Plasticity of primary somatosensory cortex paralleling sensorimotor skill recovery from stroke in adult monkeys

Journal of Neurophysiology

Volumn 79, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 2119-2148

  Xerri, Christian ^a,b   Merzenich, Michael M ^a   Peterson, Bret E ^a   Jenkins, William ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b Lab Neurobiologie Rest F   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; BRAIN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN MAPPING; CONTROLLED STUDY; FINGER; MONKEY; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTION; SKIN SURFACE; SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX; STROKE; VIDEORECORDING;

EID: 0031944288     PISSN: 00223077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/jn.1998.79.4.2119     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. ARTOLA, A. AND SINGER, W. Long-term potentiation and NMDA receptors in visual cortex. Nature 330: 649-652, 1987.
2. ARTOLA, A. AND SINGER, W. Long-term depression of excitatory synaptic transmission and its relationship to long-term potentiation. Trends Neurosci. 16: 480-487, 1993.
3. ASTRUP, J., SIESJO, P., AND SYMON, L. Thresholds in cerebral ischemia. The ischemic penumbra. Stroke 12: 723-725, 1981.
4. BARON, J. C. Positron tomography in cerebral ischemia: a review. Neuroradiology 27: 509-516, 1985.
5. BECK, P. D. AND KAAS, J. H. Interhemispheric connections in neonatal owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) and galagos (Gala crassicaudatus). Brain Res. 651: 57-75, 1994.
6. BIOULAC, B. AND LAMARRE, Y. Activity of postcentral cortical neurons of the monkey during conditioned movements of a deafferented limb. Brain Res. 427-437: 1979.
7. BLACK, J. E., ISAACS, K. R., ANDERSON, B. J., ALCANTARA, A. A., AND GREENOUGH, W. T. Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 5568-5572, 1990.
8. BOYESON, M. G., FEENEY, D. M., AND DAIL, W. G. Cortical microstimulation thresholds adjacent to sensorimotor cortex injury. J. Neurotrauma 8: 205-217, 1991.
9. BRINKMAN, J., COLEBATCH, J. G., PORTER, R., AND YORK, D. H. Responses of precentral cells during cooling of postcentral cortex in conscious monkeys. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 368: 611-625, 1985.
10. BURTON, H. AND FABRI, M. Ipsilateral intracortical connections of physiologically defined cutaneous representations in areas 3b and 1 of macaque monkeys: projections in the vicinity of the central sulcus. J. Comp. Neurol. 355: 508-538, 1995.
11. CALFORD, M. B. AND TWEEDALE, R. Immediate and chronic changes in responses of somatosensory cortex in adult flying-fox after digit amputation. Nature 332: 446-448, 1988.
12. CARLSON, M. Characteristics of sensory deficits following lesions of Brodmann's areas 1 and 2 in the postcentral gyrus of Macaca mulatto. Brain Res. 204: 424-430, 1981.
13. CASTRO-ALAMANCOS, M. A. AND BORREL, J. Recovery of forelimb response capacity after forelimb primary motor cortex damage in the rat is due to the reorganization of adjacent areas of cortex. Neuroscience 68: 793-805, 1995.
14. CHAPMAN, C. E. AND AGERANIOTI-BÉLANGER, J. Discharge properties of neurones in the hand area of primary somatosensory cortex in monkeys in relation to the performance of an active tactile discrimination task. Exp. Brain Res. 87: 319-339, 1991.
15. CLARK, S. A., ALLARD, W. M., JENKINS, W. M., AND MERZENICH, M. M. Syndactily results in the emergence of double digit receptive fields in somatosensory cortex in adult owl monkeys. Nature 332: 444-445, 1988.
16. CLARK, W. E., LEGROS, E., AND POWELL, T.P.S. On the thalamo-cortical connexions of the general sensory cortex of Macaca mulatta. In: Progress in Brain Research. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1953, vol. 71, p. 467-487.
17. COLES, J. AND GLEES, P. Effects of small lesions in sensory cortex in trained monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 17: 1-13, 1954.
