Use of LIDAR in landslide investigations: A review

Natural Hazards

Volumn 61, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 5-28

  Jaboyedoff, Michel ^a   Oppikofer, Thierry ^b   Abellán, Antonio ^a   Derron, Marc Henri ^a   Loye, Alex ^a   Metzger, Richard ^a   Pedrazzini, Andrea ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LAUSANNE   (Switzerland)

^b GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORWAY   (Norway)

Author keywords

High resolution DEM; Landslide; Laser scanner; LIDAR; Structural analysis; Topography analysis

Indexed keywords

DEBRIS FLOW; DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL; HAZARD ASSESSMENT; LANDSLIDE; LASER METHOD; LIDAR; MASS MOVEMENT; ROCKFALL; STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS; THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING; TOPOGRAPHY;

EID: 84856387385     PISSN: 0921030X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11069-010-9634-2     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Abellan A, Vilaplana JM, Martinez J (2006) Application of a long-range terrestrial laser scanner to a detailed rockfall study at Vall de Nuria (Eastern Pyrenees, Spain). Eng Geol 88: 136-148. doi: 10. 1016/j. enggeo. 2006. 09. 012.
2. Abellan A, Jaboyedoff M, Oppikofer T, Vilaplana JM (2009) Detection of millimetric deformation using a terrestrial laser scanner: experiment and application to rockfall event. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9: 365-372. doi: 10. 5194/nhess-9-365-2009.
3. Abellan A, Vilaplana JM, Calvet J, Blanchard J (2010) Detection and spatial prediction of rockfalls by means of terrestrial laser scanning modelling. Geomorphology 119: 162-171. doi: 10. 1016/j. geomorph. 2010. 03. 016.
4. Abellan A, Vilaplana JM, Calvet J, Garcia-Sellès D, Asensio E (accepted) Rockfall monitoring by terrestrial laser scanning. Case study of the basaltic rock face at Castellfollit de la Roca (Catalonia, Spain). Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci.
5. Agliardi F, Crosta GB (2003) High resolution three-dimensional numerical modelling of rockfalls. Int J Rock Mecha Mining Sci 40: 455-471. doi: 10. 1016/S1365-1609(03)00021-2.
6. Agliardi F, Crosta GB, Zanchi A, Ravazzi C (2009) Onset and timing of deep-seated gravitational slope deformations in the eastern Alps, Italy. Geomorphology 103: 113-129. doi: 10. 1016/j. geomorph. 2007. 09. 015.
7. Ardizzone F, Cardinali M, Galli M, Guzzetti F, Reichenbach P (2007) Identification and mapping of recent rainfall-induced landslides using elevation data collected by airborne Lidar. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 7: 637-650. doi: 10. 5194/nhess-7-637-2007.
8. Armesto J, Ordóñez C, Alejano L, Arias P (2009) Terrestrial laser scanning used to determine the geometry of a granite boulder for stability analysis purposes. Geomorphology 106(3-4): 271-277. doi: 10. 1016/j. geomorph. 2008. 11. 005.
9. Avian M, Kellerer-Pirklbauer A, Bauer A (2009) LiDAR for monitoring mass movements in permafrost environments at the cirque Hinteres Langtal, Austria, between 2000 and 2008. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9: 1087-1094. doi: 10. 5194/nhess-9-1087-2009.
10. Baldo M, Bicocchi C, Chiocchini U, Giordan D, Lollino G (2009) LiDAR monitoring of mass wasting processes: The Radicofani landslide, Province of Siena, Central Italy. Geomorphology 105: 193-201. doi: 10. 1016/j. geomorph. 2008. 09. 015.
11. Baltsavias EP (1999) Airbone laser scanning: basic relations and formulas. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 54: 199-214. doi: 10. 1016/S0924-2716(99)00015-5.
12. Baum RL, Coe JA, Godt JW, Harp EL, Reid ME, Savage WZ, Schulz WH, Brien DL, Chleborad AF, McKenna JP, Michael JA (2005) Regional landslide-hazard assessment for Seattle, Washington, USA. Landslide 2: 266-279. doi: 10. 1007/s10346-005-0023-y.
13. Besl P, McKay N (1992) A method for registration of 3-D shapes. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 14: 239-256. doi: 10. 1109/34. 121791.
14. Bitelli G, Dubbini M, Zanutta A (2004) Terrestrial laser scanning and digital photogrammetry techniques to monitor landslide bodies. In: Proceedings of the XXth ISPRS congress, Istanbul, Turkey, Commission V, WG V/2.
