Evaluation of iron release models for water distribution systems

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 42, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 44-97

  Benson, Andrew S ^a   Dietrich, Andrea M ^a   Gallagher, Daniel L ^a  

^a State University   (United States)

Author keywords

iron corrosion; modeling; red water; water distribution

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL PROCESS; HYDRAULIC FLOW; IRON CORROSION; IRON RELEASE; WATER CHEMISTRY; WATER DISTRIBUTION; WATER FORMATION;

MODELS; WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS;

IRON;

DRINKING WATER; IRON;

CORROSION; FLOW MODELING; HYDRAULICS; IRON; MODEL TEST; NUMERICAL MODEL; PIPE; WATER CHEMISTRY; WATER SUPPLY; WATER TECHNOLOGY;

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CORROSION; CREVICE CORROSION; ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS; GALVANIC CORROSION; IRON KINETICS; IRON RELEASE MODEL; LANGELIER INDEX; LARSON RATIO; LOCALIZED CORROSION; PH; RED WATER; RYZNAR INDEX; TUBE; TURBULENT FLOW; UNIFORM CORROSION; WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM; WATER QUALITY; WATER SUPPLY;

EID: 84856120443     PISSN: 10643389     EISSN: 15476537     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2010.498753     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Ackers, J., Brandt, M., and Powell, J. (2001). Hydraulic characteristics of deposits and review of sediment modelling. Drinking Water Quality and Health Project: Distribution Systems (01/DW/03/18). UK Water Industry Research, London, England.
2. Al-Jasser, A. O. (2006). Chlorine decay in drinking-water transmission and distribution systems: Pipe service age effect. Water Research 41, 387-397.
3. AWWARF and Wasser, D. V.-T. (1996). Internal corrosion of water distribution systems. American Water Works Research Foundation; Denver, CO, USA.
4. Baral, M. P., Karney, B. W., Naser, G., and Colombo, A. (2006). An extended 1-D transient corrosion model including multi-component chemical species. Paper presented at the ASCE 8th Annual Water Distribution Systems Analysis Symposium, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
5. Baylis, J. R. (1926). Prevention of corrosion and red water. Journal of the American Water Works Association 15, 598.
6. Boxall, J. B., and Dewis, N. (2005). Identification of discolouration risk through simplified modelling. Paper presented at the World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, Anchorage, Alaska, USA.
7. Boxall, J. B., and Saul, A. J. (2005). Modeling discoloration in potable water distribution systems. Journal of Environmental Engineering 131, 716-725. (Pubitemid 40696527)
8. Burlingame, G. A., Lytle, D. A., and Snoeyink, V. L. (2006). Why red water? Understanding iron release in distribution systems. Opflow: American Water Works Association 32(12), 12-16.
9. Canadian Water and Wastewater Association. (2009). Drinking water disinfection and turbidity requirements: A global perspective. Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Water and Wastewater Association.
10. Clark, R. M., and Sivaganesan, M. (2002). Predicting chlorine residuals in drinking water: Second order model. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 128, 152-161. (Pubitemid 34235584)
11. Clement, J. A. (2002). Development of red water strategies. Denver, CO: Awwa Research Foundation and American Water Works Association.
12. Copeland, R. C., Lytle, D. A., and Dionysiou, D. D. (2007). Desorption of arsenic from drinking water distribution system solids. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 127, 523-535. (Pubitemid 46359371)
13. Cornell, R. M., and Schwertmann, U. (1996). The iron oxides: Structure, properties, reactions, occurrences, and uses. New York, NY: VCH.