18. COQ, J. O. AND XERRI, C. Acute piracetam treatment after focal brain infarction improves the topographic reorganization of the forepaw representation map of the primary somatosensory cortex in the adult rat. International Symposium on Drug Targets in Heart and Brain Ischemia. Florence, 1997.
19. COSTANZO, R. M. AND GARDNER, E. P. Multiple-joint neurons in somatosensory cortex of awake monkeys. Brain Res. 214: 321-333, 1981.
20. COTMAN, C. W. AND NIETO-SAMPEDRO, M. Brain function, synapse renewal, and plasticity. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 33: 371-401, 1982.
21. COTMAN, C. W., NIETO-SAMPEDRO, M., AND HARRIS, E. W. Synaptogenesis replacement in the nervous system of adult vertebrates. Physiol. Rev. 61: 687-784, 1984.
22. CUSICK, C. G. AND GOULD, H. J. Connections beween area 3b of the somatosensory cortex and subdivisions of the ventroposterior nuclear complex and the anterior pulvinar nucleus in squirrel monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 292: 83-102, 1990.
23. DARIAN-SMITH, C. AND DARIAN-SMITH, I. Thalamic projections to areas 3a, 3b, and 4 in the sensorimotor cortex of the mature and infant macaque monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 335: 173-199, 1993.
24. DARIAN-SMITH, C., DARIAN-SMITH, I., BURMAN, K., AND RATCLIFFE, N. Ipsilateral cortical projections to areas 3a, 3b, and 4 in the macaque monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 335: 200-213, 1993.
25. DOETSCH, G. S., JOHNSTON, K. W., AND HANNAN, C. J. Physiological changes in the somatosensory forepaw cerebral cortex of adult raccoons following lesions of a single cortical digit representation. Exp. Neurol. 108: 162-175, 1990.
26. DREYER, D. A., SCHNEIDER, R. J., METZ, C. B., AND WHITSEL, B. L. Differential contributions of spinal pathways to body representation in postcentral gyrus of Macaca mulatta. J. Neurophysiol. 37: 119-145, 1974.
27. DYKES, R. W. Parallel processing of somatosensory infomation a theory. Brain Res. Rev. 6: 47-115, 1983.
28. DYKES, R. W., LANDRY, P., METHERATE, R., AND HICKS, T. P. Functional role of GABA in cat primary somatosensory cortex: shaping receptive fields of cortical neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 52: 1066-1093, 1984.
29. EDELMAN, G. M. AND FINKEL, L. H. Neuronal group selection in the cerebral cortex. In: Dynamic Aspects of Neocortical Function, edited by G. M. Edelman, W. E. Gall, and W. M. Cowan. New York: Wiley, 1984, p. 653-695.
30. FAVOROV, O., SAKAMOTO, T., AND ASANUMA, H. Functional role of corticoperipheral loop circuits during voluntary movements in the monkey: a preferential bias theory. J. Neurosci. 8: 3266-3277, 1988.
31. FEENEY, D. M, BOYESON, M. G, LINN, R. T., MURRAY, H. M., DAIL, W. G. Responses to cortical injury. I. Methodology and local effects of contusions in the rat. Brain Res. 211: 67-77, 1981.
32. FERSTER, D. AND LEVAY, S. The axonal arborizations of lateral geniculate neurons in the striate cortex of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 182: 923-944, 1978.
33. FLOURENS, P. M. Recherches Expérimentales sur les Propriétés et les Fonctions du Système Nerveux Dans les Animaux Vertébrés. Paris: Crevot, 1824.
34. FRIEDMAN, G. AND JONES, E. G. Thalamic input to areas 3a and 2 in monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 45: 59-85, 1981.
35. FROMM, C. AND EVARTS, E. V. Pyramidal tract neurons in somatosensory cortex: central and peripheral inputs during voluntary movement. Brain Res. 238: 186-191, 1982.
36. GARRAGHTY, P. E., FLORENCE, S. L., AND KAAS, J. H. Ablations of areas 3a and 3b of monkey somatosensory cortex abolish cutaneous responsivity in area 1. Brain Res. 528: 165-169, 1990a.