15. Booth AM, Roering JJ, Perron JT (2009) Automated landslide mapping using spectral analysis and high-resolution topographic data: Puget Sound lowlands, Washington, and Portland Hills, Oregon. Geomorphology 109: 132-147. doi: 10. 1016/j. geomorph. 2009. 02. 027.
16. Borlat C, Epard JL, Jaboyedoff M (2007) Use of a laser-DTM for geological survey, structural interpretation and update of existing maps: example in the Jura Mountains (Switzerland). Geophys Res Abst 9: 07424.
17. Bornaz L, Lingua A, Rinaudo F (2002) Engineering and environmental applications of laser scanner techniques. Int Archi Photogramm Remote Sens 34(3B): 40-43.
18. Brideau MA, Yan M, Stead D (2009) The role of tectonic damage and brittle rock fracture in the development of large rock slope failures. Geomorphology 103: 30-49. doi: 10. 1016/j. geomorph. 2008. 04. 010.
19. Bromhead EN, Curtis RD, Schofield W (1988) Observation and adjustment of a geodetic survey network for measurement of landslide movement. In: Bonnard C, Balkema Publishers AA (eds) Proceedings of the 5th international symposium on landslides. Lausanne, Switzerland, pp 383-386.
20. Carnec C, Massonnet D, King C (1996) Two examples of the use of SAR interferometry on displacement fields of small spatial extent. Geophys Res Lett 23(24): 3579-3582. doi: 10. 1029/96GL03042.
21. Carter W, Shrestha R, Tuell D, Bloomquist D, Sartori M (2001) Airborne laser swath mapping shines new light on earth's topography. Eos, Trans, Am Geophys Union 82(46): 549, 550, 555.
22. Cavalli M, Marchi L (2008) Characterisation of the surface morphology of an alpine alluvial fan using airborne LiDAR. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 8: 323-333. doi: 10. 5194/nhess-8-323-2008.
23. Chen Y, Medioni G (1992) Object modelling by registration of multiple range images. Image Vis Comput 10: 145-155. doi: 10. 1016/0262-8856(92)90066-C.
24. Chen RF, Chang KJ, Angelier J, Chan YC, Deffontaines B, Lee CT, Lin ML (2006) Topographical changes revealed by high-resolution airborne LiDAR data: the 1999 Tsaoling landslide induced by the Chi-Chi earthquake. Eng Geol 88: 160-172. doi: 10. 1016/j. enggeo. 2006. 09. 008.
25. Chigira M, Duan F, Yagi H, Furuya T (2004) Using an airbone laser scanner for the identification of shallow landslides and susceptibility assessment in an area of ignimbrite overlain by permeable pyroclastics. Landslides 3: 203-209. doi: 10. 1007/s10346-004-0029-x.
26. Colesanti C, Ferretti A, Prati C, Rocca F (2003) Monitoring landslides and tectonic motions with the permanent scatterers technique. Eng Geol 68: 3-14. doi: 10. 1016/S0013-7952(02)00195-3.
27. Corsini A, Borgatti L, Coren F, Vellico M (2007) Use of multitemporal airborne LiDAR surveys to analyse post-failure behaviour of earthslides. Can J Remote Sens 33(2): 116-120.
28. Corsini A, Cervi F, Daehne A, Ronchetti F (2009) Coupling geomorphic field observation and LIDAR derivatives to map complex landslides. In: Malet JP, Remaître A, Bogaard T (eds) Landslides processes-from geomorphologic mapping to dynamic modeling, proceedings of the landslide processes conference, 6-7 February 2009, Strasbourg.
29. Cruden DM, Varnes DJ (1996) Landslides investigation and mitigation, transportation research board. In: Turner AK, Schuster RL (eds) Landslide types and process, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Special Report 247: 36-75.
30. Dallaire EE (1974) Electronic distance measuring revolution well under way. Civil Eng 44(10): 66-71.
31. Derron MH, Jaboyedoff M (2010) Preface to the special issue. In: LIDAR and DEM techniques for landslides monitoring and characterization. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 10: 1877-1879.
32. Derron MH, Blikra LH, Jaboyedoff M (2005) High resolution digital elevation model analysis for landslide hazard assessment (Åkerneset, Norway). In: Senneset K, Flaate K, Larsen JA (eds) Landslide and avalanches, ICFL, pp 101-106.