14. Dietrich, A. M. (2009). The sense of smell: Contributions of orthonasal and retronasal perception applied to metallic flavor of drinking water. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-AQUA 58, 562-570.
15. DiGiano, F. A., and Zhang, W. D. (2005). Pipe section reactor to evaluate chlorine-wall reaction. Journal of the American Water Works Association 97(1), 74-85.
16. Fan, L.-S., and Zhu, C. (1998). Principles of gas-solid flows. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
17. Glindemann, D., Dietrich, A. M., Staerk, H. J., and Kusch, P. (2006). The two smells of touched or pickled iron (skin) carbonyl-hydrocarbons and organophosphines. Angewandte Chemie. Intl. Ed. 45, 7006-7009. (Pubitemid 44690332)
18. Husband, P. S., Boxall, J. B., and Saul, A. J. (2008). Laboratory studies investigating the processes leading to discolouration in water distribution networks. Water Research 42, 4309-4318.
19. Imran, S. A., Dietz, J. D., Mutoti, G., Taylor, J. S., and Randall, A. A. (2005a). Modified Larsons Ratio incorporating temperature, water age, and electroneutrality effects on red water release. Journal of Environmental Engineering 131, 1514-1520. (Pubitemid 41568924)
20. Imran, S. A., Dietz, J. D., Mutoti, G., Taylor, J. S., Randall, A. A., and Cooper, C. D. (2005b). Red water release in drinking water distribution systems. Journal of the American Water Works Association 97(9), 93-100.
21. Jayaratne, A., Ryan, G., Grainger, C., Wu, J., and Noui-Mehidi, N. (2004). Modeling of particles in water supply systems: Tracking the transport of particles in water distribution systems. Water: Official Journal of the Australian Water and Wastewater Association 31(8), 28-34.
22. Kirmeyer, G. J. (2000). Guidance manual for maintaining distribution system water quality. Denver, CO: AWWA Research Foundation and American Water Works Association.
23. Kirmeyer, G. J., and Logsdon, G. S. (1983). Principles of internal corrosion and corrosion monitoring. Journal of the American Water Works Association 75(2): 78-83.
24. Kuch, A. (1988). Investigations of the reduction and reoxidation kinetics of iron(III) oxide scales formed in waters. Corrosion Science 28, 221-231. (Pubitemid 18610876)
25. Langelier, W. F. (1936). The analytical control of anticorrosion water treatment. Journal of the American Water Works Association 28, 1500-1521.
26. Langmuir, D. (1997). Aqueous environmental geochemistry. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
27. Larson, T. E. (1939). Bacteria, corrosion and red water. Journal of the American Water Works Association 31, 1186-1196.
28. Larson, T. E. (1975). Corrosion by domestic waters. Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS-75-BUL59). Urbana, IL: State of Illinois Department of Registration and Education.
29. Larson, T. E., and Skold, R. V. (1957). Corrosion and tuberculation of cast iron. Journal of the American Water Works Association 49, 1294-1302.
30. Larson, T. E., and Skold, R. V. (1958). Current research on corrosion and tuber-culation of cast iron. Journal of the American Water Works Association 50, 1429-1432.
31. Lytle, D. A., Magnuson, M. L., and Snoeyink, V. L. (2004). Effect of oxidants on the properties of Fe(III) particles and suspensions formed from the oxidation of Fe(II). Journal of the American Water Works Association 96, 112-124.
32. Lytle, D. A., Sorg, T. J., and Frietch, C. (2004). Accumulation of arsenic in drinking water distribution systems. Environmental and Science Technology 38, 5365-5372. (Pubitemid 39382676)
33. Mackey, E. D., Baribeau, H., Crozes, G. F., Suffet, I. H., and Piriou, P. (2004). Public thresholds for chlorinous flavors in U.S. tap water. Water Science and Technology 49, 335-340. (Pubitemid 38885784)
34. McNeill, L. S., and Edwards, M. (2000). Phosphate inhibitors and red water in stagnant iron pipes. Journal of Environmental Engineering 126, 1096-1102.