37. GARRAGHTY, P. E. AND MUJA, N. NMDA receptors and plasticity in adult primate somatosensory cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 367: 319-326, 1996.
38. GARRAGHTY, P. E., PONS, T. P., AND KAAS, J. H. Ablations of areas 3b (SI proper) and 3a of somatosensory cortex in marmosets deactivate the second and parietal ventral somatosensory areas. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 7: 125-135, 1990b.
39. GARRAGHTY, P. E. AND SUR, M. Morphology of single intracellularly stained axons terminating in area 3b of macaque monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 294: 583-593, 1990.
40. GENTILUCCI, M, TONI, I., DAPRATI, E., AND GANGITANO, M. Tactile input of the hand and the control of reaching to grasp movements. Exp. Brain Res. 114: 130-137, 1997.
41. GHOSH, S., BRINKMAN, C., AND PORTER, R. A quantitative study of the distribution of neurons projecting to the precentral cortex in the monkey (M. fascicularis). J. Comp. Neurol. 259: 424-444, 1987.
42. GILBERT, C. D. AND WIESEL, T. N. Clustered intrinsic connections in cat visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 1983: 1116-1133, 1983.
43. GLASSMAN, R. B. Recovery following sensorimotor cortical damage: evoked potentials, brain stimulation and motor control. Exp. Neurol. 33: 16-21, 1971.
44. GLASSMAN, R. B. Behavioral effects of SI versus SII cortex ablations on tactile orientation-localization and postural reflexes of rats. Exp. Neurol. 125: 125-133, 1994.
45. GLASSMAN, R. B. AND MALAMUT, D. L. Recovery from electroencephalographic slowing and reduced evoked potentials after somatosensory cortical damage in cats. Behav. Biol. 17: 333-354, 1976.
46. GOLDBERGER, M. E. Partial and complete deafferentation of cat hindlimb: the contribution of behavioral substitution to recovery of motor function. Exp. Brain Res. 73: 343-353, 1988.
47. GRAYBIEL, A. M., AOSAKI, T., FLAHERTY, A. W., AND KIMURA, M. The basal ganglia and adaptive motor control. Science 265: 1826-1831, 1994.
48. GREENOUGH, W. T., LARSON, J. R., AND WITHERS, G. S. Effects of unilateral and bilateral training in a reaching task on dendritic branching of neurons in the rat motor-sensory forelimb cortex. Behav. Neural Biol. 44: 301-314, 1994.
49. HYVÄRINEN, J. AND PORANEN, A. Receptive field integration and submodality convergence in the hand area of the postcentral gyrus of the alert monkey. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 283: 539-556, 1978a.
50. HYVÄRINEN, J. AND PORANEN, A. Movement sensitive and direction- and orientation selective cutaneous receptive fields in the hand area of the postcentral gyrus in monkeys. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 283: 523-537, 1978b.
51. IWAMURA, Y., TANAKA, M., SAKAMOTO, M., AND HIKOSAKA, O. Functional subdivisions representing different finger regions in area 3 of the first somatosensory cortex of the concious monkey. Exp. Brain Res. 51: 315-326, 1983.
52. JEANNEROD, M. The neural and Behavioural Organization of Goal-Directed Movements. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988, vol. 15, p. 283.
53. JENKINS, W. M. AND MERZENICH, M. M. Reorganization of neocortical representations after brain injury: a neurophysiological model of the bases of recovery from stroke. In: Progress Brain Research, edited by F.S.E.H.B. Carlson. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987, vol. 71.
54. JENKINS, W. M., MERZENICH, M. M., OCHS, M. T., ALLARD, T., AND GUICROBLES, E. Functional reorganization of primary somatosensory cortex in adult owl monkeys after behaviorally controlled tactile stimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 63: 82-104, 1990.
55. JENNINGS, A., LAMOUR, Y., SOLIS, H., AND FROMM, C. Somatosensory cortex activity related to position and force. J. Neurophysiol. 49: 1216-1229, 1983.