33. Dewitte O, Jasselette J-C, Cornet Y, van Den Eeckhaut M, Collignon A, Poesen J, Demoulin A (2008) Tracking landslide displacements by multi-temporal DTMs: a combined aerial stereophotogrammetric and LIDAR approach in western Belgium. Eng Geol 99: 11-22. doi: 10. 1016/j. enggeo. 2008. 02. 006.
34. Dietrich WE, Bellugi D, Real de Asua R (2001) Validation of the shallow landslide model, SHALSTAB, for forest management. In: Wigmosta MS, Burges SJ (eds) Land use and watersheds: human influence on hydrology and geomorphology in urban and forest areas, Water Science and Application, 2: 195-227.
35. Dunning S, Massey C, Rosser N (2009) Structural and geomorphological features of landslides in the Bhutan Himalaya derived from terrestrial laser scanning. Geomorphology 103: 17-29. doi: 10. 1016/j. geomorph. 2008. 04. 013.
36. Duong H (2006) Full waveform analysis: Icesat laser data for land cover classification. In: ISPRS commission VII mid-term symposium "remote sensing: from pixels to processes", pp 30-35.
37. Fardin N, Feng Q, Stephansson O (2004) Application of a new in situ 3D laser scanner to study the scale effect on the rock joint surface roughness. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 41: 329-335. doi: 10. 1016/S1365-1609(03)00111-4.
38. Fell R, Corominas J, Bonnard C, Cascini L, Leroi E, Savage WZ (2008) Guidelines for landslide susceptibility, hazard and risk zoning for land use planning. Eng Geol 102: 85-89. doi: 10. 1016/j. enggeo. 2008. 03. 022.
39. Feng Q, Sjögren P, Stephansson O, Jing L (2001) Measuring fracture orientation at exposed rock faces by using a non-reflector total station. Eng Geol 59: 133-146. doi: 10. 1016/S0013-7952(00)00070-3.
40. Fernández O (2005) Obtaining a best fitting plane through 3D georeferenced data. J Struct Geol 27: 855-858. doi: 10. 1016/j. jsg. 2004. 12. 004.
41. Frattini P, Crosta G, Carrara A, Agliardi F (2008) Assessment of rockfall susceptibility by integrating statistical and physically-based approaches. Geomorphology 94: 419-437. doi: 10. 1016/j. geomorph. 2006. 10. 037.
42. Froese C, Moreno F, Jaboyedoff M, Cruden DM (2009) 25 years of movement monitoring on South Peak, Turtle Mountain: understanding the hazard. Can Geotech J 46: 256-269. doi: 10. 1139/T08-121.
43. Fruneau B, Achache J, Delacourt C (1996) Observation and modelling of the Saint-Étienne-de-Tinée landslide using SAR interferometry. Tectonophysics 265(3-4): 181-190. doi: 10. 1016/S0040-1951(96)00047-9.
44. Glenn NF, Streutker DR, Chadwick DJ, Thackray GD, Dorsch SJ (2006) Analysis of LiDAR-derived topographic information for characterizing and differentiating landslide morphology and activity. Geomorphology 73: 131-148. doi: 10. 1016/j. geomorph. 2005. 07. 006.
45. Gordon S, Lichti D, Stewart M (2001) Application of a high-resolution, ground-based laser scanner for deformation measurements. In: Proceedings of the 10th international FIG symposium on deformation measurements, Orange, California, USA, 19-22 March 2001, pp 23-32.
46. Günther A (2003) Slopemap: programs for automated mapping of geometrical and kinematical properties of hard rock hill slopes. Comput Geosci 29(7): 865-875. doi: 10. 1016/S0098-3004(03)00086-4.
47. Guzzetti F, Reichenbach P, Wieczorek GF (2003) Rockfall hazards and risk assessment in the Yosemite Valley, California, USA. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 3: 491-503. doi: 10. 5194/nhess-3-491-2003.
48. Habib A (2008) Accuracy, quality assurance and quality control of LIDAR data, Chap 9. In: Shan J, Toth CK (eds) Topographic laser ranging and scanning: principles and processing. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, pp 269-294.
49. Haneberg WC (2007) Directional roughness profiles from three-dimensional photogrammetric or laser scanner point clouds. In: Eberhardt E, Stead D, Morrison T (eds) Rock mechanics: meeting society's challenges and demands. Proceedings of the 1st Canada-US rock mechanics symposium, Vancouver, Canada, May 27-31, 2007, Taylor & Francis, pp 101-106.