35. McNeill, L. S., and Edwards, M. (2001). Iron pipe corrosion in distribution systems. Journal of the American Water Works Association 93, 88-100. (Pubitemid 32672345)
36. McNeill, L. S., and Edwards, M. (2002). The importance of temperature in assessing iron pipe corrosion in water distribution systems. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 77, 229-242. (Pubitemid 34760000)
37. Morton, S. C., Zhang, Y., and Edwards, M. A. (2005). Implications of nutrient release from iron metal for microbial regrowth in water distribution systems. Water Research 39, 2883-2892. (Pubitemid 41044164)
38. Mutoti, G. (2003). A novel model for the prediction of iron release in drinking water distribution pipe networks. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Central Florida.
39. Mutoti, G., Dietz, J. D., Imran, S., Taylor, J., and Cooper, C. D. (2007a). Development of a novel iron release flux model for distribution systems. Journal of the American Water Works Association 99(1): 102-111.
40. Mutoti, G., Dietz, J. D., Imran, S. A., Uddin, N., and Taylor, J. S. (2007b). Pilot-scale verification and analysis of iron release flux model. Journal of Environmental Engineering 133, 173-179. (Pubitemid 46138972)
41. Naser, G., and Karney, B. W. (2007). A 2-D transient multicomponent simulation model: Application to pipe wall corrosion. Journal of Hydro-environment Research 1(1): 56-69. (Pubitemid 351697837)
42. Naser, G., Karney, B. W., and Boxall, J. B. (2006). Red water and discoloration in a WDS: A numerical simulation. Paper presented at the ASCE 8th Annual Water Distribution Systems Analysis Symposium, Cincinatti, OH, USA.
43. Omur-Ozbek, P., and Dietrich, A. M. (2011). Retronasal perception and flavor thresholds of iron and copper in drinking water. Journal of Water and Health 9(1), 1-9.
44. Piriou, P., Mackey, E., Suffet, I. H., and Bruchet, A. (2004). Chlorinous flavor perception in drinking water. Water Science and Technology 49, 321-328. (Pubitemid 38885782)
45. Rompre, A., Prevost, M., Brisebois, P., and Lavoie, J. (2000). Impacts of implementing a corrosion control strategy on biofilm growth. Water Science and Technology 41(4-5), 287-294. (Pubitemid 30484655)
46. Ryan, G., Mathes, P., Haylock, G., Jayaratne, A., Wu, J., Noui-Mehidi, N., Grainger, C., and Nguyen, B. V. (2008). Particles in water distribution systems. Report 33. Salisbury, Australia: The Cooperative Research Center for Water Quality and Treatment.
47. Ryznar, J. W. (1944). A new index for determining amount of calcium carbonate scale formed by a water. Journal of the American Water Works Association 36, 473-486.
48. Sarin, P., Clement, J. A., Snoeyink, V. L., and Kriven, W. W. (2003). Iron release from corroded unlined cast-iron pipe. Journal of the American Water Works Association 95, 85-96.
49. Sarin, P., Snoeyink, V. L., Bebee, J., Jim, K. K., Beckett, M. A., Kriven, W. M., and Clement, J. A. (2004a). Iron release from corroded iron pipes in drinking water distribution systems: Effect of dissolved oxygen. Water Research 38, 1259-1269. (Pubitemid 38229366)
50. Sarin, P., Snoeyink, V. L., Bebee, J., Kriven, W. M., and Clement, J. A. (2001). Physico-chemical characteristics of corrosion scales in old iron pipes. Water Research 35, 2961-2969. (Pubitemid 32611742)
51. Sarin, P., Snoeyink, V. L., Lytle, D. A., and Kriven, W. M. (2004b). Iron corrosion scales: Model for scale growth, iron release, and colored water formation. Journal of Environmental Engineering 130, 364-373. (Pubitemid 38502837)
52. Seth, A., Bachmann, R., Boxall, J., Saul, A., and Edyvean, R. (2004). Characterisation of materials causing discolouration in potable water systems. Water Science and Technology 49(2): 27-32. (Pubitemid 38247784)