56. JOHANSSON, R. S. AND VALLBO, A. B. Tactile sensibility in the human hand: relative and absolute densities of four types of mechanoreceptive units in glabrous skin. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 286: 283-300, 1979.
57. JONES, E. G., COULTER, J. D., AND HENDRY, S.H.C. Intracortical connectivity of architectonic fields in the somatic sensory, motor and parietal cortex of monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 282: 291-348, 1978.
58. JONES, E. G. AND POWELL, T.P.S. Connections of the somatic sensory cortex of the rhesus monkey. III. Thalamic connections. Brain. 93: 37-56, 1970.
59. JONES, E. G. AND PORTER, R. What is area 3a? Brain Res. Rev. 2: 1-43, 1980.
60. JONES, E. G. GABAergic neurons and their role in cortical plasticity in primates. Cereb. Cortex. 3: 361-372, 1993.
61. JONES, T. A. AND SCHALLERT, T. Use-dependent growth of pyramidal neurons after neocortical damage. J. Neurophysiol. 14: 2140-2152, 1994.
62. KAAS, J. H. Plasticity of sensory and motor maps in adult mammals. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 14: 137-167, 1991.
63. KAAS, J. H., MERZENICH, M. M., AND KILLACKEY, H. P. The reorganization of somatosensory cortex following peripheral nerve damage in adult and developing mammals. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 6: 325-356, 1984.
64. KANG, R., HERMAN, D., MACGILLIS, M., AND ZARZECKI, P. Convergence of sensory inputs in somatosensory cortex: interactions from separate afferent sources. Exp. Brain Res. 57: 271-278, 1985.
65. KELLER, A., IRIKI, A., AND ASANUMA, H. Identification of neurons producing long-term potentiation in the cat motor cortex: intracellular recordings and labeling. J. Comp. Neurol. 300: 1-14, 1990.
66. KILLACKEY, H. P., GOULD, H. D., PONS, T. P., AND KAAS, J. H. The relation of corpus callosum connections to architectonic fields and body surface maps in sensorimotor cortex of new and old world monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 219: 384-419, 1983.
67. KOLB, B. AND GIBB, R. Environnemental enrichment and cortical injury: behavioral and anatomical consequences of frontal cortex lesions. Cereb. Cortex 1: 189-198, 1991.
68. KOLB, B. AND WISHAW, I. Q. Plasticity in the neocortex: mechanisms underlying recovery from early brain damage. Prog. Neurobiol. 32: 235-276, 1989.
69. KRUBITZER, L. A. AND KAAS, J. H. The organization and connections of somatosensory cortex in marmosets. J. Neurosci. 10: 952-974, 1990.
70. LACOUR, M. AND XERRI, C. Vestibular compensation: new perspective. In: Lesion-Induced Neuronal Plasticity in Sensorimotor Systems, edited by H. Flohr and W. Precht. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1981, p. 240-253.
71. LAMOTTE, R. H. AND MOUNTCASTLE, V. B. Disorders in somesthesis following lesions of parietal lobe of Macaca mulatta. J. Neurophysiol. 42: 400-419, 1979.
72. LANDRY, P. AND DESCHENES, M. Intracortical arborizations and receptive fields of identified ventrobasal thalamocortical afferents of the primary somatic sensory cortex in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 199: 345-371, 1981.
73. LANDRY, P., DIADORI, P., LECLERC, S., AND DYKES, R. W. Morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of somatosensory thalamocortical axones studied with intra-axonal staining and recording in the cat. Exp. Brain Res. 65: 317-330, 1987.
74. LIN, C. S., MERZENICH, M. M., SUR, M., AND KAAS, J. H. Connections of areas 3b and 1 of the parietal somatosensory strip with the ventroposterior nucleus in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). J. Comp. Neurol. 185: 355-371, 1979.
75. LUCIER, G. E. AND RUEGG, D. C. Responses of neurones in motor cortex and in area 3a to controlled stretches of forelimb muscles in cebus monkeys. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 251: 833-853, 1975.