50. Haneberg WC, Creighton AL, Medley EW, Jonas DA (2005) Use of LiDAR to assess slope hazards at the Lihir gold mine, Papua New Guinea. In: Hungr O, Fell R, Couture R, Eberhardt E (eds) Proceedings of the international conference on landslide risk management. Vancouver, Taylor & Francis Group, Supplementary Volume (CD), Canada.
51. Haneberg WC, Cole WF, Kasali G (2009) High-resolution lidar-based landslide hazard mapping and modeling, UCSF Parnassus Campus; San Francisco, USA. Bull Eng Geol Environ 68: 263-276. doi: 10. 1007/s10064-009-0204-3.
52. Harding D (2008) Pulsed laser altimeter ranging techniques and implications for terrain mapping, Chap 5. In: Shan J, Toth CK (eds) Topographic laser ranging and scanning: principles and processing. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, pp 173-194.
53. Haugerud RA, Harding DJ, Johnson SY, Harless JL, Weaver CS, Sherrod BL (2003) High-resolution lidar topography of the Puget Lowland, Washington-A Bonanza for earth science. GSA Today 13: 4-10.
54. Heritage GL, Large ARG (2009) Laser scanning for the environmental sciences. Wiley-Blackwell, London.
55. Hiremagalur J, Yen KS, Akin K, Bui T, Lasky, TA, Ravani B (2007) Creating standards and specifications for the use of laser scanning in CalTrans projects. Technical report no F/CA/RI/2006/46, California Department of Transportation, US (www. ahmct. ucdavis. edu/images/AHMCT_LidarFinalReport. pdf).
56. Höfle B, Vetter M, Pfeifer N, Mandlburger G, Stötter J (2009) Water surface mapping from airbone laser scanning using signal intensity and elevation data. Earth Surf Proc Land 34(12): 1635-1649. doi: 10. 1002/esp. 1853.
57. Hoge FE, Swift RN, Frederick EB (1980) Water depth measurement using an airborne pulsed neon laser system. Appl Opt 19(6): 871-883. doi: 10. 1364/AO. 19. 000871.
58. Horton P, Jaboyedoff M, Bardou E (2008) Debris flow susceptibility mapping at a regional scale. In: Locat J, Perret D, Turmel D, Demers D, Leroueil S (eds) 4th Canadian conference on geohazards: from causes to management, Presse de l'Université Laval, pp 399-406.
59. Hungr O (2005) Classification and terminology. In: Jakob M, Hungr O (eds) Debris-flow hazards and related phenomena. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg.
60. Ingensand H (2006) Metrological aspects in terrestrial laser-scanning technology. In: Proceedings of the 3rd IAG/12th FIG symposium, Baden, Austria.
61. Jaboyedoff M, Baillifard F, Couture R, Locat J, Locat P (2004a) New insight of geomorphology and landslide prone area detection using DEM. In: Lacerda WA, Ehrlich M, Fontoura AB, Sayao A (eds) Landslides evaluation and stabilization. Balkema, pp 191-197.
62. Jaboyedoff M, Baillifard F, Couture R, Locat J, Locat P (2004b) Toward preliminary hazard assessment using DEM topographic analysis and simple mechanical modeling by means of sloping local base level. In: Lacerda WA, Ehrlich M, Fontoura AB, Sayao A (eds) Landslides evaluation and stabilization. Balkema, pp 199-205.
63. Jaboyedoff M, Baillifard F, Philipossian F, Rouiller JD (2004c) Assessing the fracture occurrence using the "Weighted fracturing density": a step towards estimating rock instability hazard. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 4: 83-93. doi: 10. 5194/nhess-4-83-2004.
64. Jaboyedoff M, Metzger R, Oppikofer T, Couture R, Derron MH, Locat J, Durmel D (2007) New insight techniques to analyze rock-slope relief using DEM and 3D-imaging clouds points: COLTOP-3D software. In: Eberhardt E, Stead D, Morrison T (eds) Rock mechanics: meeting society's challenges and demands. Taylor & Francis, London, pp 61-68.
65. Jaboyedoff M, Pedrazzini A, Horton P, Loye A, Surace I (2008a) Preliminary slope mass movements susceptibility mapping using LIDAR DEM. In: Proceedings of 61th Canadian geotechnical conference, pp 419-426.
