improvement. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98(21), 12255-12260. (Pubitemid 32959860)
55. Pons, T.P., Garraghty, P.E., Ommaya, A.K., Kaas, J.H., Taub, E. & Mishkin, M. (1991). Massive cortical reorganization after sensory deafferentation in adult macaques. Science, 252(5014), 1857-1860. (Pubitemid 21917112)
56. Poreisz, C., Antal, A., Boros, K., Brepohl, N., Csifcsak, G. & Paulus, W. (2008). Attenuation of N2 amplitude of laser-evoked potentials by theta burst stimulation of primary somatosensory cortex. Exp Brain Res, 185(4), 611-621.
57. Ragert, P., Becker, M., Tegenthoff, M., Pleger, B. & Dinse, H.R. (2004). Sustained increase of somatosensory cortex excitability by 5Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation studied by paired median nerve stimulation in humans. Neurosci Lett, 356(2), 91-94. (Pubitemid 38121476)
58. Ragert, P., Dinse, H.R., Pleger, B., Wilimzig, C., Frombach, E., Schwenkreis, P. & Tegenthoff, M. (2003). Combination of 5Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and tactile coactivation boosts tactile discrimination in humans. Neurosci Lett, 348(2), 105-108. (Pubitemid 36936970)
59. Ragert, P., Franzkowiak, S., Schwenkreis, P., Tegenthoff, M. & Dinse, H.R. (2008). Improvement of tactile perception and enhancement of cortical excitability through intermittent theta burst rTMS over human primary somatosensory cortex. Exp Brain Res, 184(1), 1-11. (Pubitemid 350059787)
60. Ragert, P., Schmidt, A., Altenmuller, E. & Dinse, H.R. (2004). Superior tactile performance and learning in professional pianists: Evidence for meta-plasticity in musicians. Eur J Neurosci, 19(2), 473-478. (Pubitemid 38177886)
61. Ragert, P., Vandermeeren, Y., Camus, M. & Cohen, L.G. (2008). Improvement of spatial tactile acuity by transcranial direct current stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol, 119(4), 805-811.
62. Reill, J.A., Hallett, M., Cohen, L.G., Tarkka, I.M. & Dang, N. (1992). The N30 component of somatosensory evoked potentials in patients with dystonia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 84(3), 243-247.
63. Reis, J., Swayne, O.B., Vandermeeren, Y., Camus, M., Dimyan, M.A., Harris-Love, M., et al. (2008). Contribution of transcranial magnetic stimulation to the understanding of cortical mechanisms involved in motor control. J Physiol, 586(2), 325-351.
64. Restuccia, D., Ulivelli, M., De Capua, A., Bartalini, S. & Rossi, S. (2007). Modulation of high-frequency (600 Hz) somatosensory-evoked potentials after rTMS of the primary sensory cortex. Eur J Neurosci, 26(8), 2349-2358. (Pubitemid 47620479)
65. Ridding, M.C. & Ziemann, U. (2010). Determinants of the induction of cortical plasticity by non-invasive brain stimulation in healthy subjects. J Physiol, 588(Pt 13), 2291-2304.
66. Ro, T., Wallace, R., Hagedorn, J., Farne, A. & Pienkos, E. (2004). Visual enhancing of tactile perception in the posterior parietal cortex. J Cogn Neurosci, 16(1), 24-30. (Pubitemid 38117583)
67. Robertson, E.M., Theoret, H. & Pascual-Leone, A. (2003). Studies in cognition: Theproblems solved and created by transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Cogn Neurosci, 15(7), 948-960. (Pubitemid 37281759)
68. Rogalewski, A., Breitenstein, C., Nitsche, M.A., Paulus, W. & Knecht, S. (2004). Transcranial direct current stimulation disrupts tactile perception. Eur J Neurosci, 20(1), 313-316. (Pubitemid 38932152)
69. Rossi, S., Hallett, M., Rossini, P.M. & Pascual-Leone, A. (2009). Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clin Neurophysiol, 120(12), 2008-2039.
70. Rossini, P.M., Barker, A.T., Berardelli, A., Caramia, M.D., Caruso, G., Cracco, R.Q., et al. (1994). Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: Basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application. Report of an IFCN committee. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 91(2), 79-92. (Pubitemid 24246462)
71. Sandrini, M., Umiltà, C. & Rusconi, E. (2011). The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience: A new synthesis of methodological issues. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 35(3), 516-536.