76. MACGILLIS, M., KANG, R., HERMAN, D., AND ZARZECKI, P. Interactions among convergent inputs to somatosensory cortex neurons. Brain Res. 276: 329-332, 1983.
77. MERZENICH, M. M. AND JENKINS, W. M. Reorganization of cortical representations of the hand following alterations of skin inputs induced by nerve injury, skin island transfers, and experience. J. Hand Ther. 6: 89-104, 1993.
78. MERZENICH, M. M., KAAS, J. H., SUR, M., AND LIN, C. S. Double representation of the body surface within cytoarchitectonic areas 3b and 2 in SI in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). J. Comp. Neurol. 181: 41-73, 1978.
79. MERZENICH, M. M., NELSON, R. J., KAAS, J. H., STRYKER, M. P., JENKINS, W. M., ZOOK, J. M., CYNADER, M. S., AND SCHOPPMANN, A. Variability in hand surface representations in areas 3b and 1 in adult owl and squirrel monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 258: 281-297, 1987.
80. MERZENICH, M., RECANZONE, G., JENKINS, W. M., ALLARD, T. T., AND NUDO, R. J. Cortical representational plasticity. In: Neurobiology of Neocortex, edited by P. Rakic and W. Singer. New York: Wiley. 1988, p. 41-67.
81. MERZENICH, M. M., RECANZONE, G. H., JENKINS, W. M., AND GRAJSKI, K. A. Adaptive mechanisms in cortical networks underlying cortical contributions to learning and nondeclarative memory. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 55: 873-887, 1990.
82. MERZENICH, M. M. AND SAMESHIMA, K. Cortical plasticity and memory. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 3: 187-196, 1993.
83. MOUNTCASTLE, V. B., ATLURI, P. D., AND ROMO, R. Selective input-output discriminative signals in the motor cortex of waking monkeys. Cereb. Cortex 2: 277-294, 1992.
84. MUNK, H. Uber die Funktionen der Grosshirnrinde. Gesammelte Mitteilungen aus den Jahren 1877-1880. Berlin: Hirshwald, 1881.
85. MURRAY, E. A. AND MISKHIN, M. Relative contribution of SmII and area 5 to tactile discrimination of monkeys. Behav. Brain Res. 11: 67-84, 1984.
86. NELSON, R. J. Activity of monkey primary somatosensory cortical neurons changes prior to active movements. Brain Res. 406: 402-407, 1987.
87. NELSON, R. J. AND DOUGLAS, V. D. Changes in premovement activity in primary somatosensory cortex differ when monkeys make hand movements in response to visual vs. vibratory cues. Brain Res. 483: 43-53, 1989.
88. NELSON, R. J., LI, B., AND DOUGLAS, V. D. Sensory response enhancement and suppression of monkey primary somatosensory cortical neurons. Brain Res. Bull. 27: 751-757, 1991.
89. NELSON, R. J., SMITH, B. N., AND DOUGLAS, V. D. Relationships between sensory responsiveness and premovement activity of quickly adapting neurons in areas 3b and 1 of monkey primary somatosensory cortex. Exp. Brain. Res. 84: 75-90, 1991.
90. NUDO, R. J., JENKINS, W. M., MERZENICH, M. M., PREJEAN, T., AND GRENDA, R. Neurophysiological correlates of hand preference in primary motor cortex of adult squirrel monkeys. J. Neurosci. 12: 2918-2947, 1992.
91. NUDO, R. J. AND MILLIKEN, G. W. Reorganization of movement representations in primary motor cortex following focal ischemic infarcts in adult squirrel monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 75: 2144-2149, 1996.
92. NUDO, R. J., MILLIKEN, G. W., JENKINS, W. M., AND MERZENICH, M. M. Use-dependent alterations of movement representations in primary motor cortex of adult squirrel monkeys. J. Neurosci. 16: 785-807, 1996a.
93. NUDO, R. J., WISE, B. M., SIFUENTES, F., 41ND MILLIKEN, G. W. Neural substrates for the effects of rehabilitative training on motor recovery after ischemic infarct. Science 272: 1791-1794, 1996b.