66. Jaboyedoff M, Oppikofer T, Minoia R, Locat J, Turmel D (2008b) Terrestrial LIDAR investigation of the 2004 rockslide along Petit Champlain street, Québec City (Québec, Canada). In: Locat J, Perret D, Turmel D, Demers D, Leroueil S (eds) 4th Canadian conference on geohazards: from causes to management. Presse de l'Université Laval, pp 295-301.
67. Jaboyedoff M, Oppikofer T, Locat A, Locat J, Turmel D, Robitaille D, Demers D, Locat P (2009a) Use of ground-based LIDAR for the analysis of retrogressive landslides in sensitive clay and of rotational landslides in river banks. Can Geotech J 46: 1379-1390. doi: 10. 1139/T09-073.
68. Jaboyedoff M, Couture R, Locat P (2009b) Structural analysis of Turtle Mountain (Alberta) using digital elevation model: toward a progressive failure. Geomorphology 103: 5-16. doi: 10. 1016/j. geomorph. 2008. 04. 012.
69. Jaboyedoff M, Pedrazzini A, Loye A, Oppikofer T, Güell i Pons M (2009c) Earth flow in a complex geological environment: the example of Pont Bourquin, Les Diablerets (Western Switzerland). In: Malet JP, Remaître A, Bogaard T (eds) Landslides processes-from geomorphologic mapping to dynamic modeling, proceedings of the landslide processes conference, 6-7 February 2009, Strasbourg, France.
70. Jakob M (2005) Debris-flow hazard analysis. In: Jakob M, Hungr O (eds) Debris-flow hazards and related phenomena. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg.
71. Janeras M, Navarro M, Arno G, Ruiz A, Kornus W, Talaya J, Barbera M, Lopez F (2004) LIDAR applications to rock fall hazard assessment in Vall de Nuria. 4th ICA Mountain Cartography Workshop, 30th September-2nd October 2004. Vall de Nuria, Catalonia, Spain.
72. Jibson RW (2006) The 2005 La Conchita, California, landslide. Landslides 3: 73-78. doi: 10. 1007/s10346-005-0011-2.
73. Kamerman GW (1993) Laser radar (chapter 1). In: Fox CS (ed) The infrared and electro-optical systems handbook. Infrared information analysis center. Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp 1-76.
74. Kasai M, Ikeda M, Asahina T, Fujisawa K (2009) LiDAR-derived DEM evaluation of deep-seated landslides in a steep and rocky region of Japan. Geomorphology 113: 57-69. doi: 10. 1016/j. geomorph. 2009. 06. 004.
75. Keaton JR, DeGraff JV (1996) Surface observation and geologic mapping. In: Turner AK, Schuster RL (eds) Landslide types and process, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Special Report 247: 178-230.
76. Kemeny J, Post R (2003) Estimating three-dimensional rock discontinuity orientation from digital images of fracture traces. Comput Geosci 29: 65-77. doi: 10. 1016/S0098-3004(02)00106-1.
77. Kemeny J, Turner K (2008) Ground based LIDAR. Rock slope Mapping and assessment. Technical report of the Central Federal Lands Highway Division US Department of Transportation FHWA-CFL/TD-08-006 (www. iaeg. info).
78. Krabill WB, Collins JG, Link LE, Swift RN, Butler ML (1984) Airbone laser topographic mapping results. Photogramm Eng Remote Sens 50(6): 685-694.
79. Krabill WB, Thomas RH, Martin CF, Swift RN, Frederick EB (1995) Accuracy of airbone laser altimetry over Greenland ice sheet. Int J Remote Sens 16(7): 1211-1222. doi: 10. 1080/01431169508954472.
80. Krabill WB, Frederick EB, Manizade S, Martin CF, Sonntag J, Swift RN, Thomas R, Wright W, Yungel J (1999) Rapid thinning of parts of the southern Greenland ice sheet. Science 283: 1522-1524. doi: 10. 1126/science. 283. 5407. 1522.
81. Kurz TH, Buckley SJ, Howell JA, Schneider D (2008) Geological outcrop modeling and interpretation using ground based hyperspectral and laser scanning data fusion. Int Archi Photogramm Remote Sens 37(B8): 1229-1234.
82. Lan H, Martin CD, Lim CH (2007) RockFall analyst: a GIS extension for three-dimensional and spatially distributed rockfall hazard modeling. Comput Geosci 33(2): 262-279. doi: 10. 1016/j. cageo. 2006. 05. 013.
83. Lato M, Diederichs M, Hutchinson DJ, Harrap R (2009) Optimization of LiDAR scanning and processing for automated structural evaluation of discontinuities in rockmasses. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 46: 194-199. doi: 10. 1016/j. ijrmms. 2008. 04. 007.