53. Shields, A. (1936). Anwendung der Aehnlichkeitsmechanik und der Turbulenz-forschung auf die Geschiebebewegung [Application of similarity principles and turbulence to bed-load movement]. Mitteilungen der Preussischen Versuch-sanstalt fur Wasserbau und Schiffbau.
54. Shook, C. A., and Roco, M. C. (1991). Slurry flow: Principles and practice. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann.
55. Slaats, P. G., Rosenthal, L., Siegers, W., van den Boomen, M., Beuken, R., and Vreeburg, J. (2004). Processes involved in the generation of discolored water. Denver, CO: AWWA Research Foundation.
56. Sontheimer, H., Kolle, W., and Snoeyink, V. L. (1981). The siderite model of the formation of corrosion-resistant scales. Journal of the American Water Works Association 73, 572-579. (Pubitemid 12458069)
57. Stumm, W. (1956). Calcium carbonate deposition at iron surfaces. Journal of the American Water Works Association 48, 301-310.
58. Stumm, W. (1957). Corrosion studies. Public Works 88, 12-78.
59. Subhasish, D. (1999). Sediment threshold. Applied Mathematical Modelling 23, 399-417.
60. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2006a). Inorganic contaminant accumulation in potable water distribution systems. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/safewater/ disinfection/tcr/pdfs/issuepaper tcr inorganiccontaminantaccumulation.pdf
61. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2006b). The effectiveness of disinfectant residuals in the distribution system. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/safewater/ disinfection/tcr/pdfs/issuepaper effectiveness.pdf
62. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2008). Drinking water contaminants. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from http://www. epa.gov/safewater/contaminants/index.html
63. Vanoni, V. A. (1975). River dynamics. In C. H. Yih (Ed.), Advances in applied mechanics (Volume 15, pp. 2-81), New York, NY: Academic Press.
64. Vardy, A. E., and Hwang, K. (1991). A characteristics model of transient friction in pipes. Journal of Hydraulic Research 29, 669-684.
65. Vasconcelos, J. J., Rossman, L. A., Grayman, W. M., Boulos, P. F., and Clark, R. M. (1997). Kinetics of chlorine decay. Journal of the American Water Works Association 89(11), 54-65. (Pubitemid 127626604)
66. Verberk, J. Q. J. C., Doolan, C., Jayaratne, A., Teasdale, P. R., Vreeburg, H. G. J., Halloran, K. O., Hamilton, L., and Vitanage, D. (2007). International collaborative research on discoloured water: identifying the causes of distribution system discolouration events. Water: Official Journal of the Australian Water and Wastewater Association 34(1), 144-149.
67. Vreeburg, J. H. G. (2007). Discolouration in drinking water systems: A particular approach, Doctoral dissertation, Technische Universiteit Delft.
68. Vreeburg, J. H. G., and Boxall, J. B. (2007). Discolouration in potable water distribution systems: A review. Water Research 41, 519-529. (Pubitemid 46072657)
69. Vreeburg, J. H. G., Schaap, P., and van Dijk, J. C. (2004). Measuring discoloration risk: Resuspension potential method. In Proceedings of 2nd IWA Leading-Edge Conference on Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies. Prague, Czech Republic: IWA.
70. Wricke, B., Henning, L., Korth, A., Vreeburg, J., Schaap, P., Osterhus, S., Juhna, T., Hammes, F., and Coelho, S. (2007). Particles in relation to water quality deterioration and problems in the network. Dresden, Germany: TECHNEAU.
71. Zhang, Y., and Edwards, M. A. (2007). Anticipating effects of water quality changes on iron corrosion and red water. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-AQUA 56(1), 55-68.
72. Zhao, M., and Ghidaoui, M. S. (2003). An efficient solution for quasi two-dimensional water hammer problems. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 129, 1007-1013. (Pubitemid 37546526)