94. PAUL, R. L., Merzenich, M. M., AND GOODMAN, H. Representation of slowly and rapidly adapting cutaneous mechanorecoptors of the hand in Brodmann's areas 3b and 1 of Macaca Mulatta. Brain Res. 36: 229-249, 1972.
95. PAVLIDES, C., MIYASHITA, E., AND ASANUMA, H. Projection from the sensory to the motor cortex is important in learning motor skills in the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 70: 733-741, 1993.
96. PEARSON, J. C., FINKEL, L. H., AND EDELMAN, G. M. Plasticity in the organization of adult cerebral cortical maps a computer stimulation based on neuronal group selection. J. Neurosci. 7: 4209-4223, 1987.
97. PETERSON, B. E. AND MERZENICH, M. M. MAP: a Macintosh program for generating categorical maps applied to cortical mapping. J. Neurosci Methods 57: 133-44, 1995.
98. PHILIPS, C. G., POWELL, T.P.S., AND WIESENDANGER, M. Projection from low-threshold muscle afferents of hand and forearm to area 3a of baboon's cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 217: 419-446, 1971.
99. POWELL, T. P. AND MOUNTCASTLE, V. B. Some aspects of the functionalorganization of the cortex of the postcentral gyrus of the monkey: a correlation of finding obtained in a single unit analysis with cytoarchitecture. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 105: 133-162, 1959.
100. RANDOLPH, M. AND SEMMES, J. Behavioral consequences of selective subtotal ablations on the postcentral gyrus of Macaca mulatta. Brain Res. 70: 55-70, 1970.
101. RANDOLPH, M. AND SEMMES, J. Behavioral consequence of selective subtotal ablation in the postcentral gyrus of Macaca mulatta. Brain Res. 70: 55-70, 1974.
102. RAUSELL, E. AND JONES, E. G. Extent of intracortical arborization of thalamocortical axons as a determinant of representational plasticity in monkey somatic sensory cortex. J. Neurosci. 15: 4270-4288, 1995.
103. RECANZONE, G. H., MERZENICH, M. M., AND JENKINS, W. M. Frequency discrimination training engaging a restricted skin surface results in an emergence of a cutaneous response zone in cortical area 3a. J. Neurophysiol. 67: 1057-70, 1992a.
104. RECANZONE, G. H., MERZENICH, M. M., JENKINS, W. M., GRAJSKI, K. A., AND DINSE, H. R. Topographic reorganization of the hand representation in cortical area 3b owl monkeys trained in a frequency-discrimination task. J. Neurophysiol. 67: 1031-56, 1992b.
105. RIESE, W. The principle of diaschisis. Int. Record Med. 171: 73-82, 1984.
106. SAKAMOTO, T., PORTER, L., AND ASANUMA, H. Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic potentials in the motor cortex produced by stimulation of the sensory cortex in the cat: a basis of motor learning. Brain Res. 413: 360-364, 1987.
107. SASAKI, K. AND GEMBA, H. Compensatory motor function of the somatosensory cortex for the motor cortex temporarily impaired by cooling in the monkey. Exp. Brain Res. 55: 60-68, 1984.
108. SCHAEFER, K. P. AND MEYER, D. L. Compensation of vestibular lesions, In: Handbook of Sensory Physiology, edited by. H. H. Kornhuber. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1974, p. 463-490.
109. SEMMES, J. AND MISKHIN, M. Somatosensory loss in monkeys after ipsilateral cortical ablation. J. Neurophysiol. 28: 473-486, 1965.
110. SEMMES, J. AND PORTER, P. A comparison of precentral and postcentral cortical lesions on somatosensory discrimination in monkey. Cortex. 8: 249-264, 1972.
111. SHANKS, M. F., PEARSON, R.C.A., AND POWELL, T.P.S. The ipsilateral cortico-cortical connexions between the cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the primary somatic sensory cortex in the monkey. Brain Res. Rev. 9: 67-88, 1985.
112. SILAKOV, V. L. AND DYBOWSKII, A. P. General physiology of the brain. Compensatory reorganization of the SI zone of the cat neocortex. Neurosci. Behav. Physiol. 13: 274-280, 1983.