84. Lichti DD (2007) Error modelling, calibration and analysis of an AM-CW terrestrial laser scanner system. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 61: 307-324. doi: 10. 1016/j. isprsjprs. 2006. 10. 004.
85. Lichti DD, Jamtsho S (2006) Angular resolution of terrestrial laser scanners. Photogramm Rec 21: 141-160. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1477-9730. 2006. 00367. x.
86. Lichti D, Stewart M, Tsakiri M, Snow A (2000) Benchmark tests on a three-dimensional laser scanning system. Geomat Res Australas 72: 1-24.
87. Lim M, Petley DN, Rosser NJ, Allison RJ, Long AJ, Pybus D (2006) Combined digital photogrammetry and time-of-flight laser scanning for monitoring cliff evolution. Photogramm Rec 20: 109-129. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1477-9730. 2005. 00315. x.
88. Lindenbergh R, Pfeifer N (2005) A statistical deformation analysis of two epochs of terrestrial laser data of a lock. In: Proceedings of the 7th conference on optical 3D measurement techniques, Vienna, Austria, pp 61-70.
89. Loye A, Jaboyedoff M, Pedrazzini A (2009) Identification of potential rockfall source areas at a regional scale using a DEM-based geomorphometric analysis. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9: 1643-1653. doi: 10. 5194/nhess-9-1643-2009.
90. Manetti L, Steinmann G (2007) 3DeMoN ROBOVEC-integration of a new measuring instrument in an existing generic remote monitoring platform. In: 7th international symposium on field measurements in geomechanics, September 2007, Boston, MA, USA, pp 24-27.
91. McKean J, Roering J (2004) Objective landslide detection and surface morphology mapping using high-resolution airborne laser altimetry. Geomorphology 57: 331-351. doi: 10. 1016/S0169-555X(03)00164-8.
92. Miller B (1965) Laser altimeter may aid photo mapping. Aviat Week Space Technol 88(13): 60-64.
93. Monserrat O, Crosetto M (2008) Deformation measurement using terrestrial laser scanning data and least squares 3D surface matching. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 63: 142-154. doi: 10. 1016/j. isprsjprs. 2007. 07. 008.
94. Montgomery DR, Schmidt KM, Greenberg HM, Dietrich WE (2000) Forest clearing and regional landsliding. Geology 28: 311-314. doi: 10. 1130/0091-7613(2000)28< 311: FCARL> 2. 0. CO; 2.
95. Mueller R, Loew S (2009) Predisposition and Cause of the Catastrophic Landslides of August 2005 in Brienz (Switzerland). Swiss J Geosci 102(2): 331-344. doi: 10. 1007/s00015-009-1315-3.
96. Oppikofer T (2009) Detection, analysis and monitoring of slope movements by high-resolution digital elevation models. PhD Thesis, Institute of Geomatics and Analysis of Risks, Faculty of Geosciences and Environment, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
97. Oppikofer T, Jaboyedoff M, Keusen HR (2008) Collapse at the eastern Eiger flank in the Swiss Alps. Nat Geosci 1: 531-535. doi: 10. 1038/ngeo258.
98. Oppikofer T, Jaboyedoff M, Blikra L, Derron MH (2009) Characterization and monitoring of the Åknes rockslide using terrestrial laser scanning. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9: 1643-1653. doi: 10. 5194/nhess-9-1003-2009.
99. Pedrazzini A, Oppikofer T, Jaboyedoff M, Guell i Pons, M, Chantry R, Stampfli E (2010) Assessment of rockslide and rockfall problems in an active quarry: case study of the Arvel quarry (western Switzerland). In: European rock mechanics symposium (EUROCK 2010), Lausanne, Switzerland. CRC Press, Leiden, pp 593-596.
100. Pesci A, Loddo F, Conforti D (2007) The first terrestrial laser scanner application over Vesuvius: High resolution model of a volcano crater. Int J Remote Sens 28(1): 203-219. doi: 10. 1080/01431160500534473.
101. Pesci A, Teza G, Ventura G (2008) Remote sensing of volcanic terrains by terrestrial laser scanner: preliminary reflectance and RGB implications for studying Vesuvius crater (Italy). Annals Geophys 51: 619-631.
102. Petrie G, Toth CK (2008) I. Introduction to laser ranging, profiling and scanning, II. Airbone and spaceborne laser profiles and scanners, III. Terrestrial laser scanners (chapters 1 to 3). In: Shan J, Toth CK (eds) Topographic laser ranging and scanning: principles and processing, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis.