72. Satow, T., Mima, T., Yamamoto, J., Oga, T., Begum, T., Aso, T., et al. (2003). Short-lasting impairment of tactile perception by 0.9 Hz-rTMS of the sensorimotor cortex. Neurology, 60(6), 1045-1047. (Pubitemid 36348948)
73. Seyal, M., Siddiqui, I. & Hundal, N.S. (1997). Suppression of spatial localization of a cutaneous stimulus following transcranial magnetic pulse stimulation of the sensorimotor cortex. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 105(1), 24-28. (Pubitemid 27157774)
74. Stefan, K., Kunesch, E., Benecke, R., Cohen, L.G. & Classen, J. (2002). Mechanisms of enhancement of human motor cortex excitability induced by interventional paired associative stimulation. J Physiol, 543, 699-708. (Pubitemid 35012221)
75. Stefan, K., Kunesch, E., Cohen, L.G., Benecke, R. & Classen, J. (2000). Induction of plasticity in the human motor cortex by paired associative stimulation. Brain, 123(Pt 3), 572-584. (Pubitemid 30099541)
76. Sterr, A., Muller, M.M., Elbert, T., Rockstroh, B., Pantev, C. & Taub, E. (1998a). Changed perceptions in Braille readers. Nature, 391(6663), 134-135.
77. Sterr, A., Muller, M.M., Elbert, T., Rockstroh, B., Pantev, C. & Taub, E. (1998b). Perceptual correlates of changes in cortical representation of fingers in blind multifinger Braille readers. J Neurosci, 18(11), 4417-4423. (Pubitemid 28243834)
78. Tecchio, F., Padua, L., Aprile, I. & Rossini, P.M. (2002). Carpal tunnel syndrome modifies sensory hand cortical somatotopy: A MEG study. Hum Brain Mapp, 17(1), 28-36. (Pubitemid 34966794)
79. Tegenthoff, M., Ragert, P., Pleger, B., Schwenkreis, P., Forster, A.F. & Nicolas, V., et al. (2005). Improvement of tactile discrimination performance and enlargement of cortical somatosensory maps after 5Hz rTMS. PLoS Biol, 3(11), e362.
80. Terney, D., Bergmann, I., Poreisz, C., Chaieb, L., Boros, K., Nitsche, M.A., et al. (2008). Pergolide increases the efficacy of cathodal direct current stimulation to reduce the amplitude of laserevoked potentials in humans. J Pain Symptom Manage, 36(1), 79-91.
81. Tsakiris, M., Costantini, M. & Haggard, P. (2008). The role of the right temporo-parietal junction in maintaining a coherent sense of one's body. Neuropsychologia, 46(12), 3014-3018.
82. Tsakiris, M. & Haggard, P. (2005). The rubber hand illusion revisited: Visuotactile integration and self-attribution. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 31(1), 80-91. (Pubitemid 40306514)
83. Tsuji, T. & Rothwell, J.C. (2002). Long lasting effects of rTMS and associated peripheral sensory input on MEPs, SEPs and transcortical reflex excitability in humans. J Physiol, 540(Pt 1), 367-376. (Pubitemid 35175009)
84. Van Boven, R.W. & Johnson, K.O. (1994). A psychophysical study of the mechanisms of sensory recovery following nerve injury in humans. Brain, 117(Pt 1), 149-167. (Pubitemid 24103391)
85. Vidoni, E.D., Acerra, N.E., Dao, E., Meehan, S.K. & Boyd, L.A. (2010). Role of the primary somatosensory cortex in motor learning: An rTMS study. Neurobiol Learn Mem, 93(4), 532-539.
86. Wang, X., Merzenich, M.M., Sameshima, K. & Jenkins, W.M. (1995). Remodelling of hand representation in adult cortex determined by timing of tactile stimulation. Nature, 378(6552), 71-75.
87. Werhahn, K.J., Mortensen, J., Van Boven, R.W., Zeuner, K.E. & Cohen, L.G. (2002). Enhanced tactile spatial acuity and cortical processing during acute hand deafferentation. Nat Neurosci, 5(10), 936-938.
88. Wolters, A., Schmidt, A., Schramm, A., Zeller, D., Naumann, M., Kunesch, E., et al. (2005). Timing-dependent plasticity in human primary somatosensory cortex. J Physiol, 565(Pt 3), 1039-1052. (Pubitemid 40903310)
89. Wu, C.W., van Gelderen, P., Hanakawa, T., Yaseen, Z. & Cohen, L.G. (2005). Enduring representational plasticity after somatosensory stimulation. Neuroimage, 27(4), 872-884. (Pubitemid 41317256)
90. Xerri, C., Merzenich, M.M., Jenkins, W. & Santucci, S. (1999). Representational plasticity in cortical area 3b paralleling tactual-motor skill acquisition in adult monkeys. Cereb Cortex, 9(3), 264-276. (Pubitemid 29231232)
91. Xerri, C., Merzenich, M.M., Peterson, B.E. & Jenkins, W. (1998). Plasticity of primary somatosensory cortex paralleling sensorimotor skill recovery from stroke in adult monkeys. J Neurophysiol, 79(4), 2119-2148. (Pubitemid 28183343)
92. Ziemann, U., Wittenberg, G.F. & Cohen, L.G. (2002). Stimulationinduced within-representation and across-representation plasticity in human motor cortex. J Neurosci, 22(13), 5563-5571. (Pubitemid 35386477)