113. SNOW, P. J., NUDO, R. J., RIVERS, W., JENKINS, W. M., AND MERZENICH, M. M. Somatotopically inappropriate projections from thalamocortical neurons to the SI cortex of the cat demonstrated by the use of intracortical microstimulation. Somatosensory 5: 349-372, 1988.
114. SNOW, P. J. AND WILSON, P. Plasticity in the somatosensory system of developing and mature mammals. The effects of injury to the central and peripheral nervous system. In: Progress in Sensory Physiology, edited by D. Ottoson. New-York: Springer-Verlag, 1991, vol. 2, p. 482-501.
115. SOSO, M. J. AND FETZ, E. E. Responses of identified cells in postcentral cortex of awake monkeys during comparable active and passive joint movements. J. Neurophysiol. 43: 1090-1110, 1980.
116. STEPNIEWSKA, I., PREUSS, T. M., AND KAAS, J. H. Thalamic connections of the primary motor cortex (M1) of owl monkeys. J. Comp Neurol. 349: 558-582, 1994.
117. STRYKER, M. P., JENKINS, W. M., AND MERZENICH, M. M. Anesthetic state does not affect the map of the hand representation within area 3b somatosensory cortex in owl monkey. J. Comp Neurol. 258: 297-303, 1987.
118. SUR, M. Receptive fields of neurons in area 3b and 1 of somatosensory cortex in monkeys. Brain Res. 198: 465-481, 1980.
119. SUR, M., NELSON, R. J., AND KAAS, J. H. Representations of the body surface in cortical areas 3b and 1 of squirrel monkeys: comparisons with other primates. J. Comp. Neurol. 211: 177-192, 1982.
120. TANJI, J. AND WISE, S. P. Submodality distribution in sensorimotor cortex of the unanesthetized monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 45: 467-481, 1981.
121. VOGT, B. A. AND PANDYA, D. N. Cortico-cortical connections of somatic sensory cortex (areas 3, 1, and 2). J. Comp. Neurol. 177: 179-192, 1977.
122. VON MONAKOW, C. Die localisation im groshirn und der abbau der funktion durch kortikale herde. In: Brain and Behaviour, edited by P. K. Harris. London: Penguin Books, 1914, vol. 1, p. 27-36.
123. WANNIER, T. M., MAIER, M. A., AND HEPP-RAYMOND, M. Contrasting properties of monkey somatosensory and motor cortex neurons activated during the control of force in precision grip. J. Neurophysiol. 65: 572-589, 1991.
124. WITHERS, G. S. AND GREENOUGH, W. T. Reach training selectively alters dendritic branching in subpopulations of layer II-III pyramidals in rat motor-somatosensory cortex. Neuropsychologia 27: 61-69, 1989.
125. XERRI, C., JENKINS, W. M., PETERSON, B., AND MERZENICH, M. M. Post-lesion remodeling of the primary somatosensory cortex parallels functional recovery in the adult owl monkey. XVII Annual Meeting of the European Neuroscience Association, Vienna, 1994a.
126. XERRI, C. AND LACOUR, M. Compensation des déficits posturaux et cinétiques après neurectomie vestibulaire unilatérale chez le Chat. Rôle de l'activité sensorimotrice. Acta Otolaryngol. 90: 414-424, 1980.
127. XERRI, C., STERN, J. M., AND MERZENICH, M. M. Alterations of the cortical representation of the rat ventrum induced by nursing behavior. J. Neurosci. 14: 1710-21, 1994b.
128. XERRI, C. AND ZENNOLI, Y. Sensory, functional and behavioral substitution processes in the vestibular compensation. In: Vestibular Compensation: Facts, Theories and Clinical Perspectives, edited by M.T.M. Lacour and P. Denise. Paris: Elsevier, 1989, p. 35-58.
129. ZARZECKI. P. AND WIGOIN, D. M. Convergence of sensory inputs upon projection neurons of somatosensory cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 48: 28-42, 1982.