103. Prokop A, Panholzer H (2009) Assessing the capability of terrestrial laser scanning for monitoring slow moving landslides. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9: 1921-1928. doi: 10. 5194/nhess-9-1921-2009.
104. Roering JJ, Stimely LL, Mackey BH, Schmidt DA (2009) Using DInSAR airbone LIDAR, and archival air photos to quantify landsliding and sediment transport. Geophys Res Lett 36: L19402. doi: 10. 1029/2009GL040374.
105. Romana M (1993) A geomechanical classification for slopes: slope mass rating. In: Hudson JA (ed) Comprehensive rock engineering, vol 3. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 553-573.
106. Rosser NJ, Petley DN, Lim M, Dunning SA, Allison RJ (2005) Terrestrial laser scanning for monitoring the process of hard rock coastal cliff erosion. Q J Eng Geol Hydrogeol 38: 363-375. doi: 10. 1144/1470-9236/05-008.
107. Rosser NJ, Lim N, Petley DN, Dunning S, Allison RJ (2007) Patterns of precursory rockfall prior to slope failure. J Geophys Res 112(F4). doi: 10. 1029/2006JF000642.
108. Rowlands KA, Jones LD, Whitworth M (2003) Landslide laser scanning: a new look at an old problem. Q J Eng Geol Hydrogeol 36: 155-157. doi: 10. 1144/1470-9236/2003-08.
109. SafeLand deliverable 4. 1 (2010) Review of techniques for landslide detection, fast characterization, rapid mapping and long-term monitoring. In: Michoud C, Abellán A, Derron M-H, Jaboyedoff M (eds) SafeLand European project. Available at http://www. safeland-fp7. eu.
110. Savage WZ, Godt JW, Baum RL (2003) A model for spatially and temporal distributed shallow landslide initiative by rainfall infiltration. In: Rickenmann D, Chen C (eds) Debris-flow hazards mitigation: mechanics, prediction, and assessment. Millpress, Rotterdam.
111. Scheidl C, Rickenmann D, Chiari M (2008) The use of airborne LiDAR data for the analysis of debris flow events in Switzerland. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 8: 1113-1127. doi: 10. 5194/nhess-8-1113-2008.
112. Schulz WH (2007) Landslide susceptibility revealed by LIDAR imagery and historical records, Seattle, Washington. Eng Geol 89: 67-87. doi: 10. 1016/j. enggeo. 2006. 09. 019.
113. Shan J, Toth K (2008) Topographic laser ranging and scanning: principles and processing. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, UK.
114. Shepherd EC (1965) Laser to watch height. New Scientist 1: 33.
115. Singhroy V (2009) Satellite remote sensing applications for landslde detection and monitoring. In: Sassa K, Canuti P (eds) Landslides-disaster risk reduction. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 143-158.
116. Slob S, Hack R (2004) 3D terrestrial laser scanning as a new field measurement and monitoring technique. In: Engineering geology for infrastructure planning in Europe: a European perspective, Lectures Notes in Earth Sciences, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 104: 179-189.
117. Slob S, Hack H, Turner AK (2002) An approach to automate discontinuity measurements of rock faces using laser scanning techniques. In: Dinid da Gama C, Riberia e Sousa L (eds) Proceedings of ISRM EUROCK 2002, 25-28 November 2002, Funchal, Portugal, Sociedade Portuguesa de Geotecnia, pp 87-94.
118. Soeters R, van Westen CJ (1996) Slope stability: recognition, analysis and zonation. In: Turner AK, Schuster RL (eds) Landslides investigation and mitigation, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Special Report 247: 129-177.
119. Squarzoni C, Delacourt C, Allemand P (2003) Nine years of spatial and temporal evolution of the La Valette landslide observed by SAR interferometry. Eng Geol 68: 53-66. doi: 10. 1016/S0013-7952(02)00198-9.
120. Staley DM, Wasklewicz TA, Blaszczynski JS (2006) Surficial patterns of debris flow deposition on alluvial fans in Death Valley, CA using airborne laser swath mapping data. Geomorphology 74: 152-163. doi: 10. 1016/j. geomorph. 2005. 07. 014.
121. Stolz A, Huggel C (2008) Debris flows in the Swiss National Park: the influence of different flow models and varying DEM grid size on modeling results. Landslides 5: 311-319. doi: 10. 1007/s10346-008-0125-4.
122. Stow R (1996) Application of SAR interferometry to the imaging and measurement of neotectonic movement applied to mining and other subsidence/downwarp modeling. In: Fringe 96 proceedings ESA workshop on applications of ERS SAR interferometry, Zurich, Switzerland.
123. Sturzenegger M, Stead D (2009) Quantifying discontinuity orientation and persistence on high mountain rock slopes and large landslides using terrestrial remote sensing techniques. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9: 267-287. doi: 10. 5194/nhess-9-267-2009.
124. Sturzenegger M, Stead D, Froese C, Moreno F, Jaboyedoff M (2007a) Ground-based and airborne LiDAR for structure mapping of a large landslide: the Frank Slide. In: Eberhardt E, Stead D, Morrison T (eds) Rock mechanics: meeting society's challenges and demands. Taylor & Francis, London, pp 925-932.
125. Sturzenegger M, Yan M, Stead D, Elmo D (2007b) Application and limitations of ground-based laser scanning in rock slope characterization. In: Eberhardt E, Stead D, Morrison T (eds) Proceedings of the first Canadian US rock mechanics symposium. Taylor & Francis, London, pp 29-36.
126. Tarchi D, Casagli N, Fanti R, Leva DD, Luzi G, Pasuto A, Pieraccini M, Silvano S (2003) Landslide monitoring by using ground-based SAR interferometry: an example of application to the Tessina landslide in Italy. Eng Geol 68: 15-30. doi: 10. 1016/S0013-7952(02)00196-5.
127. Tatone BS, Grasselli G (2009) A method to evaluate the three-dimensional roughness of fracture surfaces in brittle geomaterials. Rev Sci Instrum 80(12). doi: 10. 1063/1. 3266964.
128. Teza G, Galgaro A, Zaltron N, Genevois R (2007) Terrestrial laser scanner to detect landslide displacement fields: a new approach. Int J Remote Sens 28: 3425-3446. doi: 10. 1080/01431160601024234.
129. Teza G, Pesci A, Genevois R, Galgaro A (2008) Characterization of landslide ground surface kinematics from terrestrial laser scanning and strain field computation. Geomorphology 97: 424-437. doi: 10. 1016/j. geomorph. 2007. 09. 003.
130. Theules JI, Loye A, Liébault F, Laigle D, Jaboyedoff M (2009) Sediment budget of a debris flow event in the French Prealps. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2009.
131. Travelletti J, Oppikofer T, Delacourt C, Malet J, Jaboyedoff M (2008) Monitoring landslide displacements during a controlled rain experiment using a long-range terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). Int Archi Photogramm Remote Sens 37(B5): 485-490.
132. Trevisani S, Cavalli M, Marchi L (2009) Variogram maps from LiDAR data as fingerprints of surface morphology on scree slopes. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9: 129-133. doi: 10. 5194/nhess-9-129-2009.
133. Vallet J, Skaloud J (2004) Development and experiences with a fully-digital handheld mapping system operated from a helicopter. Int Archi Photogramm Remote Sens 35(B5): 791-796.
134. van Den Eeckhaut M, Poesen J, Verstraeten G, Vanacker V, Nyssen J, Moeyersons J, van Beek LPH, Vandekerckhove L (2007) Use of LIDAR-derived images for mapping old landslides under forest. Earth Surf Proc Land 32: 754-769. doi: 10. 1002/esp. 1417.
135. van Westen CJ, van Asch TWJ, Soeters R (2006) Landslide hazard and risk zonation-why is it still so difficult? Bull Eng Geol Environ 65: 67-184. doi: 10. 1007/s10064-005-0023-0.
136. Viero A, Teza G, Massironi M, Jaboyedoff M, Galgaro A (2010) Laser scanning-based recognition of rotational movements on a deep seated 2 gravitational instability: The Cinque Torri case (North-Eastern Italian Alps). Geomorphology 122: 191-204. doi: 10. 1016/j. geomorph. 2010. 06. 014.
137. Voegtle T, Schwab I, Landes T (2008) Influences of different materials on the measurement of a Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS). In: Proceedings of the XXI congress, the international society for photogrammetry and remote sensing, ISPRS2008, vol XXXVII, Commission V, 3-11 July 2008, Beijing, China, pp 1061-1066.
138. Wehr A, Lohr U (1999) Airborne laser scanning-an introduction and overview. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 54: 68-82. doi: 10. 1016/S0924-2716(99)00011-8.